A Dog Accompanying a Man Makes Social Threatening Contexts Less Aversive and Enhances Perceived Safety Regardless of Societal Safety Levels

References

• American Veterinary Medical Association. (2018). U.S. pet ownership statistics. https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/reports-statistics/us-pet-ownership-statistics
   Google Scholar
• Arnberger, A., & Haider, W. (2007). Would you displace? It depends! A multivariate visual approach to intended displacement from an urban forest trail. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(2), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2007.11950111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiot, C., Bastian, B., & Martens, P. (2016). People and companion animals: It takes two to tango. BioScience, 66(7), 552–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. M., Macpherson, C., Meslin, F., & Wandeler, A. (2000). The human–dog relationship: A tale of two species. In C. N. L. Macpherson, F. X. Meslin, & A. Wandeler (Eds.), Dogs, zoonoses, and public health (2nd ed, pp. 1–16). CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Blanco, L., & Ruiz, I. (2013). The impact of crime and insecurity on trust in democracy and institutions. American Economic Review, 103(3), 284–288. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blöbaum, A., & Hunecke, M. (2005). Perceived danger in urban public space: The impacts of physical features and personal factors. Environment and Behavior, 37(4), 465–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504269643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogotá Chamber of Commerce. (2018). Balance de seguridad en Bogotá No. 54. https://bibliotecadigital.ccb.org.co/items/1850be10-9be7-4dbc-8956-adaa12d10241
   Google Scholar
• Boomsma, C., & Steg, L. (2014). Feeling safe in the dark: Examining the effect of entrapment, lighting levels, and gender on feelings of safety and lighting policy acceptability. Environment and Behavior, 46(2), 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512453838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bould, E., Bigby, C., Bennett, P. C., & Howell, T. J. (2018). ‘More people talk to you when you have a dog’– Dogs as catalysts for social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 62(10), 833–841. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, H. J., & Kensinger, E. A. (2017). Cash or credit? Compensation in psychology studies: Motivation matters. Collabra: Psychology, 3(1), https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1(3), 276–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling and physiology. In R. Lane, & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 242–276). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in the study of emotion and attention. In J. A. Coan, & J. J. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 29–46). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., Moulder, B., & Lang, P. J. (2005). When good things go bad: The reflex physiology of defense. Psychological Science, 16(6), 468–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01558.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunton-Smith, I., & Jackson, J. (2012). Urban fear and its roots in place. In C. Ceccato (Ed.), Urban fabric of crime and fear (pp. 55–82). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bublatzky, F., Guerra, P., & Alpers, G. W. (2018). Verbal instructions override the meaning of facial expressions. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14988. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33269-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bublatzky, F., Guerra, P., & Alpers, G. W. (2020). Watch out, he’s dangerous! Electrocortical indicators of selective visual attention to allegedly threatening persons. Cortex, 131, 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bublatzky, F., Schellhaas, S., & Guerra, P. (2022). The mere sight of loved ones does not inhibit psychophysiological defense mechanisms when threatened. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 2515. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06514-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows, K. E., Adams, C. L., & Spiers, J. (2008). Sentinels of safety: Service dogs ensure safety and enhance freedom and well-being for families with autistic children. Qualitative Health Research, 18(12), 1642–1649. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308327088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricos, T., Padgett, K., & Gertz, M. (2000). Fear, TV news, and the reality of crime. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 38(3), 755–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00905.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian, H., Wood, L., Nathan, A., Kawachi, I., Houghton, S., Martin, K., & McCune, S. (2016). The association between dog walking, physical activity and owner’s perceptions of safety: Cross-sectional evidence from the US and Australia. BMC Public Health, 16, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3659-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clutton-Brock, J. (1995). Origins of the dog: Domestication and early history. In J. A. Serpell (Ed.), The domestic dog: Its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people (1st ed, pp. 7–20). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collis, G. M., & McNicholas, J. (1998). A theoretical basis for health benefits of pet ownership: Attachment versus psychological support. In C. C. Wilson, & D. C. Turner (Eds.), Companion animals in human health (pp. 105–122). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Crossman, M. K., Kazdin, A. E., Matijczak, A., Kitt, E. R., & Santos, L. R. (2020). The influence of interactions with dogs on affect, anxiety, and arousal in children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(4), 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1520119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado-Rodríguez, R., Carriquí Madroñal, R., Vázquez Villalba, C., Martos-Montes, R., & Ordoñez-Pérez, D. (2022a). The role of dogs in modulating human affective reactivity and sense of safety in emotional urban public spaces. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 55–56, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2022.07.005
