Stimulant use for self-management of pain among safety-net patients with chronic non-cancer pain

References

• Dahlhamer J, Lucas J, Zelaya C, et al. Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults – United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(36):1001–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Opioid presccribing rate maps. Opioid Overdose Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxrate-maps.html. Published 2020. Updated March 5, 2020. Accessed March 31, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Coffin PO, Rowe C, Oman N, et al. Illicit opioid use following change in opioids prescribed for chronic non-malignant pain. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John WS, Wu LT. Trends and correlates of cocaine use and cocaine use disorder in the United States from 2011 to 2015. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;180:376–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV infection, risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among persons who inject drugs: national HIV behavioral surveillance injection drug use 20 US Cities, 2012. Atlanta, GA: GeorgiaCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV infection, risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among persons who inject drugs: national HIV behavioral surveillance injection drug use 20 US Cities, 2015. Atlanta, GA: GeorgiaCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Coffin PO, Rowe C, Bierkamp A. San Francisco Annual Report: Substance Use Pattern and Trends Through 2018. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Department of Public Health; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Voon P, Callon C, Nguyen P, et al. Self-management of pain among people who inject drugs in Vancouver. Pain Manag. 2014;4(1):27–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Behar E, Bagnulo R, Knight K, Santos GM, Coffin PO. “Chasing the pain relief, not the high”: experiences managing pain after opioid reductions among patients with HIV and a history of substance use. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0230408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarasa J, Rates SG, Pubill D, Escubedo E. The involvement of nicotinic receptor subtypes in the locomotor activity and analgesia induced by methamphetamine in mice. Behav Pharmacol. 2009;20(7):623–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Morrow TJ, Kiritsy-Roy JA, Terry LC, Casey KL. Cocaine: evidence for supraspinal, dopamine-mediated, non-opiate analgesia. Brain Res. 1989;479(2):306–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest WH, Jr., Brown BW, Jr., Brown CR, et al. Dextroamphetamine with morphine for the treatment of postoperative pain. N Engl J Med. 1977;296(13):712–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinski DR, Preston KL. Evaluation of mixtures of morphine and d-amphetamine for subjective and physiological effects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1986;17(1):1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pud D, Broitman E, Hameed O, et al. Methylphenidate attenuates the response to cold pain but not to aversive auditory stimuli in healthy human: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Pain Rep. 2017;2(3):e593.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson L, Rempel H. Methamphetamine use and HIV symptom self-management. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2006;17(5):7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin JS, Walcott M, Kerns R, Bair MJ, Burgio KL, Turan JM. Pain self-management in HIV-infected individuals with chronic pain: a qualitative study. Pain Med. 2015;16(4):706–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhya MA, Dandekar MP, Kokare DM, Singru PS, Subhedar NK. Evidence for the participation of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the fluoxetine-induced anti-hyperalgesia in neuropathic rats. Peptides. 2011;32(2):317–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadian-Moghadam H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Zarrindast MR. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART): a multifaceted neuropeptide. Peptides. 2018;110:56–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhassira D, Attal N, Alchaar H, et al. Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4). Pain. 2005;114(1–2):29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modir JG, Wallace MS. Human experimental pain models 2: the cold pressor model. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;617:165–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spallone V, Morganti R, D’Amato C, Greco C, Cacciotti L, Marfia GA. Validation of DN4 as a screening tool for neuropathic pain in painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med. 2012;29(5):578–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael JLS. The pain catastrophizing scale: user manual. 1995. https://sullivan-painresearch.mcgill.ca/pdf/pcs/PCSManual_English.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Oaks Z, Stage A, Middleton B, Faraone S, Johnson B. Clinical utility of the cold pressor test: evaluation of pain patients, treatment of opioid-induced hyperalgesia and fibromyalgia with low dose naltrexone. Discov Med. 2018;26(144):197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treister R, Eisenberg E, Demeter N, Pud D. Alterations in pain response are partially reversed by methylphenidate (Ritalin) in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Pain Pract. 2015;15(1):4–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. calculating total daily dose of opioids for safer dosage. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/prescribing/Guidelines_Factsheet-a.pdf. Published 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen S, Degenhardt L, Hoban B, Gisev N. A synthesis of oral morphine equivalents (OME) for opioid utilisation studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25(6):733–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins A, Ouimette P, Kimerling R, et al. The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics. Prim Care Psych. 2004;9(1):9–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoont MR, Williams JW, Jr., Kehle-Forbes S, Nieuwsma JA, Mann-Wrobel MC, Gross R. Does this patient have posttraumatic stress disorder?: Rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA. 2015;314(5):501–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Levis B, Riehm KE, et al. Equivalency of the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2019;50:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009;114(1–3):163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis LR, Fitzpatrick M. The SCL-90-R, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the BSI-18. In: Maurish ME, ed. The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment: Volume 3: Instruments for Adults. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge; 2004:1–41.
   Google Scholar
• Torrance N, Smith BH, Bennett MI, Lee AJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey. J Pain. 2006;7(4):281–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhassira D, Lantéri-Minet M, Attal N, Laurent B, Touboul C. Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population. Pain. 2008;136(3):380–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieleman JP, Kerklaan J, Huygen FJ, Bouma PA, Sturkenboom MC. Incidence rates and treatment of neuropathic pain conditions in the general population. Pain. 2008;137(3):681–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dluzen DEP, Liu BMDP. Gender differences in methamphetamine use and responses: a review. Gend Med. 2008;5(1):24–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng J, Liu S, Wang Y, Cui R, Zhang X. The link between depression and chronic pain: neural mechanisms in the brain. Neural Plast. 2017;2017:9724371–9724310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi GS, Byrow Y, Bassett D, et al. Stimulants for depression: on the up and up? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016;50(3):203–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde C, Brink P, Østergaard SD, Nielsen J. The use of stimulants in depression: results from a self-controlled register study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2020;54(8):808–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Zhou AJ, et al. The efficacy of psychostimulants in major depressive episodes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(4):412–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Tayyib A, Koester S, Langegger S, Raville L. Heroin and methamphetamine injection: an emerging drug use pattern. Subst Use Misuse. 2017;52(8):1051–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bungay V, Malchy L, Buxton JA, Johnson J, Macpherson D, Rosenfeld T. Life with jib: a snapshot of street youth’s use of crystal methamphetamine. Addict Res Theory. 2006;14(3):235–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos GM, Rapues J, Wilson EC, et al. Alcohol and substance use among transgender women in San Francisco: prevalence and association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2014;33(3):287–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reback CJ, Fletcher JB. HIV prevalence, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors among transgender women recruited through outreach. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(7):1359–1367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Boekel LC, Brouwers EP, van Weeghel J, Garretsen HF. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131(1–2):23–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar