A qualitative study of patient experiences with telemedicine opioid use disorder treatment during COVID-19

References

• Ahmad FB, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm. Accessed October 23, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Saloner B, Karthikeyan S. Changes in substance abuse treatment use among individuals with opioid use disorders in the United States, 2004–2013. JAMA. 2015;314(14):1155–1517.
   Google Scholar
• Grebely J, Cerdá M, Rhodes T. COVID-19 and the health of people who use drugs: what is and what could be? Int J Drug Policy. 2020;83:102958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakeman SE, Green TC, Rich J. An overdose surge will compound the COVID-19 pandemic if urgent action is not taken. Nat Med. 2020;26(6):819–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavova S, Rock P, Bush HM, Quesinberry D, Walsh SL. Signal of increased opioid overdose during COVID-19 from emergency medical services data. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;214:108176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, et al. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2017;357:j1550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santo T Jr., Clark B, Hickman M, et al. Association of opioid agonist treatment with all-cause mortality and specific causes of death among people with opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(9):979–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz EF. SAMHSA/HHS: An Update on the Opioid Crisis. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander GC, Stoller KB, Haffajee RL, Saloner B. An epidemic in the midst of a pandemic: opioid use disorder and COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(1):57–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Weiss J, Ryan EB, Waldman J, Rubin S, Griffin JL. Telemedicine increases access to buprenorphine initiation during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;124:108272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEA068 – March 31, 2020 [press release]; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Stringer KL, Langdon KJ, McKenzie M, Brockmann B, Marotta P. Leveraging COVID-19 to sustain regulatory flexibility in the treatment of opioid use disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;123:108263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priest KC. The COVID-19 pandemic: practice and policy considerations for patients with opioid use disorder. Health Affairs Blog. 2020;10. https://doi.org/10.1377/forefront.20200331.557887
   Google Scholar
• CMS. Telemedicine. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Chaet D, Clearfield R, Sabin JE, Skimming K. Ethical practice in telehealth and telemedicine. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(10):1136–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer SH, Ray KN, Mehrotra A, Bloom EL, Uscher-Pines L. Prevalence and characteristics of telehealth utilization in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(10):e2022302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordeck CD, Buresh M, Krawczyk N, Fingerhood M, Agus D. Adapting a low-threshold buprenorphine program for vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Addict Med. 2021;15(5):364–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levander XA, Wheelock H, Pope J, et al. Low-threshold buprenorphine via community partnerships and telemedicine—case reports of expanding access to addiction treatment during COVID-19. J Addict Med. 2022;16(1):e56–e58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakubowski A, Fox A. Defining low-threshold buprenorphine treatment. J Addict Med. 2020;14(2):95–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque JF, Harris MF, Russell G. Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12:18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cu A, Meister S, Lefebvre B, Ridde V. Assessing healthcare access using the Levesque's conceptual framework–a scoping review. Int J Equity Health. 2021;20(1):116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole TO, Robinson D, Kelley-Freeman A, et al. Patient satisfaction with medications for opioid use disorder treatment via telemedicine: brief literature review and development of a new assessment. Front Public Health. 2020;8:557275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mark TL, Treiman K, Padwa H, Henretty K, Tzeng J, Gilbert M. Addiction treatment and telehealth: review of efficacy and provider insights during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatr Serv. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202100088
   Google Scholar
• Buchheit BM, Wheelock H, Lee A, Brandt K, Gregg J. Low-barrier buprenorphine during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid transition to on-demand telemedicine with wide-ranging effects. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;131:108444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector AL, Quinn KG, Young SA, O'Brien M, deRoon-Cassini TA, Dickson-Gomez J. A qualitative examination of substance use disorder treatment-seeking among women with opioid use disorders: the role of syndemics and structural violence. SSM Qual Res Health. 2021;1:100014.
   Google Scholar
• Mendenhall E. Syndemics: a new path for global health research. Lancet. 2017;389(10072):889–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedoose [computer program]. SocioCultural Research Consultants LLC; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hennink M, Kaiser BN. Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: a systematic review of empirical tests. Soc Sci Med. 2022; 292:114523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow RL, Simon RE, Jack HE, Oller D, Kehoe L, Wakeman SE. Patient experiences with a transitional, low-threshold clinic for the treatment of substance use disorder: a qualitative study of a bridge clinic. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;107:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugarman DE, Busch AB, McHugh RK, et al. Patients' perceptions of telehealth services for outpatient treatment of substance use disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Addict. 2021;30(5):445–452.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marchand K, Foreman J, MacDonald S, Harrison S, Schechter MT, Oviedo-Joekes E. Building healthcare provider relationships for patient-centered care: a qualitative study of the experiences of people receiving injectable opioid agonist treatment. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2020;15(1):7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogue A, Bobek M, Levy S, et al. Conceptual framework for telehealth strategies to increase family involvement in treatment and recovery for youth opioid use disorder. J Marital Fam Ther. 2021;47(2):501–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein SM, Daniulaityte R, Miller SC, Martins SS, Carlson RG. On my own terms: motivations for self-treating opioid-use disorder with non-prescribed buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;210:107958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehtani NJ, Ristau JT, Snyder H, et al. COVID-19: a catalyst for change in telehealth service delivery for opioid use disorder management. Subst Abuse. 2021;42(2):205–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiacco L, Pearson BL, Jordan R. Telemedicine works for treating substance use disorder: the STAR clinic experience during COVID-19. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;125:108312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark SA, Davis C, Wightman RS, et al. Using telehealth to improve buprenorphine access during and after COVID-19: a rapid response initiative in Rhode Island. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;124:108283–108283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel L, Uscher-Pines L, Mehrotra A, et al. Use of telemedicine for opioid use disorder treatment – perceptions and experiences of opioid use disorder clinicians. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;228:108999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CMS. COVID-19: CMS Allowing Audio-Only Calls for OTP Therapy, Counseling, and Periodic Assessments. Baltimore, MD: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Collins AB, Boyd J, Cooper HLF, McNeil R. The intersectional risk environment of people who use drugs. Soc Sci Med. 2019;234:112384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin MF, Li R, Carrero ND, Bain PA, Chatterjee A. Opioid use disorder treatment for people experiencing homelessness: a scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;224:108717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen H, Siegel C, Wanderling J, DiRocco D. Buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence by income, ethnicity and race of neighborhoods in New York City. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;164:14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadland SE, Bagley SM, Rodean J, et al. Receipt of timely addiction treatment and association of early medication treatment with retention in care among youths with opioid use disorder. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(11):1029–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadland SE, Wharam JF, Schuster MA, Zhang F, Samet JH, Larochelle MR. Trends in receipt of buprenorphine and naltrexone for opioid use disorder among adolescents and young adults, 2001-2014. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(8):747–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagisetty PA, Ross R, Bohnert A, Clay M, Maust DT. Buprenorphine treatment divide by race/ethnicity and payment. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(9):979–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar