Patient-centered quality measurement for opioid use disorder: Development of a taxonomy to address gaps in research and practice

References

• Ahmad FB, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm. Published July 14, 2021. Accessed July 26, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Alderks CE. Trends in the Use of Methadone, Buprenorphine, and Extended-Release Naltrexone at Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities: 2003-2015 (update). The CBHSQ Report; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Wen H, Borders TF, Cummings JR. Trends in buprenorphine prescribing by physician specialty. Health Aff. 2019;38(1):24–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AR, Nunes EV, Bisaga A, Levin FR, Olfson M. Development of a cascade of care for responding to the opioid epidemic. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019;45(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AR, Nunes EV, Bisaga A, et al. Developing an opioid use disorder treatment cascade: a review of quality measures. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;91:57–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyse JJ, Gordon AJ, Dobscha SK, et al. Medications for opioid use disorder in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system: historical perspective, lessons learned, and next steps. Subst Abus. 2018;39(2):139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon CB, Tsui JI, Merrill JO, Adwell A, Tamru E, Klein JW. Linking patients with buprenorphine treatment in primary care: predictors of engagement. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;181:58–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manhapra A, Petrakis I, Rosenheck R. Three-year retention in buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder nationally in the Veterans Health Administration. Am J Addict. 2017;26(6):572–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florence C, Luo F, Rice K. The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2017. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;218:108350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASAM. The ASAM national practice guideline for the treatment of opioid use disorder: 2020 focused update. J Addict Med. 2020;14(2S Suppl 1):1–91.
   Google Scholar
• SAMHSA. TIP 42: Substance Use Disorder Treatment for People with Co-Occurring Disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Heatlh Services Administration; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• SAMHSA. TIP 63: Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• AHRQ. Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder Playbook. The Academy: Integrating Behavioral Health and Primary Care; 2020. https://integrationacademy.ahrq.gov/products/playbooks/opioid-use-disorder. Accessed February 7, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• VA/DoD. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• NEJM Catalyst. What is patient-centered care? NEJM Catalyst. 2017;3(1).
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. In: Committee on Quality of Health Care in America ed. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. 1966. Milbank Q. 2005;83(4):691–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opioids and Opioid Use Disorder: Quality Measurement Priorities. https://www.qualityforum.org/Publications/2020/02/Opioids_and_Opioid_Use_Disorder__Quality_Measurement_Priorities.aspx. Published 2020. Accessed April 23, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Saloner B, Stoller KB, Alexander GC. Moving addiction care to the mainstream - improving the quality of buprenorphine treatment. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(1):4–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strike CJ, Guta A. Patient-centred care and patient engagement to inform the use of psychosocial interventions with opioid substitution treatment: another path for Day & Mitcheson to follow. Addiction. 2017;112(8):1338–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlton P, Kean T, Liu RH, et al. Use of environmental scans in health services delivery research: a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2021;11(11):e050284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NQF. Measures, reports, & tools. Quality Positioning System. http://www.qualityforum.org/Measures_Reports_Tools.aspx. Published 2021. Accessed January 18, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• CMS. CMS measures inventory tool. https://cmit.cms.gov/CMIT_public/ListMeasures. Published 2020. Accessed October 5, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• NCQA. Healthcare effectiveness and data information set. HEDIS Measures and Technical Resources. https://www.ncqa.org/hedis/measures/. Published 2021. Accessed October 4, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• VA. SQL server reporting services: performance reports. Electronic Technical Manual (eTM) Measure Library. https://pm.rtp.med.va.gov/Reports_rtp/Pages/Report.aspx?ItemPath=%2fPerformance±Reports%2fMeasure±Management%2fMeasureCatalog. Published 2021. Accessed September 17, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• CMS. Measures management system. National Quality Forum Measurement Review Process. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/MMS/Downloads/NQF-Measure-Endorsement-Review-Process.pdf. Published 2019. Accessed August 4, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• NQF. Frequently asked questions. https://www.qualityforum.org/Field_Guide/NQF_FAQs.aspx. Published 2013. Accessed August 4, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Green BN, Johnson CD, Adams A. Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. J Chiropr Med. 2006;5(3):101–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kable AK, Pich J, Maslin-Prothero SE. A structured approach to documenting a search strategy for publication: a 12 step guideline for authors. Nurse Educ Today. 2012;32(8):878–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EQUATOR. A structured approach to documenting a search strategy for publication: a 12 step guideline for authors. Reporting guidelines. https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/a-structured-approach-to-documenting-a-search-strategy-for-publication-a-12-step-guideline-for-authors/. Published 2015. Accessed September 17, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• AHRQ. What is patient experience? About CAHPS. https://www.ahrq.gov/cahps/about-cahps/patient-experience/index.html. Published 2022. Accessed February 26, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins T, Larson E, Schnall R. Unraveling the meaning of patient engagement: A concept analysis. Patient Educ Couns. 2017;100(1):30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James J. Patient engagement. Health Aff Health Policy Brief. 2013:14(10.1377).
   Google Scholar
• Coulter A. Patient engagement–what works? J Ambul Care Manage. 2012;35(2):80–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart MA. Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: a review. CMAJ. 1995;152(9):1423–1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield S, Kaplan S, Ware JE. Jr. Expanding patient involvement in care. Effects on patient outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102(4):520–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosten EA, De Weert-Van Oene GH, Sensky T, Van Der Staak CP, De Jong CA. Treatment goals in addiction healthcare: the perspectives of patients and clinicians. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2011;57(3):263–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay KR, Huhn AS, Tompkins DA, Dunn KE. Recovery goals and long-term treatment preference in persons who engage in nonmedical opioid use. J Addict Med. 2019;13(4):300–305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedrichs A, Spies M, Harter M, Buchholz A. Patient preferences and shared decision making in the treatment of substance use disorders: a systematic review of the literature. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0145817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AL, Kertesz SG, Hausmann LRM, et al. Primary care experiences of veterans with opioid use disorder in the Veterans Health Administration. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;113:107996.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park SE, Grogan CM, Mosley JE, Humphreys K, Pollack HA, Friedmann PD. Correlates of patient-centered care practices at U.S. substance use disorder clinics. Psychiatr Serv. 2020;71(1):35–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthias MS, Johnson NL, Shields CG, et al. “I'm not gonna pull the rug out from under you”: patient-provider communication about opioid tapering. J Pain. 2017;18(11):1365–1373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand K, Foreman J, MacDonald S, Harrison S, Schechter MT, Oviedo-Joekes E. Building healthcare provider relationships for patient-centered care: a qualitative study of the experiences of people receiving injectable opioid agonist treatment. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2020;15(1):7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang J, McCambridge J, Platts S, Groves P. Engaging the reluctant GP in care of the opiate misuser: pilot study of change-orientated reflective listening (CORL). Fam Pract. 2004;21(2):150–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eide H, Eide T, Rustoen T, Finset A. Patient validation of cues and concerns identified according to Verona coding definitions of emotional sequences (VR-CoDES): a video- and interview-based approach. Patient Educ Couns. 2011;82(2):156–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodie GD. The Active-Empathic Listening Scale (AELS): conceptualization and evidence of validity within the interpersonal domain. Communication Quarterly. 2011;59(3):277–295.
   Google Scholar
• Drollinger T, Comer LB, Warrington PT. Development and validation of the active empathetic listening scale. Psychol Mark. 2006;23(2):161–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sereda Y, Kiriazova T, Makarenko O, et al. Stigma and quality of co-located care for HIV-positive people in addiction treatment in Ukraine: a cross-sectional study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(5):e25492.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiburcio NJ. Long-term recovery from heroin use among female ex-offenders: Marisol's story. Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(12–13):1950–1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JL, Walley AY, Bazzi AR. Stuck in the window with you: HIV exposure prophylaxis in the highest risk people who inject drugs. Subst Abus. 2019;40(4):441–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlosser AV, Hoffer LD. The psychotropic self/imaginary: subjectivity and psychopharmaceutical use among heroin users with co-occurring mental illness. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2012;36(1):26–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joudrey PJ, Khan MR, Wang EA, et al. A conceptual model for understanding post-release opioid-related overdose risk. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2019;14(1):17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods JS, Joseph H. Stigma from the viewpoint of the patient. J Addict Dis. 2015;34(2–3):238–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Boekel LC, Brouwers EP, van Weeghel J, Garretsen HF. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131(1–2):23–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald K, Lamb K, Thomas ML, Khentigan W. Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: correlations between prescriber beliefs and practices. Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51(1):85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy-Hendricks A, Barry CL, Gollust SE, Ensminger ME, Chisolm MS, McGinty EE. Social stigma toward persons with prescription opioid use disorder: associations with public support for punitive and public health-oriented policies. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68(5):462–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radley A, Melville K, Easton P, Williams B, Dillon JF. Standing outside the Junkie Door'-service users' experiences of using community pharmacies to access treatment for opioid dependency. J Public Health. 2017;39(4):846–855.
   Google Scholar
• Smith LR, Mittal ML, Wagner K, Copenhaver MM, Cunningham CO, Earnshaw VA. Factor structure, internal reliability and construct validity of the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Stigma Mechanisms Scale (MMT-SMS). Addiction. 2020;115(2):354–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang LH, Grivel MM, Anderson B, et al. A new brief opioid stigma scale to assess perceived public attitudes and internalized stigma: evidence for construct validity. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;99:44–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson H, Maclaren W, Kerr S. Staff attitudes towards working with drug users: development of the Drug Problems Perceptions Questionnaire. Addiction. 2007;102(2):206–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine N, Darby C, Bonsel GJ. Which aspects of non-clinical quality of care are most important? Results from WHO's general population surveys of “health systems responsiveness” in 41 countries. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(9):1939–1950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine NB, Bonsel GJ, Murray CJ. Measuring quality of health care from the user's perspective in 41 countries: psychometric properties of WHO's questions on health systems responsiveness. Qual Life Res. 2007;16(7):1107–1125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valentine NB, de Silva A, Kawabata K, Darby C, Murray CJ, Evans DB. Health System Responsiveness: Concepts, Domains and Operationalization. Health Systems Performance Assessment: Debates, Methods and Empiricism. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003:96.
   Google Scholar
• Binns-Calvey AE, Malhiot A, Kostovich CT, et al. Validating domains of patient contextual factors essential to preventing contextual errors: a qualitative study conducted at Chicago area veterans health administration sites. Acad Med. 2017;92(9):1287–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner S, Schwartz A, Altman L, et al. Evaluation of a patient-collected audio audit and feedback quality improvement program on clinician attention to patient life context and health care costs in the veterans affairs health care system. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(7):e209644.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiner SJ, Schwartz A, Sharma G, et al. Patient-centered decision making and health care outcomes: an observational study. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(8):573–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner SJ, Schwartz A, Weaver F, et al. Contextual errors and failures in individualizing patient care: a multicenter study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(2):69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner SJ, Schwartz A, Sharma G, et al. Patient-collected audio for performance assessment of the clinical encounter. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2015;41(6):273–278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pivovarova E, Min HS, Friedmann PD. Impact of extended release naltrexone on health-related quality of life in individuals with legal involvement and opioid use disorders. Subst Abus. 2021;42(4):618–624.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laudet AB. The case for considering quality of life in addiction research and clinical practice. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2011;6(1):44–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jalali A, Ryan DA, Jeng PJ, et al. Health-related quality of life and opioid use disorder pharmacotherapy: a secondary analysis of a clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;215:108221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosyk B, Bray JW, Wittenberg E, et al. Short term health-related quality of life improvement during opioid agonist treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;157:121–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JD, Vogelman JS, Luba R, Mumtaz M, Comer SD. Chronic pain and opioid abuse: factors associated with health-related quality of life. Am J Addict. 2017;26(8):815–821.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang KC, Lin CY, Chang CC, Ting SY, Cheng CM, Wang JD. Psychological distress mediated the effects of self-stigma on quality of life in opioid-dependent individuals: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee TG, Rosenheck RA. Association of current and past opioid use disorders with health-related quality of life and employment among US adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;199:122–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Kumar S, Sarkar S, Balhara YPS. Quality of life and its relationship with perceived stigma among opioid use disorder patients: an exploratory study. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018;40(6):556–561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffin ML, Bennett HE, Fitzmaurice GM, Hill KP, Provost SE, Weiss RD. Health-related quality of life among prescription opioid-dependent patients: results from a multi-site study. Am J Addict. 2015;24(4):308–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo J, Bhalerao A, Bawor M, et al. “Don't Judge a Book Its Cover”: A Qualitative Study of Methadone Patients' Experiences of Stigma. Subst Abuse. 2017;11:1178221816685087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling W, Nadipelli VR, Aldridge AP, et al. Recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) after monthly long-acting buprenorphine treatment: 12-month longitudinal outcomes from RECOVER, an observational study. J Addict Med. 2020;14(5):e233–e240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling W, Nadipelli VR, Solem CT, et al. Patient-centered outcomes in participants of a buprenorphine monthly depot (BUP-XR) double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase 3 study. J Addict Med. 2019;13(6):442–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monico LB, Gryczynski J, Schwartz RP, Jaffe JH, O’Grady KE, Mitchell SG. Treatment outcomes among a cohort of African American buprenorphine patients: follow-up at 12 months. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2018;44(6):604–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins CE, Abrantes AM, Kurth ME, Gordon AL, Stein MD. Quality of life and well-being following inpatient and partial hospitalization treatment for opioid use disorder. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018;32(3):505–509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kakko J, Alho H, Baldacchino A, Molina R, Nava FA, Shaya G. Craving in opioid use disorder: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10(592):592.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baykara S, Alban K. Visual and auditory reaction times of patients with opioid use disorder. Psychiatry Investig. 2019;16(8):602–606.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackie SE, McHugh RK, McDermott K, Griffin ML, Winkelman JW, Weiss RD. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome during detoxification from alcohol and opioids. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;73:35–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilevicius E, Sommer JL, Asmundson GJG, El-Gabalawy R. Posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain are associated with opioid use disorder: results from a 2012-2013 American nationally representative survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;188:119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Martinez AE, Reyes-Perez A, Serrano-Ibanez ER, Esteve R, Ramirez-Maestre C. Chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and opioid intake: a systematic review. World J Clin Cases. 2019;7(24):4254–4269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliva EM, Bowe T, Tavakoli S, et al. Development and applications of the Veterans Health Administration's Stratification Tool for Opioid Risk Mitigation (STORM) to improve opioid safety and prevent overdose and suicide. Psychol Serv. 2017;14(1):34–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogal SS, Chinman M, Gellad WF. Tracking implementation strategies in the randomized rollout of a Veterans Affairs national opioid risk management initiative. Implement Sci. 2020;15(1):48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins KE, Paddock SM, Hudson TJ, et al. Association between process measures and mortality in individuals with opioid use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;177:307–314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geyer HL, Gazelka H, Mesa R. How I treat pain in hematologic malignancies safely with opioid therapy. Blood 2020;135(26):2354–2364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilder CM, Miller SC, Tiffany E, Winhusen T, Winstanley EL, Stein MD. Risk factors for opioid overdose and awareness of overdose risk among veterans prescribed chronic opioids for addiction or pain. J Addict Dis. 2016;35(1):42–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang G, Davids M, Kershaw A. Overdose education and naloxone distribution for veterans with opioid use disorder: results from a pilot initiative. J Addict Dis. 2017;36(4):217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliva EM, Christopher MLD, Wells D, et al. Opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution: Development of the Veterans Health Administration's national program. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(2S):S168–S179. Se164.
   Google Scholar
• Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, van der Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015;156(4):569–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Just JM, Scherbaum N, Specka M, Puth MT, Weckbecker K. Rate of opioid use disorder in adults who received prescription opioid pain therapy-a secondary data analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0236268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnett ML. Opioid prescribing in the midst of crisis - myths and realities. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1086–1088.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connery HS, Weiss RD. Discontinuing buprenorphine treatment of opioid use disorder: what do we (not) know? Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(2):104–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington EC, Argoff CE, Ballantyne JC, et al. Ensuring patient protections when tapering opioids: consensus panel recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(10):2155–2171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darnall BD, Ziadni MS, Stieg RL, Mackey IG, Kao MC, Flood P. Patient-centered prescription opioid tapering in community outpatients with chronic pain. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(5):707–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagley SM, Cheng DM, Winter M, et al. Opioid and cocaine use among primary care patients on buprenorphine-self-report and urine drug tests. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;192:245–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ainscough TS, McNeill A, Strang J, Calder R, Brose LS. Contingency management interventions for non-prescribed drug use during treatment for opiate addiction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:318–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incze MA. Reassessing the role of routine urine drug screening in opioid use disorder treatment. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(10):1282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volkow ND, Jones EB, Einstein EB, Wargo EM. Prevention and treatment of opioid misuse and addiction: a review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(2):208–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey K, Veazie S, Anderson J, Bourne D, Peterson K. Evidence Brief: Barriers and Facilitators to Use of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Portland, OR: Evidence Synthesis Program (ESP), Health Services Research & Development Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Mackey K, Veazie S, Anderson J, Bourne D, Peterson K. Barriers and facilitators to the use of medications for opioid use disorder: a rapid review. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(Suppl 3):954–963.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Connor AM, Cousins G, Durand L, Barry J, Boland F. Retention of patients in opioid substitution treatment: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugosh K, Abraham A, Seymour B, McLoyd K, Chalk M, Festinger D. A systematic review on the use of psychosocial interventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. J Addict Med. 2016;10(2):93–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden J, Stillwell G, James K, et al. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of an adjunctive personalised psychosocial intervention in treatment-resistant maintenance opioid agonist therapy: a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(5):391–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleykamp BA, De Santis M, Dworkin RH, et al. Craving and opioid use disorder: a scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;205:107639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean RR, Sofuoglu M, Brede E, Robinson C, Waters AJ. Attentional bias in opioid users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;191:270–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis BB, Sanger N, Bawor M, et al. A call for consensus in defining efficacy in clinical trials for opioid addiction: combined results from a systematic review and qualitative study in patients receiving pharmacological assisted therapy for opioid use disorder. Trials. 2020;21(1):30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden J, Tai B, Ali R, Hu L, Rush AJ, Volkow N. Measurement-based care using DSM-5 for opioid use disorder: can we make opioid medication treatment more effective? Addiction. 2019;114(8):1346–1353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon AJ, Drexler K, Hawkins EJ, et al. Stepped Care for Opioid Use Disorder Train the Trainer (SCOUTT) initiative: expanding access to medication treatment for opioid use disorder within Veterans Health Administration facilities. Subst Abus. 2020;41(3):275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codell N, Kelley AT, Jones AL, et al. Aims, development, and early results of an interdisciplinary primary care initiative to address patient vulnerabilities. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2021;47(2):160–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg J, Azofeifa A, Sigounas G. Mobilizing primary care to address the opioid use disorder treatment gap. Public Health Rep. 2019;134(5):456–460.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rizk AH, Simonsen SE, Roberts L, Taylor-Swanson L, Lemoine JB, Smid M. Maternity care for pregnant women with opioid use disorder: a review. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2019;64(5):532–544.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sullivan MD, Boudreau D, Ichikawa L, et al. Primary care opioid taper plans are associated with sustained opioid dose reduction. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(3):687–695.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AMCP Partnership Forum. Proceedings of the AMCP partnership forum: breaking the link between pain management and opioid use disorder. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2015;21(12):1116–1122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buresh M, Ratner J, Zgierska A, Gordin V, Alvanzo A. Treating perioperative and acute pain in patients on buprenorphine: narrative literature review and practice recommendations. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(12):3635–3643.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lagisetty P, Bohnert A, Goesling J, et al. Care coordination for patients on chronic opioid therapy following surgery: a cohort study. Ann Surg. 2020;272(2):304–310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ober AJ, Watkins KE, McCullough CM, Setodji CM, Osilla K, Hunter SB. Patient predictors of substance use disorder treatment initiation in primary care. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;90:64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marie BS, Sahker E, Arndt S. Referrals and treatment completion for prescription opioid admissions: five years of national data. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015;59:109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovejoy TI, Morasco BJ, Demidenko MI, Meath THA, Dobscha SK. Clinician referrals for non-opioid pain care following discontinuation of long-term opioid therapy differ based on reasons for discontinuation. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(Suppl 1):24–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly T, Hoppe JA, Zuckerman M, Khoshnoud A, Sholl B, Heard K. A novel social work approach to emergency department buprenorphine induction and warm hand-off to community providers. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(6):1286–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards ST, Dorr DA, Landon BE. Can personalized care planning improve primary care? JAMA 2017;318(1):25–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trescott CE, Beck RM, Seelig MD, Von Korff MR. Group Health's initiative to avert opioid misuse and overdose among patients with chronic noncancer pain. Health Aff. 2011;30(8):1420–1424.
   Google Scholar
• Council LS, Geffken D, Valeras AB, Orzano AJ, Rechisky A, Anderson S. A medical home: changing the way patients and teams relate through patient-centered care plans. Fam Syst Health. 2012;30(3):190–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiner SJ, Schwartz A. Directly observed care: can unannounced standardized patients address a gap in performance measurement? J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(8):1183–1187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berdahl CT, Moran GJ, McBride O, Santini AM, Verzhbinsky IA, Schriger DL. Concordance between electronic clinical documentation and physicians' observed behavior. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(9):e1911390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiner SJ, Wang S, Kelly B, Sharma G, Schwartz A. How accurate is the medical record? A comparison of the physician's note with a concealed audio recording in unannounced standardized patient encounters. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27(5):770–775.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austin JM, Kachalia A. The state of health care quality measurement in the era of COVID-19: the importance of doing better. JAMA. 2020;324(4):333–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feng B, Srinivasan M, Hoffman JR, et al. Physician communication regarding prostate cancer screening: analysis of unannounced standardized patient visits. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(4):315–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley AT, Weiner SJ, Francis J. Directly observed care: crossing the chasm of quality measurement. Under Review 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Powell AA, White KM, Partin MR, et al. Unintended consequences of implementing a national performance measurement system into local practice. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(4):405–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pincus HA, Scholle SH, Spaeth-Rublee B, Hepner KA, Brown J. Quality measures for mental health and substance use: gaps, opportunities, and challenges. Health Aff. 2016;35(6):1000–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incze MA, Kelley AT, Gordon AJ. Improving opioid use disorder treatment through quality assessment. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(9):2820–2822.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis CS. The SUPPORT for patients and communities act - what will it mean for the opioid-overdose crisis? N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):3–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirisci L, Tarter RE, Reynolds M, Hayes KN, Cochran G, Vanyukov M. Derivation and assessment of the opioid use disorder severity scale: prediction of health, psychological and social adjustment problems. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46(6):699–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemieniuk R, Guyatt G. What is GRADE? EBM toolkit. https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/us/toolkit/learn-ebm/what-is-grade/. Published 2022. Accessed May 10, 2022.
   Google Scholar