Leveraging technology to address unhealthy drug use in primary care: Effectiveness of the Substance use Screening and Intervention Tool (SUSIT)

References

• US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for unhealthy drug use: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(22):2301–2309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund MJ, Unutzer J, Wells KB. Clinician screening and treatment of alcohol, drug, and mental problems in primary care: results from healthcare for communities. Med Care. 2004;42(12):1158–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;291(10):1238–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf SH, Schoomaker H. Life expectancy and mortality rates in the United States, 1959–2017. J Am Med Assoc. 2019;322(20):1996–2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler M, Lane RI, Petrosky E, et al. Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic – United States, June 24–30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(32):1049–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard MS, Tucker JS, Green HD. Jr. Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2022942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack KA. Drug-induced deaths – United States, 1999-2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2013;62(Suppl 3):161–163.
   Google Scholar
• Mertens JR, Lu YW, Parthasarathy S, Moore C, Weisner CM. Medical and psychiatric conditions of alcohol and drug treatment patients in an HMO: comparison with matched controls. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(20):2511–2517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malta M, Strathdee SA, Magnanini MM, Bastos FI. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review. Addiction. 2008;103(8):1242–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D, et al. The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med. 2009;6(4):e1000058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson CL, Tanz LJ, Quinn K, Kariisa M, Patel P, Davis NL. Trends and geographic patterns in drug and synthetic opioid overdose deaths – United States, 2013–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(6):202–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. J Am Med Assoc. 2018;320(18):1899–1909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell A, Anderson P, Newbury-Birch D, et al. The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. Alcohol Alcohol. 2014;49(1):66–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg LI, Maciosek MV, Edwards NM. Primary care intervention to reduce alcohol misuse ranking its health impact and cost effectiveness. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34(2):143–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciosek MV, Coffield AB, Edwards NM, Flottemesch TJ, Goodman MJ, Solberg LI. Priorities among effective clinical preventive services: results of a systematic review and analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31(1):52–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaner EF, Dickinson HO, Beyer F, et al. The effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care settings: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2009;28(3):301–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor EA, Perdue LA, Senger CA, et al. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. J Am Med Assoc. 2018;320(18):1910–1928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen P. Brief alcohol intervention-where to from here? Challenges remain for research and practice. Addiction. 2010;105(6):954–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen P, Aalto M, Bendtsen P, Seppa K. Effectiveness of strategies to implement brief alcohol intervention in primary healthcare: a systematic review. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2006;24(1):5–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaner E. Brief alcohol intervention: time for translational research. Addiction. 2010;105(6):960–961. discussion 964-965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC. Alcohol screening and brief intervention: dissemination strategies for medical practice and public health. Addiction. 2000;95(5):677–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris BR, Yu J. Attitudes, perceptions and practice of alcohol and drug screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment: a case study of New York State primary care physicians and non-physician providers. Public Health. 2016;139:70–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back DK, Tammaro E, Lim JK, Wakeman SE. Massachusetts medical students feel unprepared to treat patients with substance use disorder. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(3):249–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakeman SE, Pham-Kanter G, Donelan K. Attitudes, practices, and preparedness to care for patients with substance use disorder: results from a survey of general internists. Subst Abus. 2016;37(4):635–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Boekel LC, Brouwers EP, van Weeghel J, Garretsen HF. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131(1–2):23–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitz R, Friedmann PD, Sullivan LM, et al. Professional satisfaction experienced when caring for substance-abusing patients: faculty and resident physician perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17(5):373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aira M, Kauhanen J, Larivaara P, Rautio P. Factors influencing inquiry about patients’ alcohol consumption by primary health care physicians: qualitative semi-structured interview study. Fam Pract. 2003;20(3):270–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P, Laurant M, Kaner E, Wensing M, Grol R. Engaging general practitioners in the management of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption: results of a meta-analysis. J Stud Alcohol. 2004;65(2):191–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P, Wojnar M, Jakubczyk A, et al. Managing alcohol problems in general practice in Europe: results from the European ODHIN survey of general practitioners. Alcohol Alcohol. 2014;49(5):531–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASA. Missed Opportunity: National Survey of Primary Care Physicians and Patients on Substance Abuse. New York: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Friedmann PD, McCullough D, Saitz R. Screening and intervention for illicit drug abuse: a national survey of primary care physicians and psychiatrists. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(2):248–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson M, Jackson R, Guillaume L, Meier P, Goyder E. Barriers and facilitators to implementing screening and brief intervention for alcohol misuse: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. J Public Health. 2011;33(3):412–421.
   Google Scholar
• Spandorfer JM, Israel Y, Turner BJ. Primary care physicians’ views on screening and management of alcohol abuse: inconsistencies with national guidelines. J Fam Pract. 1999;48(11):899–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling S, Kline-Simon AH, Wibbelsman C, Wong A, Weisner C. Screening for adolescent alcohol and drug use in pediatric health-care settings: predictors and implications for practice and policy. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2012;7(1):13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoast RA, Wilford BB, Hayashi SW. Encouraging physicians to screen for and intervene in substance use disorders: obstacles and strategies for change. J Addict Dis. 2008;27(3):77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeely J, Kumar P, Rieckmann T, et al. Barriers and facilitators affecting the implementation of substance use screening in primary care clinics: a qualitative study of patients, providers, and staff. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(Suppl 2(83)):S128.
   Google Scholar
• McNeely J, Strauss SM, Saitz R, et al. A brief patient self-administered substance use screening tool for primary care: two-site validation study of the Substance Use Brief Screen (SUBS). Am J Med. 2015;128(7):784 e789–719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar PC, Cleland CM, Gourevitch MN, et al. Accuracy of the Audio Computer Assisted Self Interview version of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ACASI ASSIST) for identifying unhealthy substance use and substance use disorders in primary care patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;165:38–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeely J, Strauss SM, Rotrosen J, Ramautar A, Gourevitch MN. Validation of an audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) version of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST) in primary care patients. Addiction. 2016;111(2):233–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle R, Solberg L, Fiore M. Use of electronic health records to support smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD008743.
   Google Scholar
• Cresswell K, Majeed A, Bates DW, Sheikh A. Computerised decision support systems for healthcare professionals: an interpretative review. Inform Prim Care. 2012;20(2):115–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dexheimer JW, Talbot TR, Sanders DL, Rosenbloom ST, Aronsky D. Prompting clinicians about preventive care measures: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2008;15(3):311–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimiaga MJ, Reisner SL, Grasso C, et al. Substance use among HIV-infected patients engaged in primary care in the United States: findings from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(8):1457–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohler NL, Wong MD, Cunningham WE, Cabral H, Drainoni ML, Cunningham CO. Type and pattern of illicit drug use and access to health care services for HIV-infected people. AIDS Patient Care Stds. 2007;21(Suppl 1):S68–S76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair JM, McNaghten AD, Frazier EL, Skarbinski J, Huang P, Heffelfinger JD. Clinical and behavioral characteristics of adults receiving medical care for HIV infection – Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(11):1–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saitz R. Alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care: absence of evidence for efficacy in people with dependence or very heavy drinking. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010;29(6):631–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass JE, Hamilton AM, Powell BJ, Perron BE, Brown RT, Ilgen MA. Specialty substance use disorder services following brief alcohol intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2015;110(9):1404–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Onofrio Gp MV, Degutis LC, Fiellin DA, O’Connor P. The Yale Brief Negotiated Interview Manual. New Haven, CT: Yale University School of Medicine; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy MB, Majchrzak NE, Silverman CB, et al. Measuring provider adherence to tobacco treatment guidelines: a comparison of electronic medical record review, patient survey, and provider survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2005;7(Suppl 1):S35–S43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stange KC, Zyzanski SJ, Smith TF, et al. How valid are medical records and patient questionnaires for physician profiling and health services research? A comparison with direct observation of patients visits. Med Care. 1998;36(6):851–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pbert L, Adams A, Quirk M, Hebert JR, Ockene JK, Luippold RS. The patient exit interview as an assessment of physician-delivered smoking intervention: a validation study. Health Psychol. 1999;18(2):183–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allensworth-Davies D, Cheng DM, Smith PC, Samet JH, Saitz R. The Short Inventory of Problems-Modified for Drug Use (SIP-DU): validity in a primary care sample. Am J Addict. 2012;21(3):257–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009;114(1–3):163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch CES, SR. Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Hox J. Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications. New York: Routledge; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush S,AS. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. In: Advanced Quantitative Techniques in the Social Sciences 1, 2nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell Aag J, Rogers HJ, Peng CJ. Multilevel logistic models for dichotomous and ordinal data. In: Multilevel Modeling of Educational Data. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, Inc.; 2008. p. 199–242.
   Google Scholar
• Babor TF, McRee BG, Kassebaum PA, Grimaldi PL, Ahmed K, Bray J. Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT): toward a public health approach to the management of substance abuse. Subst Abus. 2007;28(3):7–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rieckmann T, Abraham A, Zwick J, Rasplica C, McCarty D. A longitudinal study of state strategies and policies to accelerate evidence-based practices in the context of systems transformation. Health Serv Res. 2015;50(4):1125–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm J, Anderson P, Manthey J, et al. Alcohol use disorders in primary health care: what do we know and where do we go? Alcohol Alcohol. 2016;51(4):422–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnick DW, Horgan CM, Merrick EL, Hoyt A. Identification and treatment of mental and substance use conditions: health plans strategies. Med Care. 2007;45(11):1060–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humeniuk R, Ali R, Babor T, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for illicit drugs linked to the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in clients recruited from primary health-care settings in four countries. Addiction. 2012;107(5):957–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy-Byrne P, Bumgardner K, Krupski A, et al. Brief intervention for problem drug use in safety-net primary care settings: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2014;312(5):492–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitz R, Palfai TPA, Cheng DM, et al. Screening and brief intervention for drug use in primary care: the ASPIRE randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2014;312(5):502–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan LE, Tetrault JM, Braithwaite RS, Turner BJ, Fiellin DA. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of Nonphysician brief interventions for unhealthy alcohol use: implications for the patient-centered medical home. Am J Addict. 2011;20(4):343–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiore M. United States Tobacco Use and Dependence Guideline Panel. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Jonas DE, Garbutt JC, Amick HR, et al. Behavioral counseling after screening for alcohol misuse in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(9):645–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower P, Gilbody S, Richards D, Fletcher J, Sutton A. Collaborative care for depression in primary care: making sense of a complex intervention: systematic review and meta-regression. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:484–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbody S, Bower P, Fletcher J, Richards D, Sutton AJ. Collaborative care for depression: a cumulative meta-analysis and review of longer-term outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(21):2314–2321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Simon G. Rethinking practitioner roles in chronic illness: the specialist, primary care physician, and the practice nurse. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001;23(3):138–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katon WJ, Lin EH, Von Korff M, et al. Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2611–2620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan ATS, Gordon JL, Brown AJ, et al. Can substance use disorders be managed using the chronic care model? Review and recommendations from a NIDA consensus group. Public Health Rev. 2014;35(2):707.
   Google Scholar
• Gelberg L, Andersen RM, Afifi AA, et al. Project QUIT (Quit Using Drugs Intervention Trial): a randomized controlled trial of a primary care-based multi-component brief intervention to reduce risky drug use. Addiction. 2015;110(11):1777–1790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelberg L, Andersen RM, Rico MW, et al. A pilot replication of QUIT, a randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for reducing risky drug use, among Latino primary care patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;179:433–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaume J, McCambridge J, Bertholet N, Daeppen JB. Mechanisms of action of brief alcohol interventions remain largely unknown – a narrative review. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5(108):108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams EC, Achtmeyer CE, Thomas RM, et al. Factors underlying quality problems with alcohol screening prompted by a clinical reminder in primary care: a multi-site qualitative study. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(8):1125–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams EC, Achtmeyer CE, Young JP, et al. Local implementation of alcohol screening and brief intervention at five veterans health administration primary care clinics: perspectives of clinical and administrative staff. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;60:27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spear SE, Shedlin M, Gilberti B, Fiellin M, McNeely J. Feasibility and acceptability of an audio computer-assisted self-interview version of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in primary care patients. Subst Abus. 2016;37(2):299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeely J, Kumar PC, Rieckmann T, et al. Barriers and facilitators affecting the implementation of substance use screening in primary care clinics: a qualitative study of patients, providers, and staff. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2018;13(1):8.
   Google Scholar
• McCormick KA, Cochran NE, Back AL, Merrill JO, Williams EC, Bradley KA. How primary care providers talk to patients about alcohol: a qualitative study. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(9):966–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeely J, Adam A, Rotrosen J, et al. Comparison of methods for alcohol and drug screening in primary care clinics. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5):e2110721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar