The Wiphala Genomics: the deployment of molecular markers in small-scale potato crop systems in the Bolivian Andes

References

• Almekinders , C. and Hardon , J. , eds. 2006 . Bringing Farmers Back into Breeding; Experiences with Participatory Plant Breeding and Challenges for Institutionalisation , Wageningen : Agromisa .
   Google Scholar
• Bentley , J.W. 1994 . Facts Fantasies, and Failures of Farmer Participatory Research . Agriculture and Human Values , 11 : 140 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Bijker , W.E. 2006 . “ Why and How Technology Matters ” . In Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis , Edited by: Goodin , R. and Tilly , C. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brush , S.B. 1992 . Farmers' Rights and Genetic Conservation in Traditional Farming Systems . World Development , 20 : 1617 – 1630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brush , S.B. and Taylor , J.E. 1992 . Technology Adoption and Biological Diversity in Andean Potato Agriculture . Journal of Development Economics , 39 : 365 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruskiewich , R. , Davenport , G. , Hazekamp , T. , Metz , T. , Ruiz , M. , Simon , R. , Takeya , M. , Lee , J. , Senger , M. , Mclaren , G. and Van Hintum , T. 2006 . The Generation Challenge Programme (GCP)-Standards for Crop Data . OMICS , 10 : 215 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , R. 1983 . Rural Development: Putting the Last First , New York : Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Cleveland , D.A. and Murray , S.C. 1997 . The World's Crop Genetic Resources and the Rights of Indigenous Farmers . Current Anthropology , 38 : 477 – 516 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danial , D. , Parlevliet , J. , Almerkinders , C. and Thiele , G. 2007 . Farmers' Participation and Breeding for Durable Disease Resistance in the Andean Region . Euphytica , 153 : 385 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekkers , J.C.M. and Hospital , F. 2002 . The Use of Molecular Genetics in the Improvement of Agricultural Populations . Nature Reviews Genetics , 3 : 22 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado , J.M.F. 2002 . Estrategias De Autodesarrollo Y Gestión Sostenible Del Territorio En Ecosistemas De Montaña; Complementariedad Ecosimbiótica En El Ayllu Majasaya Mujlli, Departamento De Cochabamba, Bolivia , La Paz : AGRUCO/Plural Editores .
   Google Scholar
• Delmer , D.P. 2005 . Agriculture in the Developing World; Connecting Innovations in Plant Research to Downstream Applications . PNAS , 102 : 15739 – 15746 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowie , M. 2001 . American Foundations: An Investigative History , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Escobar , A. 1999 . El Final Del Salvaje; Naturaleza, Cultura Y Política En La Antropología Contemporánea , Santafé de Bogotá : CEREC/ICAN .
   Google Scholar
• FAO (1997), ‘The State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture,’ Technical report, FAO.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (2003), ‘Molecular Marker Assisted Selection as a Potential Tool for Genetic Improvement of Crops, Forest Trees, Livestock and Fish in Developing Countries,’ background document to Conference 10, 17 November–14 December 2003, http://www.fao.org/Biotech/C10doc.htm
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, J. (2006), ‘Cribado De Qtls Para La Identificación De Marcadores Moleculares Para La Selección Asistida Para Resistencia a Phytophthora Infestans En Diferentes Entornos Genéticos De Patata’.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel , J. , Coca , A. , Plata , G. and Parlevliet , J.E. 2007 . Characterization of the Resistance to Phytophthora Infestans in Local Potato Cultivars in Bolivia . Euphytica , 153 : 321 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, J., Herbas, J., Salazar, M., Ruiz, J., Lopéz, J., Villarroel, J., and Cossio, D. (2004), ‘Participatory Plant Breeding: A New Challenge in the Generation and Appropriation of Potato Varieties by Farmers in Bolivia,’ Working Document No. 22, Cochabamba, PRGA/CGIAR/FUTURE HARVEST/PROINPA.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel , J. , Torrez , R. and Thiele , G. 2000 . “ La Fundación Proinpa En El Mejoramiento Participativo Y En La Selección Participativa De Variedades De Papa En Bolivia ” . In International Symposium on Fitomejoramiento Participativo en América Latina y el Caribe , Ecuador : PRGA .
   Google Scholar
• GCP (2005), ‘Generation Challenge Program Research Highlights 2005,’ CIMMYT.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , D. , Sorj , B. and Wilkinson , J. 1987 . From Farming to Biotechnology. A Theory of Agro-Industrial Development , Oxford : Basil Blackwell Publications .
   Google Scholar
• GRAIN . 2000 . Potato: A Fragile Gift Form the Andes . Seedling , 17 : 23 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• GRAIN . 2005 . Interview, Jack Kloppenburg . Seedling; October 2005 , : 18 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Herbas , J. , Torrez , R. , Almanza , J. , Thiele , G. and Gabriel , J. , eds. 2000 . Sondeo Rápido Participativo En Las Comunidades De Piusilla-San Isidr. Compañia Pampa , Cochabamba : PROINPA .
   Google Scholar
• Horkheimer , M. 2004 . Eclipse of Reason , London and New York : Continuum Impacts Changing Minds .
   Google Scholar
• Humphries , S. , Gallardo , O. , Jimenez , J.S.F. and with members of the Association of CIALs of Yorito , S.A.V. 2005 . Linking Small Farmers to the Formal Research Sector: Lessons from a Participatory Bean Breeding Programme in Honduras . : 12 AGREN Network Papers
   Google Scholar
• Jentzsch, I.M.V. (2003), ‘Uso De Marcadores Microsatélites Para Evaluar La Diversidad Genética En Tres Especies De Papa Cultivada: Solanum X Ajanhuiri, Solanum X Curtilobum Y Solanum X Juzepczukii,’ Universidad Mayor de San Simón, unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Junquera , N. 2007 . 54.000 Bolivianos Han Llegado a España En Lo Que Va De Año . El País, , 3 March
   Google Scholar
• Kloppenburg , J.R. 2004 . First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492–2000 , 2nd ed. , Wisconsin : The University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 1987 . Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society , Milton Keynes, UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Louwaars , N.P. , Thörn , E. , Esquinas-Alcazar , J. , Wang , S. , Demissie , S. and Stannard , C. 2006 . Access to Plant Genetic Resources for Genomic Research for the Poor: From Global Policies to Target-Oriented Rules . Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter , 4 : 54 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Melgar-Quinonez , H.R. , Zubieta , A.C. , MkNelly , B. , Nteziyaremye , A. and Gerardo , M.F. 2006 . Household Food Insecurity and Food Expenditure in Bolivia, Burkina Faso, and the Philippines . The Journal of Nutrition , 136 : 1431S – 1437S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mgbeoji , I. 2006 . Global Biopiracy; Patents, Plants and Indigenous Knowledge , New York : Cornell University Press/UBC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mohan , M. , Mohan , M. , Nair , S. , Bhagwat , A. , Krishna , T.G. , Yano , M. , Bhatia , C.R. and Sasaki , T. 1997 . Genome Mapping, Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Selection in Crop Plants . Molecular Breeding , 3 : 87 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujlli , A.M. and AGRUCO . 2005 . “ Estrategias Campesinas En La Gestión De La Diversidad Agrícola De Papa, En El Ayllu Majasaya Mujlli ” . In Cultivando Diversidad En América Latina; Experiencias Locales De Crianza Y Manejo De La Biodiversidad , 153 – 167 . Buenos Aires : GRAIN, Grupo Semillas, Redes-AT .
   Google Scholar
• Oasa , E.K. and Jenning , B.H. 1982 . Science and Authority in International Agricultural Research . Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars , 14 : 30 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peleman , J.D. and van der Voort , J.R. 2003 . “ The Challenges in Marker Assisted Breeding ” . In Eucarpia Leafy Vegetables 2003 , 125 – 130 . Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands : Centre for Genetic Resources, Wageningen University .
   Google Scholar
• Pistorius , R. and van Wijk , J. 1999 . The Exploitation of Plant Genetic Information; Political Strategies in Crop Development , Wallingford and New York : CABI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Reece , J.D. 2007 . Does Genomics Empower Resource-Poor Farmers? Some Critical Questions and Experiences . Agricultural Systems , 94 : 553 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regalsky , P. 2003 . Etnicidad Y Clase; El Estado Boliviano Y Las Estrategias Andinas De Manejo De Sus Espacio , Bolivia : CEDIS/CESU-UMSS/CENDA & Plural .