   Google Scholar
• Delgado-Rodríguez, R., Mena Cabrera, P., Ordóñez-Pérez, D., & Martos-Montes, R. (2022b). Dogs can enhance social perceptions:The influence of dogs on women’s perceptions of safety in emotional contexts. Anthrozoös, 36(6), 333–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2022.2141968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• District Planning Secretariat. (2021). Bogotá Cómo Vamos-Población-Bogotá en Cifras. https://bogotacomovamos.org/datos/poblacion/
   Google Scholar
• Eddy, J., Hart, L. A., & Boltz, R. P. (1988). The effects of service dogs on social acknowledgments of people in wheelchairs. The Journal of Psychology, 122(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1988.10542941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPDATA. (2022). Jaén – Crimen: Asesinatos, robos, secuestros y otros delitos registrados en cada municipio. https://www.epdata.es/datos/crimen-asesinatos-robos-secuestros-otros-delitos-registrados-cada-municipio/6/jaen/3890
   Google Scholar
• Eschholz, S., Chiricos, T., & Gertz, M. (2003). Television and fear of crime: Program types, audience traits, and the mediating effect of perceived neighborhood racial composition. Social Problems, 50(3), 395–415. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2003.50.3.395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, K. M., & Mindel, C. H. (2007). Modeling fear of crime in Dallas neighborhoods: A test of social capital theory. Crime & Delinquency, 53(2), 322–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705285039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann, E., Locker, B. Z., & Lockwood, R. (1993). Perception of animals and cardiovascular responses during verbalization with an animal present. Anthrozoös, 6(2), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279393787002303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A., Son, H., Chapa, D., & McCune, S. (2013). Pet’s presence and owner’s blood pressures during the daily lives of pet owners with pre- to mild hypertension. Anthrozoös, 26(4), 535–550. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303713X13795775536138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantiva, C., Barrera-Valencia, M., Cadavid-Ruiz, N., Calderón-Delgado, L., Gelves-Ospina, M., Herrera, E., Mejía-Orduz, M., Montoya-Arenas, D., & Suárez-Pico, P. (2019). Inducción de estados afectivos a través de imágenes. Segunda validación colombiana del Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas (IAPS). Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 51(2), 176–195. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2019.v51.n2.5
   Google Scholar
• Gantiva, C., Delgado, R., & Romo-González, T. (2015). Emotional reactions to alcohol-related words: Differences between low- and high-risk drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 50), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantiva, C., Guerra, P., & Vila, J. (2011). Validación colombiana del sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas: Evidencias del origen transcultural de la emoción. Acta Colombiana de Psicologia, 14, 103–111. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid = S0123-91552011000200010&script = sci_arttext
   Google Scholar
• Gazzano, A., Zilocchi, M., Massoni, E., & Mariti, C. (2013). Dogs’ features strongly affect people’s feelings and behavior toward them. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8(4), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2012.10.005
   Google Scholar
• Gilbey, A., McNicholas, J., & Collis, G. M. (2007). A longitudinal test of the belief that companion animal ownership can help reduce loneliness. Anthrozoös, 20(4), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279307X245473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, M. T., & Riger, S. (1991). The female fear: The social costs of rape. University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greve, W., Leipold, B., & Kappes, C. (2017). Fear of crime in old age: A sample case of resilience? The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillon, C., Ameli, R., Woods, S. W., Merikangas, K., & Davis, M. (1991). Fear-potentiated startle in humans: Effects of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex. Psychophysiology, 28(5), 588–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01999.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillon, C., & Charney, D. R. (2011). In the face of fear: Anxiety sensitizes defensive responses to fearful faces. Psychophysiology, 48(12), 1745–1752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01268.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guéguen, N., & Ciccotti, S. (2008). Domestic dogs as facilitators in social interaction: An evaluation of helping and courtship behaviors. Anthrozoös, 21(4), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303708X371564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havener, L., Gentes, L., Thaler, B., Megel, M., Baun, M., Driscoll, F., Beiraghi, S., & Agrawal, N. (2001). The effects of a companion animal on distress in children undergoing dental procedures. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 24(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/01460860118472
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hecht, J., & Horowitz, A. (2015). Seeing dogs: Human preferences for dog physical attributes. Anthrozoös, 28(1), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279315X14129350722217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog, H. A. (2007). Gender differences in human–animal interactions: A review. Anthrozoös, 20(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279307780216687
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog, H. A. (2010). Some we love, some we hate, some we eat: Why it’s so hard to think straight about animals. HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Herzog, H. A. (2011). The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: Fact, fiction, or hypothesis? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 236–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411415220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog, H. A., Grayson, S., & McCord, D. (2015). Brief measures of the Animal Attitude Scale. Anthrozoös, 28(1), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279315X14129350721894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute for Economics & Peace. (2023). Vision of humanity. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/maps/#/
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia. (2022). Andalucía Pueblo a Pueblo – Fichas Municipales de Jaén. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/sima/ficha.htm?mun = 23050
   Google Scholar
• Jack, R. E., & Schyns, P. G. (2015). The human face as a dynamic tool for social communication. Current Biology, 25(14), R621–R634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. (2009). A psychological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of crime. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(4), 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160802275797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1966). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 219–266). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, C. M., Webb, V. J., & Armstrong, T. A. (2003). Fear of gangs: A test of alternative theoretical models. Justice Quarterly, 20(1), 95–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820300095471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, E. M., & Staudinger, U. M. (2009). Affective experience in adulthood and old age: The role of affective arousal and perceived affect regulation. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50(5), 372–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simon, & R. T. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 97–135). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical report A-8. University of Florida, Gaine.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, D. J. (2001). The correlation of social approachability, social interaction, and tolerance levels depending on the presence of a dog. Modern Psychological Studies, 8, 7. https://scholar.utc.edu/mps/vol8/iss1/7
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., & Cho, S. (2018). The impact of crime rate, experience of crime, and fear of crime on residents’ participation in association: Studying 25 districts in the city of Seoul, South Korea. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 20(3), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-018-0047-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Roux, M. C., & Kemp, R. (2009). Effect of a companion dog on depression and anxiety levels of elderly residents in a long-term care facility. Psychogeriatrics, 9(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00268.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson, B. M. (1969). Pet-orientated child psychotherapy. Charles C. Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood, R. (1983). The influence of animals on social perception. In A. H. Katcher, & A. M. Beck (Eds.), New perspectives on our lives with companion animals (pp. 64–72). University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loewen, L. J., Steel, G. D., & Suedfeld, P. (1993). Perceived safety from crime in the urban environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80254-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macrotrends. (2023). Spain crime rate & statistics 1990–2023. https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ESP/spain/crime-rate-statistics
   Google Scholar
• McManis, M. H., Bradley, M. M., Berg, W. K., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotional reactions in children: Verbal, physiological, and behavioral responses to affective pictures. Psychophysiology, 38(2), 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3820222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicholas, J., & Collis, G. M. (2000). Dogs as catalysts for social interactions: Robustness of the effect. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712600161673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messent, P. R., & Serpell, J. A. (1981). An historical and biological view of the pet–owner bond. In B. Fogle (Ed.), Interrelations between people and pets (pp. 5–22). Charles C. Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• Miccoli, L., Delgado, R., Rodríguez-Ruiz, S., Guerra, P., García-Mármol, E., & Fernández-Santaella, M. C. (2014). Meet OLAF, a good friend of the IAPS! The Open Library of Affective Foods: A tool to investigate the emotional impact of food in adolescents. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e114515. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moltó, J., Segarra, P., López, R., Esteller, À, Fonfría, A., Pastor, M. C., & Poy, R. (2013). Adaptación eapañola del” International Affective Picture System"(IAPS). Tercera parte. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 29, 965–984. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.153591
   Google Scholar
• Morato, C., Guerra, P., & Bublatzky, F. (2021). Verbal threat learning does not spare loved ones. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 5469. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84921-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasar, J. L. (2000). The evaluative image of space. In W. B. Walsh, K. H. Craik, & R. H. Price (Eds.), Person-environment psychology: New directions and perspectives (pp. 117–168). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Numbeo. (2023a). Crime in Bogota, Colombia. https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Bogota
   Google Scholar
• Numbeo. (2023b). Crime in Jaen, Spain. https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Jaen-Spain
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, C., Ziersch, A., Arthurson, K., & Baum, F. (2005). “Danger lurks around every corner”: Fear of crime and its impact on opportunities for social interaction in stigmatised Australian suburbs. Urban Policy and Research, 23(4), 393–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111470500354216
   Google Scholar
• Parker, G. B., Gayed, A., Owen, C. A., Hyett, M. P., Hilton, T. M., & Heruc, G. A. (2010). Survival following an acute coronary syndrome: A pet theory put to the test. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01410.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendry, P., & Vandagriff, J. L. (2019). Animal visitation program (AVP) reduces cortisol levels of university students: A randomized controlled trial. Aera Open, 5(2), 2332858419852592. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419852592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, L., Edwards, K. M., McGreevy, P., Bauman, A., Podberscek, A., Neilly, B., Sherrington, C., & Stamatakis, E. (2019). Companion dog acquisition and mental well-being: A community-based three-arm controlled study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7770-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randler, C., Adan, A., Antofie, M.-M., Arrona-Palacios, A., Candido, M., Boeve-de Pauw, J., Chandrakar, P., Demirhan, E., Detsis, V., Di Milia, L., Fančovičová, J., Gericke, N., Haldar, P., Heidari, Z., Jankowski, K. S., Lehto, J. E., Lundell-Creagh, R., Medina-Jerez, W., Meule, A., … Vollmer, C. (2021). Animal welfare attitudes: Effects of gender and diet in university samples from 22 countries. Animals, 11(7), 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randler, C., Binngießer, J., & Vollmer, C. (2019). Composite respect for animals scale. Society & Animals, 27(5–6), 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossbach, K. A., & Wilson, J. P. (1992). Does a dog’s presence make a person appear more likable? Two studies. Anthrozoös, 5(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279392787011593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, M. S., & Harley, L. P. (2006). How dogs influence the evaluation of psychotherapists. Anthrozoös, 19(2), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279306785593784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serpell, J. A. (1986). In the company of animals. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Serpell, J. A., & Paul, E. S. (2011). Pets in the family: An evolutionary perspective. In C. A. Salmon & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of evolutionary family psychology (pp. 297–309). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spanish Ministry of Interior. (2021). Annual crime series. https://estadisticasdecriminalidad.ses.mir.es/publico/portalestadistico/en/portal/datos.html?type = pcaxis&path = /Datos1/&file = pcaxis
   Google Scholar
• Statista. (2021). Number of pet dogs in Europe from 2010 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/515579/dog-population-europe/
   Google Scholar
• Suárez Yera, C., Ordóñez Carrasco, J. L., Sánchez Castelló, M., & Rojas Tejada, A. J. (2021). Adaptation and psychometric properties of the Animal Attitude Scale and the Speciesism Scale. Human–Animal Interaction Bulletin, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0002
   Google Scholar
• Thorn, P., Howell, T. J., Brown, C., & Bennett, P. C. (2015). The canine cuteness effect: Owner-perceived cuteness as a predictor of human–dog relationship quality. Anthrozoös, 28(4), 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1069992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tifferet, S., Kruger, D. J., Bar-Lev, O., & Zeller, S. (2013). Dog ownership increases attractiveness and attenuates perceptions of short-term mating strategy in cadlike men. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 11(3), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1556/JEP.11.2013.3.2
   Google Scholar
• Twining, H., Arluke, A., & Patronek, G. (2000). Managing the stigma of outlaw breeds: A case study of pit bull owners. Society & Animals, 8(1), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853000510970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila, J., Sánchez, M., Ramírez, I., Fernández, M. C., Cobos, P., Rodríguez, S., Muñoz, M. A., Tormo, M. P., Herrero, M., Segarra, P., Pastor, M. C., Montañés, S., Poy, R., & Moltó, J. (2001). El sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas (IAPS): Adaptación española. Segunda parte. Revista de Psicologıa General y Aplicada, 54.
   Google Scholar
• Wells, D. L. (2004). The facilitation of social interactions by domestic dogs. Anthrozoös, 17(4), 340–352. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279304785643203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, D. L. (2009). The effects of animals on human health and well-being. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 523–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01612.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, M., & Perrine, R. (2001a). Critters in the cube farm: Perceived psychological and organizational effects of pets in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells, M., & Perrine, R. (2001b). Pets go to college: The influence of pets on students’ perceptions of faculty and their offices. Anthrozoös, 14(3), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279301786999472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar