References
- Andrews CO, Fischer JH. Gabapentin: a new agent for the management of epilepsy. Ann Pharmacother. 1994;28(10):1188–1196.
- Cai K, Nanga RPR, Lamprou L, et al. The impact of gabapentin administration on brain GABA and glutamate concentrations: a 7T 1H-MRS study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(13):2764–2771.
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical. Neurontin. Published 1998. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/98/020235S011.pdf.
- Wallach JD, Ross JS. Gabapentin approvals, off-label use, and lessons for postmarketing evaluation efforts. JAMA. 2018;319(8):776–778.
- Pauly NJ, Delcher C, Slavova S, Lindahl E, Talbert J, Freeman PR. Trends in gabapentin prescribing in a commercially insured U.S. Adult population, 2009–2016. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2020;26(3):246–252.
- Johansen ME. Gabapentinoid use in the United States 2002 through 2015. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(2):292–294.
- Smith RV, Havens JR, Walsh SL. Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review. Addiction. 2016;111(7):1160–1174.
- Leung JG, Hall-Flavin D, Nelson S, Schmidt KA, Schak KM. The role of gabapentin in the management of alcohol withdrawal and dependence. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(8):897–906.
- Ahmed S, Bachu R, Kotapati P, et al. Use of gabapentin in the treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:228.
- Kranzler HR, Feinn R, Morris P, Hartwell EE. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of gabapentin for treating alcohol use disorder. Addiction. 2019;114(9):1547–1555.
- Radley DC, Finkelstein SN, Stafford RS. Off-label prescribing among office-based physicians. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(9):1021.
- Peckham AM, Evoy KE, Ochs L, Covvey JR. Gabapentin for off-label use: evidence-based or cause for concern? Subst Abuse. 2018;12:1178221818801311.
- Hamer AM, Haxby DG, McFarland BH, Ketchum K. Gabapentin use in a managed medicaid population. J Manag Care Pharm. 2002;8(4):266–271.
- Schifano F. Misuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern? CNS Drugs. 2014;28(6):491–496.
- Peckham AM, Fairman KA, Sclar DA. Prevalence of gabapentin abuse: comparison with agents with known abuse potential in a commercially insured US population. Clin Drug Investig. 2017;37(8):763–773.
- Reynolds K, Kaufman R, Korenoski A, Fennimore L, Shulman J, Lynch M. Trends in gabapentin and baclofen exposures reported to U.S. poison centers. Clin Toxicol. 2020;58(7):763–772.
- Smith RV, Lofwall MR, Havens JR. Abuse and diversion of gabapentin among nonmedical prescription opioid users in Appalachian Kentucky. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(5):487–488.
- Driot D, Jouanjus E, Oustric S, Dupouy J, Lapeyre‐Mestre M. Patterns of gabapentin and pregabalin use and misuse: results of a population‐based cohort study in France. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85(6):1260–1269.
- Smith RV, Boland EM, Young AM, et al. A qualitative analysis of gabapentin misuse and diversion among people who use drugs in Appalachian Kentucky. Psychol Addict Behav. 2018;32(1):115–121.
- Smith BH, Higgins C, Baldacchino A, Kidd B, Bannister J. Substance misuse of gabapentin. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62(601):406–407.
- Buttram ME, Kurtz SP, Dart RC, Margolin ZR. Law enforcement-derived data on gabapentin diversion and misuse, 2002-2015: diversion rates and qualitative research findings. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26(9):1083–1086.
- Quintero GC. Review about gabapentin misuse, interactions, contraindications and side effects. JEP. 2017;9:13–21. Published online.
- Schifano F, D'Offizi S, Piccione M, et al. Is there a recreational misuse potential for pregabalin? Analysis of anecdotal online reports in comparison with related gabapentin and clonazepam data. Psychother Psychosom. 2011;80(2):118–122.
- Eckhardt K, Ammon S, Hofmann U, Riebe A, Gugeler N, Mikus G. Gabapentin enhances the analgesic effect of morphine in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(1):185–191.
- Gilron I, Biederman J, Jhamandas K, Hong M. Gabapentin blocks and reverses antinociceptive morphine tolerance in the rat paw-pressure and tail-flick tests. Anesthesiology. 2003;98(5):1288–1292.
- Bonnet U, Richter E-L, Isbruch K, Scherbaum N. On the addictive power of gabapentinoids: a mini-review. Psychiatr Danub. 2018;30(2):142–149.
- Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Antoniou T, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, van den Brink W. Gabapentin, opioids, and the risk of opioid-related death: a population-based nested case–control study. PLoS Med. 2017;14(10):e1002396.
- Slavova S, Miller A, Bunn TL, et al. Prevalence of gabapentin in drug overdose postmortem toxicology testing results. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;186(January):80–85.
- Peckham AM, Fairman KA, Sclar DA. All-cause and drug-related medical events associated with overuse of gabapentin and/or opioid medications: a retrospective cohort analysis of a commercially insured US population. Drug Saf. 2018;41(2):213–228.
- PDMP Training and Technical Assistance Center. Drug Schedules Monitored. Accessed June 27, 2019. http://www.pdmpassist.org/content/drug-schedules-monitored.
- Virginia Department of Health Professions. Scheduling of Gabapentin. Accessed June 27, 2019. https://www.dhp.virginia.gov/pharmacy/docs/Gabapentin06172019.pdf.
- Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affair Board of Pharmacy. Pharmacy - Controlled Substances. Accessed June 27, 2019. http://dmbinternet.state.mi.us/DMB/ORRDocs/AdminCode/1801_2018-020LR_AdminCode.pdf.
- West Virginia Board of Pharmacy. How big is the problem? Controlled Substance Monitoring Program (CSMP) Monthly Surveillance Report. Published 2018. Accessed June 27, 2019. https://dhhr.wv.gov/vip/county-reports/Documents/2018.CSMPMonthlySurveillanceReports/CSMP_SurveillanceReport_March.pdf
- Tennessee State Government. New Statue Gabapentin. Accessed June 27, 2019. https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/health/healthprofboards/New.StatueGabapentin06-18.pdf
- Blackmer J, Lindahl E, Strahl A, Schadler A, Freeman PR. Regulating gabapentin as a drug of abuse: a survey study of Kentucky community pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2019;59(3):379–382.
- Winstanley EL, Zhang Y, Mashni R, et al. Mandatory review of a prescription drug monitoring program and impact on opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;188:169–174.
- Weiner SG, Baker O, Rodgers AF, et al. Opioid prescriptions by specialty in Ohio, 2010–2014. Pain Med. 2018;19(5):978–989.
- Birt J, Johnston J, Nelson D. Exploration of claims-based utilization measures for detecting potential nonmedical use of prescription drugs. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2014;20(6):639–646.
- Gjerden P, Bramness JG, Slørdal L. The use and potential abuse of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs in Norway: a pharmacoepidemiological study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;67(2):228–233.
- Cochran G, Woo B, Lo-Ciganic WH, Gordon AJ, Donohue JM, Gellad WF. Defining nonmedical use of prescription opioids within health care claims: a systematic review. Subst Abus. 2015;36(2):192–202.
- Paulozzi LJ, Strickler GK, Kreiner PW, Koris CM. Controlled substance prescribing patterns–prescription behavior surveillance system, Eight States, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015;64(No. SS-9):1–14.
- StataCorp. Stata statistical software: release 15.1. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. Published online 2017.
- Peckham AM, Evoy KE, Covvey JR, Ochs L, Fairman KA, Sclar DA. Predictors of gabapentin overuse with or without concomitant opioids in a commercially insured U.S. population. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(4):436–443.
- Arai YCP, Matsubara T, Shimo K, et al. Low-dose gabapentin as useful adjuvant to opioids for neuropathic cancer pain when combined with low-dose imipramine. J Anesth. 2010;24(3):407–410.
- Keskinbora K, Pekel AF, Aydinli I. Gabapentin and an opioid combination versus opioid alone for the management of neuropathic cancer pain: a randomized open trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;34(2):183–189.
- 2018 NSDUH Annual National Report | CBHSQ Data. Accessed May 13, 2020. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2018-nsduh-annual-national-report.
- Fairman KA, Peckham AM, Rucker ML, Rucker JH, Sclar DA. Use of power-law analysis to predict abuse or diversion of prescribed medications: proof-of-concept mathematical exploration. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):523.