Patient acceptance of naloxone resulting from targeted intervention from community pharmacists to prevent opioid misuse and accidental overdose

References

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP19-5068, NSDUH Series H-54). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2019. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson N, Kariisa M, Seth P, Smith H IV, Davis NL. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths — United States, 2017–2018. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:290–297. doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a4
   Google Scholar
• Kim HK, Nelson LS. Reducing the harm of opioid overdose with the safe use of naloxone: a pharmacologic review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(7):1137–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green TC, Case P, Fiske H, et al. Perpetuating stigma or reducing risk? Perspectives from naloxone consumers and pharmacists on pharmacy-based naloxone in 2 states. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(2S):S19–S27.e4.
   Google Scholar
• Hill LG, Evoy KE, Reveles KR. Pharmacists are missing an opportunity to save lives and advance the profession by embracing opioid harm reduction. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2019;59(6):779–782.
   Google Scholar
• Compton WM, Jones CM, Stein JB, Wargo EM. Promising roles for pharmacists in addressing the U.S. opioid crisis. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2019;15(8):910–916. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.12.009.
   Google Scholar
• Green TC, Dauria EF, Bratberg J, Davis CS, Walley AY. Orienting patients to greater opioid safety: models of community pharmacy-based naloxone. Harm Reduct J. 2015;12(1):25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manolakis PG, Skelton JB. Pharmacists’ contributions to primary care in the United States Collaborating to address unmet patient care needs: the emerging role for pharmacists to address the shortage of primary care providers. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74(10):S7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naloxone access in community pharmacies. https://naspa.us/resource/naloxone-access-community-pharmacies/. Published April 5, 2018. Accessed September 24, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph SE, Branham AR, Rhodes LA, Hayes HH, Moose JS, Marciniak MW. Identifying barriers to dispensing naloxone: a survey of community pharmacists in North Carolina. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2018;58(4):S55–S58.
   Google Scholar
• Bakhireva LN, Bautista A, Cano S, Shrestha S, Bachyrycz AM, Cruz TH. Barriers and facilitators to dispensing of intranasal naloxone by pharmacists. Subst Abus. 2018;39(3):331–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter DM, Dhamanaskar AK, Gallegos KL, Shepherd G, Mosley SL, Roberts CA. Factors associated with how often community pharmacists offer and dispense naloxone. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2019;15(12):1415–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton KJ, Harrand B, Floyd CC, et al. Pharmacy-based statewide naloxone distribution: a novel “top-down, bottom-up” approach. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(2S):S99–S106.
   Google Scholar
• Skoy E. A pilot evaluation of incorporating “opt-out” naloxone dispensing within a chain community pharmacy. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019;15(8):1043–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachyrycz A, Shrestha S, Bleske BE, Tinker D, Bakhireva LN. Opioid overdose prevention through pharmacy-based naloxone prescription program: innovations in health care delivery. Subst Abus. 2017;38(1):55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szydlowski EM, Caruana SS. Telephone-based opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) pharmacy consult clinic. Subst Abus. 2018;39(2):145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewell R, Edgerton L, Kyle E. Establishment of a pharmacist-led service for patients at high risk for opioid overdose. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(6):376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey AM, Wermeling DP. Naloxone for opioid overdose prevention: pharmacists' role in community-based practice settings. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(5):601–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright QE, Higginbotham S, Bunk E, Covvey JR. The impact of a pharmacist-led naloxone education and community distribution project on local use of naloxone. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2020;60(3S):S56–S60.
   Google Scholar
• Cariveau D, Fay AE, Baker D, Fagan EB, Wilson CG. Evaluation of a pharmacist-led naloxone coprescribing program in primary care. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2019;59(6):867–871.
   Google Scholar
• Kestler A, Buxton J, Meckling G, et al. Factors associated with participation in an Emergency Department-based take-home naloxone program for at-risk opioid users. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(3):340–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller SR, Koester S, Glanz JM, Gardner EM, Binswanger IA. Attitudes toward naloxone prescribing in clinical settings: a qualitative study of patients prescribed high dose opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(3):277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand MA, Eukel H, Burck S. Moving opioid misuse prevention upstream: a pilot study of community pharmacists screening for opioid misuse risk. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2018;15:1032–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoy E, Eukel H, Werremeyer A, Strand M, Frenzel O, Steig J. Implementation of a statewide program within community pharmacies to prevent opioid misuse and accidental overdose. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2020;60(1):117–121.
   Google Scholar
• Strand MA, Eukel H, Frenzel O, Skoy E, Steig J, Werremeyer A. Program evaluation of the Opioid and Naloxone Education (ONE Rx) program using the RE-AIM model. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2019;16:1248–1254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy GP. Vital signs: pharmacy-based naloxone dispensing—United States, 2012–2018. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;:68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady JE, DiMaggio CJ, Keyes KM, Doyle JJ, Richardson LD, Li G. Emergency department utilization and subsequent prescription drug overdose death. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(8):613–619.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestler A, Giesler A, Buxton J, et al. Yes, not now, or never: an analysis of reasons for refusing or accepting emergency department-based take-home naloxone. CJEM. 2019;21(2):226–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J, While AE, Norman IJ. Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140(9):1569–1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer NT, Chapman GB, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, McCaul KD, Weinstein ND. Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: the example of vaccination. Health Psychol. 2007;26(2):136–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts MF, Reeves K, Divine H. Community pharmacists' lack of access to health records and its impact on targeted MTM interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2019;59(4S):S81–S84.
   Google Scholar
• Devries J, Rafie S, Ajayi TA, Kreshak A, Edmonds KP. Results of a naloxone screening quality-improvement project in an Academic Emergency Department. J Emerg Med. 2019;56(4):378–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessen S, Metcalf SA, Saunders EC, et al. Barriers to naloxone use and acceptance among opioid users, first responders, and emergency department providers in New Hampshire, USA. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;74:144–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis C, Carr D. Naloxone affordability measures needed. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(6):740–741.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman PR, Hankosky ER, Lofwall MR, Talbert JC. The changing landscape of naloxone availability in the United States, 2011–2017. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;191:361–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivey CA, Wilder A, Chisholm-Burns MA, Stallworth S, Wheeler J. Evaluation of naloxone access, pricing, and barriers to dispensing in Tennessee retail community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2020;60:694–701.
   Google Scholar
• Guy GP, Haegerich TM, Evans ME, Losby JL, Young R, Jones CM. Vital signs: pharmacy-based naloxone dispensing – United States, 2012–2018. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(31):679–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walley AY, Xuan Z, Hackman HH, et al. Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OneRx – opioid and naloxone education. https://onerxproject.org/. Accessed June 26, 2020.
   Google Scholar