The need for multiple naloxone administrations for opioid overdose reversals: A review of the literature

References

• National Institute on Drug Abuse. Overdose death rates, 1999–2018. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates. Accessed March 25, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2019. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 national survey on drug use and health. (HHS Publication No. PEP19-5068, NSDUH Series H-54). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
   Google Scholar
• Comer SD, Cahill CM. Fentanyl: Receptor pharmacology, abuse potential, and implications for treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;106:49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple cause of death 1999-2015 on CDC WONDER online database. Released 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Gladden RM, Martinez P, Seth P. Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid–involved overdose deaths – 27 states, 2013–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(33):837–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson N, Kariisa M, Seth P, Smith H, Davis NL. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths – United States, 2017-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(11):290–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedegaard H, Miniño AM, Warner M. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 356. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell J, Gladden RM, Mattson CL, Hunter CT, Davis NL. Vital signs: characteristics of drug overdose deaths involving opioids and stimulants – 24 states and the District of Columbia, January-June 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;59:1189–1197.
   Google Scholar
• North Carolina Chapter of Emergency Physicians. North Carolina Chapter of Emergency Physicians Treatment Protocol. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Information about naloxone. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-naloxone. Accessed March 08, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan SA, Dunne RB. Pharmacokinetic properties of intranasal and injectable formulations of naloxone for community use: a systematic review. Pain Manag. 2018;8(3):231–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain – United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(1):1–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Medical Association. Opioids-lifesaving naloxone should be available almost anywhere. June 11, 2019. Available at: https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/opioids/lifesaving-naloxone-should-be-available-almost-everywhere. Accessed October 22, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone – United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(6):100–105.
   Google Scholar
• Mattson CL, O'Donnell J, Kariisa M, Seth P, Scholl L, Gladden RM. Opportunities to prevent overdose deaths involving prescription and illicit opioids, 11 states, July 2016-June 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(34):945–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul M, Lurie P, Kinsman JM, Dailey MW, Crabaugh C, Sasser SM. Multiple naloxone administrations among emergency medical service providers is increasing. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(4):411–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger C, Smart R, Stein BD. Who receives naloxone from emergency medical services? Characteristics of calls and recent trends. Subst Abus. 2020;41(3):400–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klebacher R, Harris MI, Ariyaprakai N, et al. Incidence of naloxone redosing in the age of the new opioid epidemic. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(6):682–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ga FP, Jr. Patel Carroll G, Bartimus H, Hunter K, Hong R. Do patients require emergency department interventions after prehospital naloxone? J Addict Med. 2020;14(3):224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purssell R, Godwin J, Moe J, et al. 2020. Comparison of rates of opioid withdrawal symptoms and reversal of opioid toxicity in patients treated with two naloxone dosing regimens: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Toxicol.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney LM, Alptunaer T, Coleman G, et al. Prehospital naloxone and emergency department adverse events: a dose dependent relationship. Prehospital Care. 2020;59(6):872–883.
   Google Scholar
• Krotulski AJ, Chapman BP, Marks SJ, et al. 2021. Sentanyl: a comparison of blood fentanyl concentrations and naloxone dosing after non-fatal overdose. Clin Toxicol.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell A, Bennett AS, Jones TS, Doe-Simkins M, Williams LD. Amount of naloxone used to reverse opioid overdoses outside of medical practice in a city with increasing illicitly manufactured fentanyl in illicit drug supply. Subst Abuse. 2019;40(1):52–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avetian GK, Fiuty P, Mazzella S, Koppa D, Heye V, Hebbar P. Use of naloxone nasal spray 4mg in the community setting: a survey of use by community organizations. Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(4):573–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzman JG, Greenberg NH, Takeda MY, Balasch MM. Characteristics of patients with opioid use disorder associated with performing overdose reversals in the community: an opioid treatment program analysis. J Addict Med. 2019;13(2):131–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somerville NJ, O'Donnell J, Gladden RM, et. al. Characteristics of fentanyl overdose – Massachusetts, 2014-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(14):382–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahonski SG, Leonard JB, Gatz D, Seung H, Haas EE, Kim HK. Prepacked naloxone administration for suspected opioid overdose in the era of illicitly manufactured fentanyl: a retrospective study of regional poison center data. Clin Toxicol.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin S, Neale J, Brown C, et al. 2021. A qualitative study of repeat naloxone administrations during opioid overdose intervention by people who use opioids in New York City. Int J Drug Policy.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider KE, Urquhart GJ, Rouhani S, et al. 2021. Practical implications of naloxone knowledge among suburban people who use opioids. Harm Reduct J.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey J, Kilkenny M, Batdorf S, et al. Opioid overdose outbreak – West Virginia, August 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(37):975–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter J, Murray BP, Atti S, Moran TP, Yancey A, Morgan B. Naloxone dosing after opioid overdose in the era of illicitly manufactured fentanyl. J Med Toxicol. 2020;16(1):41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco CA, Trautman W, Cook A, et al. Naloxone use among emergency department patients with opioid overdose. J Emerg Med. 2018;55(1):64–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter ME, Gerona RR, Davis T, et al. Fatal fentanyl: one pill can kill. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(1):106–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon R. A 20-year old woman with severe opioid toxicity. J Emerg Nurs. 2018;44(1):77–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhode Island Department of Health. Rhode Island Statewide Emergency Medical Services Protocols, Version 2020. 01.
   Google Scholar
• New Hampshire Department of Safety. State of New Hampshire Patient Care Protocols, Version 8.0. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Moss RB, McCabe Pryor M, Baillie R, et al. Higher naloxone dosing in a quantitative systems pharmacology model that predicts naloxone-fentanyl competition at the opioid mu receptor level. Plos One. 2020;15(6):e0234683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe J, Godwin J, Purssell R, et al. Naloxone dosing in the era of ultra-potent opioid overdoses: a systematic review. CJEM. 2020;22(2):178–186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niles JK, Gudin J, Radcliff J, Kaufman HW. 2020. The opioid epidemic within the COVID-19 pandemic: drug testing in 2020. Population Health Management.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National EMS Database – NEMSIS public release research data set V3.4.0. 2018 User manual. Office of Emergency Medical Services, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Clark AK, Wilder CM, Winstanley EL. A systematic review of community opioid overdose prevention and naloxone distribution programs. J Addict Med. 2014;8(3):153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration. National Drug Threat Assessment. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Vermont Department of Health. Vermont Statewide Emergency Services Protocol, 2000.
   Google Scholar