Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 11, 1999 - Issue 6-7
28
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

THE RISE OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AMONG THE RISK SCIENCES: An Evaluation Through Case Studies

Pages 611-622 | Published online: 01 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Allen, D. T., Cohen, Y., and Kaplan, I. R., eds. 1989. lntermedia pollutant transport: modeling and field measurements. New York, New York: Plenum Press.
  • Andelman, J. B. 1985. Human exposures to volatile halogenated organic chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Environ. Health Perspect. 62:313–318.
  • Bennett, B. G. 1981. The exposure commitment method in environmental pollutant assessment. Environ. Monit. Assess. 1:21–36.
  • Bernard, D. T., Bhat, R., Foran, J., Hathaway, S. C., Hayashi, Y., Marasas, W. F., McKone, T. E., Miller, S. A., Reyes, F. G., Scheuplein, R., Sinhaseni, P., and Slorach, S. A. 1995. Applications of Risk Analysis to Food Standards Issues, Report of the Joint FAO/VVHO Expert Consultation, Geneva Switzerland, 13–17 March, 1995. Issued by the World Health Organization in collabo-ration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Report No. WHO/ FNU/FOS/95.3. Geneva: WHO.
  • Brzuzy, L. P., and Hites, R. A. 1995. Estimating the atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:2090–2098.
  • Calabrese, E. J., and Stanek, E. J. 1991. A guide to interpreting soil ingestion studies. II. Qualitative and quantitative evidence of soil ingestion. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol 13:278–292.
  • Calamari, D., Bacci, E., Focardi, S., and Gaggi, C. 1991. Role of plant biomass in the global environ-mental partitioning of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1489–1495.
  • Chinnery, R., and Gleason, K. 1993. A compartment model for the prediction of breath concentration and absorbed dose of chloroform after exposure while showering. Risk Anal. 13:51–62.
  • Dockery, D. W., and Spengler, J. D. 1981. Indoor-outdoor relationships of respirable sulfates and particles. Atmos. Environ. 15:335–343.
  • Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Hunt, C. 1975. Chemical cycles and the global environment: Assessing human influences. Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann.
  • Hakkinen, P. J., Kelling, C. K., and Callender, J. C. 1991. Exposure assessment of consumer products: Human body weights and total body surface areas to use, and sources of data for specific prod-ucts. Vet. Hum. Toxico/. 33:61–65.
  • Jo, W. K., Weisel, C. P., and Lioy, P. J. 1990. Chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with chlorinated tap water. Risk Anal. 10:575–580.
  • Johnson, P. C., and Ettinger, R. A. 1991. Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of contami-nant vapors into buildings. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1445–1452.
  • Jones, K. C., Keating, T., Diage, P., and Chang, A. C. 1991. Transport and food chain modeling and its role in assessing human exposures to organic chemicals.]. Environ. QuaL 20:317–329.
  • Layton, D. W., McKone, T. E., Knezovich, J. P., and Wong, J. J. 1993. Assessment of exposures to genotoxic substances. In Methods for genetic risk assessment, ed. D. J. Brusick, pp. 29–63. Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis.
  • Ludwig, D., Hilborn, R., and Walters, C. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: Lessons learned from history. Science260:17–36.
  • Mackay, D. 1979. Finding fugacity feasible. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13:1218–1223.
  • McKone, T. E. 1987. Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: The indoor inhalation pathway. Environ. Sci. Techno1.21:1194–1201.
  • McKone, T. E., and Daniels, J. L. 1991. Estimating human exposure through multiple pathways from air, water, and soil. Regul. ToxicoL Pharmacol. 13:36–61.
  • McKone, T. E., and Knezovich, J. P. 1991. The transfer of trichloroethylene (TCE) from a shower to indoor air: Experimental measurements and their implications. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 41:282–286.
  • McKone, T. E., and Layton, D. W. 1986. Screening the potential risk of toxic substances using a mul-timedia compartment model: Estimation of human exposure. Regul. ToxicoL Pharmacol. 6:359–380.
  • McKone, T. E. 1993. Linking a PBPK model for chloroform with breath concentrations in showers: Implications for dermal exposure models. J. Exposure Analysis and Environ. Epidemiol. 3:339–365.
  • Melia, R. J. W., Florey, C. du V., Darby, S. C., Palmes, E. D., and Goldstein, B. D. 1978. Differences in NO2 levels in kitchens with gas or electric cookers. Atmos. Environ. 12: 1379–1381.
  • National Research Council. 1982. Risk and decision making: Perspectives and research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • National Research Council. 1991a. Frontiers in assessing human exposure to environmental toxicants. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • National Research Council. 1991b. Human exposure assessment for airborne pollutants: Advances and opportunities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • National Research Council. 1994. Science and judgment in risk assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Nazaroff, W. W., Doyle, S. M., Nero, A. V., and Sextro, R. G. 1987. Potable water as a source of air-borne mRn in U.S. dwellings: A review and assessment. Health Phys. 52:281–287.
  • Ng, Y. C. 1982. A review of transfer factors for assessing the dose from radionuclides in agricultural products. Nucl. Safery23:57–71.
  • Pellizzari, E. D., Hartwell, T. D., Perritt, R. L., Sparacino, C. M., Sheldon, L. S., Whitmore, R. W., and Wallace, L. A. 1987. Comparison of indoor and outdoor residential levels of volatile organic chemicals in five U.S. geographic areas. Environ. Int. 12:619–623.
  • Schroeder, W. H., Munthe, J., and Lindqvist, 0. 1989. Cycling of mercury between water, air, and soil compartments of the environment. Water Air Soil Pollut. 48: 337–347.
  • Simonich, S. L., and Hites, R. A. 1995. Global distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds. Science269(5232):1851–1854.
  • Spengler, J. D., Duffy, C. P., Letz, R., Tibbets, T. W., and Ferris, B. J., Jr. 1983. Nitrogen dioxide inside and outside 137 homes and implications for ambient air quality standards and health effects research. Environ. Sci. Technol 17:17–21.
  • Tancrade, M., Yanagisawa, Y., and Wilson, R. 1992. Volatilization of volatile organic compounds from showers. I. Analytical method and quantitative assessment. Atmos. Environ. 26A:1103–1111.
  • Thibodeaux, L. J. 1979. Chemodynamics, environmental movement of chemicals in air, water, and soil. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Thomas, K. W., Pellizzari, E. D., Clayton, C. A., Perritt, R. L., Dietz, R. N., Goodrich, R. W., Nelson, W. C., and Wallace, L. A. 1993. Temporal variability of benzene exposures for residents in sev-eral New Jersey homes with attached garages or tobacco smoke. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. EpidemioL 3(1):49–73.
  • Travis, C. C., and Hester, S. T. 1991. Global chemical pollution. Environ. ScL Technol. 25:814-819. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 1993. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly, New York, United Nations.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Volume I. Human health evaluation manual (Part A). EPA/540/1-89/002. Washington, DC: Office of Emer-gency and Remedial Response.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. Guidelines for exposure assessment: Notice. Fed. Reg. 57(104):22888–22938.
  • Wallace, L. A. 1993. A decade of studies of human exposure: What have we learned? Risk Anal. 13:135–139.
  • Wania, F., and Mackay, D. 1995. A global distribution model for persistent organic chemicals. ScL Total Environ. 16:211–232.
  • Whicker, F. W., and Kirchner, T. B. 1987. PATHWAY: A dynamic food-chain model to predict radionuclide ingestion after fallout deposition. Health Phys. 52:717–737.
  • Wilkes, C. R., Small, M. J., Andelman, J. B., Giardino, N. J., and Marshall, J. 1992. Inhalation expo-sure model for volatile chemicals from indoor uses of water. Atmos. Environ. 26A:2227–2236.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.