   Google Scholar
• Rojas, J. (2006), ‘Bolivia's Proinpa and Generation Challenge Program; Using Modern Biotechnology Tools to Help Resource Poor Farmers in Bolivia with the Genotyping Support Service,’ www.generationcp.org/capcorner/rojas_poster.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Rojas, J., and Canedo, Y.S. (2005), ‘Determinación De Una Huella Genética Para Nuevas Variedades Obtenidas Mediante Mejoramiento Genético,’ Technical, PROINPA.
   Google Scholar
• Ruane, J., and Sonnino, A. (Eds) (2006), ‘The Role of Biotechnology in Exploring and Protecting Agricultural Genetic Resources’. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0399e/a0399e00.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ruivenkamp , G. 1987 . “ Shell En Biotechnologie ” . In Shell , Edited by: Hendriks , F. and SOMO . 245 – 299 . Amsterdam & Utrecht : Jan van Arkel .
   Google Scholar
• RuivenkampG.. (1989), ‘De Invoering Van Biotechnologie in De Agro-Industriële Productieketen: De Overgang Naar Een Nieuwe Arbeidsorganisatie,’ unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Ruivenkamp , G. 2003 . “ Biotechnology: The Production of New Identities ” . In Organizational Relationships in the Networking Age , Edited by: Koot , W. , Leisin , K. and Verweel , P. 265 – 290 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Ruivenkamp , G. 2005 . Tailor-Made Biotechnologies; between Bio-Power and Sub-Politics . Tailoring Biotechnologies , 1 : 11 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Sclove , R.E. 1995 . Democracy and Technology , New York, London : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thiele, G. (1997), ‘Informal Potato Seed Systems in the Andes: Why Are They Important and What Should We Do with Them?,’ Technical, PROINPA.
   Google Scholar
• Thiele , G. 1999 . Informal Potato Seed Systems in the Andes: Why Are They Important and What Should We Do with Them . World Development , 27 : 83 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele , G. , Gardner , G. , Torrez , R. and Gabriel , J. 1997 . Farmer Involvement in Selecting New Varieties: Potatoes in Bolivia . Expl Agric. , 33 : 275 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Ugarte , M.L. , Estrada , N. , García , W. and Carrasco , E. 1994 . “ Identificación, Evaluación, Caracterización Y Conservación Del Germoplasma De Papa, Raices Y Tubérculos Andinos En Bolivia ” . In Primera Reunión Internacional De Recursos Genéticos De Papa, Raices Y Tuberculos Andinos , Edited by: Céspedes , L. and Perpich , C. Cochabamba, Bolivia : IBTA, PROINPA, IBTA-CIP-COTESU .
   Google Scholar
• Ugarte, M.L., and Iriarte, V. (2002), ‘Papas Bolivianas; Catálogo De Cien Variedades Nativas,’ Technical.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Ploeg, J.D. (1987), ‘De Verwetenschappelijking Van De Landbouwbeoefening,’ Technical, Wageningen University.
   Google Scholar
• Van der PloegJ.D.. (1989), ‘Papas Y Metáforas,’ Technical, PRATEC, Proyecto Andino de Tecnologías Campesinas.
   Google Scholar
• Vavilov , N. 1951 . The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants Selected Writings of N.I. Vavilov , New York : Ronald Press Company .
   Google Scholar
• Von Hippel , E. 1988 . The Sources of Innovation , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Young , N.D. 1999 . A Cautiously Optimistic Vision for Marker-Assisted Breeding . Molecular Breeding , 5 : 505 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeballos, H. (1997), ‘Aspectos Económicos De La Producción De Papa En Bolivia,’ Technical Report ISBN 92-9060-193-0, Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP).
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerer , K.S. 2003 . Geographies of Seed Network for Food Plants (Potato, Ulluco) and Approaches to Agrodiversity Conservation in the Andean Countries . Society and Natural Resources , 16 : 583 – 601 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar