References
- Skolnick P. The opioid epidemic: crisis and solutions. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;58(1):143–159.
- Jalal H, Buchanich JM, Roberts MS, Balmert LC, Zhang K, Burke DS. Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016. Science. 2018;361(6408):eaau1184.
- Kiang MV, Basu S, Chen J, Alexander MJ. Assessment of changes in the geographical distribution of opioid-related mortality across the United States by opioid type, 1999–2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e190040.
- Shiels MS, Freedman ND, Thomas D, Berrington de Gonzalez A. Trends in U.S. drug overdose deaths in non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white persons, 2000–2015. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(6):453–455.
- James K, Jordan A. The opioid crisis in black communities. J Law Med Ethics. 2018;46(2):404–421.
- Brighthaupt S-C, Schneider KE, Johnson JK, Jones AA, Johnson RM. Trends in adolescent heroin and injection drug use in nine urban centers in the U.S., 1999-2017. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(2):210–215.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
- Hudgins JD, Porter JJ, Monuteaux MC, Bourgeois FT. Prescription opioid use and misuse among adolescents and young adults in the United States: a national survey study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(11):e1002922.
- Schepis TS, Klare DL, Ford JA, McCabe SE. Prescription drug misuse: taking a lifespan perspective. Subst Abuse Res Treat. 2020;14:1178221820909352.
- Esser MB, Guy GP, Zhang K, Brewer RD. Binge drinking and prescription opioid misuse in the U.S., 2012–2014. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(2):197–208.
- McCabe SE, West BT, Teter CJ, Boyd CJ. Co-ingestion of prescription opioids and other drugs among high school seniors: results from a national study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;126(1–2):65–70.
- Chen P, Jacobson KC. Developmental trajectories of substance use from early adolescence to young adulthood: gender and racial/ethnic differences. J Adolesc Health. 2012;50(2):154–163.
- Nagin D. Analyzing developmental trajectories: a semiparametric, group-based approach. Psychol Methods. 1999;4(2):139–157.
- Jackson KM, Sher KJ. Similarities and differences of longitudinal phenotypes across alternate indices of alcohol involvement: a methodologic comparison of trajectory approaches. Psychol Addict Behav. 2005;19(4):339–351.
- Lynne-Landsman SD, Bradshaw CP, Ialongo NS. Testing a developmental cascade model of adolescent substance use trajectories and young adult adjustment. Dev Psychopathol. 2010;22(4):933–948.
- Wanner B, Vitaro F, Ladouceur R, Brendgen M, Tremblay RE. Joint trajectories of gambling, alcohol and marijuana use during adolescence: a person- and variable-centered developmental approach. Addict Behav. 2006;31(4):566–580.
- Mulia N, Ye Y, Greenfield TK, Zemore SE. Disparities in alcohol-related problems among white, black, and Hispanic Americans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(4):654–662.
- Reboussin BA, Furr-Holden DM, Green KM, et al. Social influences on drinking trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood in an urban minority sample. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2019;80(2):186–195.
- Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG. National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1994: Volume 1 Secondary School Students. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, USDHHS, PHS, NIH; 1995. http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs.html#monographs
- Elliott DS, Huizinga D, Ageton SS. Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. 1st ed. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc; 1985.
- Cooley-Quille MR, Turner SM, Beidel DC. Emotional impact of children's exposure to community violence: a preliminary study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(10):1362–1368.
- Capaldi DN, Patterson GR. Psychometric Properties of Fourteen Latent Constructs from the Oregon Youth Study. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1989.
- Dow-Edwards D, MacMaster FP, Peterson BS, Niesink R, Andersen S, Braams BR. Experience during adolescence shapes brain development: from synapses and networks to normal and pathological behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2019;76:106834.
- Blair C, Raver CC. Poverty, stress, and brain development: new directions for prevention and intervention. Acad Pediatr. 2016;16(3 Suppl):S30–S36.
- Jordan CJ, Andersen SL. Sensitive periods of substance abuse: early risk for the transition to dependence. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2017;25:29–44.
- Olfson M, Wall MM, Liu S-M, Blanco C. Cannabis use and risk of prescription opioid use disorder in the United States. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(1):47–53.
- Blanco C, Hasin DS, Wall MM, et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychiatric disorders: prospective evidence from a US national longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(4):388–395.
- Lee MR, Sher KJ. “Maturing out” of binge and problem drinking. Alcohol Res Curr Rev. 2018;39(1):31–42.
- McCabe SE, West BT, Veliz P, McCabe VV, Stoddard SA, Boyd CJ. Trends in medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids among US adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;139(4):e20162387–2015.
- Fairlie AM, Bernstein M, Walls TA, Wood MD. Effects of measurement timing on subgroup identification using growth mixture modeling: an empirical application to alcohol use. Psychol Addict Behav. 2019;33(3):232–242.
- Harding FM, Hingson RW, Klitzner M, et al. Underage drinking: a review of trends and prevention strategies. Am J Prev Med. 2016;51(4):S148–S157.
- Kuntsche E, Kuntsche S, Thrul J, Gmel G. Binge drinking: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health. 2017;32(8):976–1017.