480
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Global occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental aquatic matrices and its implications for sanitation and vulnerabilities in Brazil and developing countries

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 2160-2199 | Received 27 Oct 2020, Accepted 23 Jun 2021, Published online: 26 Jul 2021

References

  • Aboh EA, Giwa FJ, Giwa A. 2015. Microbiological assessment of well waters in Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna, State, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 14(1):32–38. doi:10.4103/1596-3519.148732.
  • Abu M, Codjoe SNA. 2018. Experience and future perceived risk of floods and diarrheal disease in urban poor communities in Accra, Ghana. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 15(12):1–16. doi:10.3390/ijerph15122830.
  • Acosta N, Bautista MA, Hollman J, McCalder J, Buchner AB, Man L, Waddell BJ, Chen J, Li C, Kuzma D, et al. 2021. Wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 from acute care Hospitals identifies nosocomial transmission and outbreaks. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–34. doi:10.1101/2021.02.20.21251520.
  • Adelekan IO. 2010. Vulnerability of poor urban coastal communities to flooding in Lagos, Nigeria. Environ Urban. 22(2):433–450. doi:10.1177/0956247810380141.
  • Adenuga OT, Mpofu K, Modise KR. 2020. An approach for enhancing optimal resource recovery from different classes of waste in South Africa: selection of appropriate waste to energy technology. Sustain Futur. 2:100033. doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2020.100033.
  • Agrawal S, Orschler L, Lackner S. 2021. Long-term monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater of the Frankfurt metropolitan area in Southern Germany. Sci Rep. 11:5372. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84914-2
  • Ahmed W, Angel N, Edson J, Bibby K, Bivins A, O’Brien JW, Choi PM, Kitajima M, Simpson SL, Li J, et al. 2020. First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: a proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Sci Total Environ. 728:1–20. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764
  • [ANA] Agência Nacional de Água. 2020. Boletim de Acompanhamento No. 4 - Monitoramento COVID Esgotos [Follow up bulletin n. 4 - COVID wastewater monitoring]. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://coronavirus.saude.mg.gov.br/images/anexos/boletim-acompanhamento-covid-esgoto-4_vf.pdf. Portuguese
  • [APIB] Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil: emergência indígena 2021 [Articulation of indigenous peoples in Brazil: indigenous emergency 2021]. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://emergenciaindigena.apiboficial.org/en/. Portuguese.
  • Ahmed W, Bertsch PM, Angel N, Bibby K, Bivins A, Dierens L, Edson J, Ehret J, Gyawali P, Hamilton KA, et al. 2020. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in commercial passenger aircraft and cruise ship wastewater: a surveillance tool for assessing the presence of COVID-19 infected travellers. J Trav Med. 27(5):1–11. doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa116
  • Ahmed W, Bertsch PM, Bibby K, Haramoto E, Hewitt J, Huygens F, Gyawali P, Korajkic A, Riddell S, Sherchan SP, et al. 2020. Decay of SARS-CoV-2 and surrogate murine hepatitis virus RNA in untreated wastewater to inform application in wastewater-based epidemiology. Environ Res. 191:110092. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110092
  • Albastaki A, Naji M, Lootah R, Almeheiri R, Almulla H, Almarri I, Alreyami A, Aden A, Alghafri R. 2021. First confirmed detection of SARS-COV-2 in untreated municipal and aircraft wastewater in Dubai, UAE: the use of wastewater based epidemiology as an early warning tool to monitor the prevalence of COVID-19. Sci Total Environ. 760:143350. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143350.
  • Ali HA, Yaniv K, Bar-Zeev E, Chaudhury S, Shagan M, Lakkakula S, Ronen Z, Kushmaro A, Oded N. 2020. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 RNA through the wastewater treatment process. ACS ES&T Water 1(5):1161–1167. doi:10.1021/acsestwater.0c00216
  • Ampuero M, Valenzuela S, Valiente-Echeverría F, Soto-Rifo R, Barriga GP, Chnaiderman J, Rojas C, Guajardo-Leiva S, Díez B, Gaggero A. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Sewage in Santiago, Chile - Preliminary results. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–10. doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.20145177.
  • Andersson K, Dickin S, Rosemarin A. 2016. Towards “sustainable” sanitation: challenges and opportunities in urban areas. Sustain. 8(12):12. doi:10.3390/su8121289.
  • Andrade L, O’Dwyer J, O’Neill E, Hynds P. 2018. Surface water flooding, groundwater contamination, and enteric disease in developed countries: a scoping review of connections and consequences. Environ Pollut. 236:540–549. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.104.
  • Anim DO, Ofori-Asenso R. 2020. Water scarcity and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect. 81(2):108–109. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.032.
  • Anwar S, Elagroudy S, Abdel Razik M, Gaber A, Bong CPC, Ho WS. 2018. Optimization of solid waste management in rural villages of developing countries. Clean Technol Environ Policy. 20(3):489–502. doi:10.1007/s10098-018-1485-7.
  • Arora S, Nag A, Rajpal A, Tiwari SB, Sethi J, Sutaria D, Rajvanshi J, Saxena S, Srivastava S, Kazmi AA, et al. 2020. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in fourteen wastewater treatment systems in Uttarakhand and Rajasthan States of North India. InLocated at: medRxiv (Preprint)., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–26. doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.20197178
  • Arora S, Nag A, Sethi J, Rajvanshi J, Saxena S, Shiravastava SK, Gupta AB. 2020. Sewage surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome as a useful wastewater 2 based epidemiology (WBE) tracking tool in India. Water Sci Technol. 82(12):2823–2836
  • Arslan M, Xu B, Gamal El-Din M. 2020. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via fecal-oral and aerosols–borne routes: environmental dynamics and implications for wastewater management in underprivileged societies. Sci Total Environ. 743:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140709.
  • Artaza O. 2020. Covid-19: lessons for Chile. Int J Integr Care. 20(3):1–2. doi:10.5334/ijic.5571.
  • Atif M, Malik I. 2020. COVID-19 and community pharmacy services in Pakistan: challenges, barriers and solution for progress. J Pharm Policy Pract. 13(1):1–4. doi:10.1186/s40545-020-00240-4.
  • Augusto L, Galvao C, Câmara V, Buss D 2020. Environmental Health in Latin American Countries Environmental health in Latin American Countries. (September):1–27.
  • Avashia V, Garg A. 2020. Implications of land use transitions and climate change on local flooding in urban areas: an assessment of 42 Indian cities. Land Use Policy. 95:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104571.
  • Ayomoh MKO, Oke SA, Adedeji WO, Charles-Owaba OE. 2008. An approach to tackling the environmental and health impacts of municipal solid waste disposal in developing countries. J Environ Manage. 88(1):108–114. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.040.
  • Bahagijo M 2020. Understanding medical waste management to curb the transmission of COVID-19. Waste 4 Chang. 1–14. [accessed 2021 Apr 05] https://waste4change.com/understanding-medical-waste-management-to-curb-the-transmission-of-covid-19/
  • Bain R, Cronk R, Hossain R, Bonjour S, Onda K, Wright J, Yang H, Slaymaker T, Hunter P, Prüss-Ustün A, et al. 2014. Global assessment of exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water based on a systematic review. Trop Med Int Heal. 19(8):917–927. doi:10.1111/tmi.12334.
  • Bain R, Cronk R, Wright J, Yang H, Slaymaker T, Bartram J. 2014. Fecal contamination of drinking-water in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 11(5):1–23.
  • Balboa S, Mauricio-Iglesias M, Rodriguez S, Martínez-Lamas L, Vasallo FJ, Regueiro B, Lema JM. 2021. The fate of SARS-Cov-2 in WWTPs points out the sludge line as a suitable spot for monitoring. Sci Total Environ. 772:145268. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145268.
  • Baldovin T, Amoruso I, Fonzo M, Buja A, Baldo V, Cocchio S, Bertoncello C. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and persistence in wastewater samples: an experimental network for COVID-19 environmental surveillance in Padua, Veneto Region (NE Italy). Sci Total Environ. 760:143329. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143329.
  • Banach JL, Sampers I, Van HS, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. 2015. Effect of disinfectants on preventing the cross-contamination of pathogens in fresh produce washing water. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 12(8):8658–8677. doi:10.3390/ijerph120808658.
  • Baqir M, Sobani ZA, Bhamani A, Bham NS, Abid S, Farook J, Beg MA. 2012. Infectious diseases in the aftermath of monsoon flooding in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2(1):76–79. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60194-9.
  • Bar OI, Yaniv K, Shagan M, Ozer E, Erster O, Mendelson E, Mannasse B, Shirazi R, Kramarsky-Winter E, Nir O, et al. 2020. Regressing SARS-CoV-2 sewage measurements onto COVID-19 burden in the population: a proof-of-concept for quantitative environmental surveillance. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–11. doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.20073569.
  • Barbosa JEDL, Medeiros ESF, Brasil J, Cordeiro RDS, Crispim MCB, Da Silva GHG. 2012. Aquatic systems in semi-arid Brazil: limnology and management. Acta Limnol Bras. 24(1):103–118. doi:10.1590/S2179-975X2012005000030.
  • Barich D, Slonczewski JL. 2021. Wastewater virus detection complements clinical COVID-19 testing to limit spread of infection at Kenyon College. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–11. doi:10.1101/2021.01.09.21249505.
  • Barreto SM, Miranda JJ, Figueroa JP, Schmidt MI, Munoz S, Kuri-morales PP, Silva JB. 2012. Epidemiology in Latin America and the Caribbean: current situation and challenges. Int J Epidemiol. 41(2):557–571. doi:10.1093/ije/dys017.
  • Barros RM, Filho GLT, Moura JS, Pieroni MF, Vieira FC, Lage LR, Mohr GS, Bastos AS. 2013. Design and implementation study of a permanent selective collection program (PSCP) on a University campus in Brazil. Resour Conserv Recycl. 80(1):97–106. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.09.005.
  • Bayarri B, Cruz-Alcalde A, López-Vinent N, Micó MM, Sans C. 2021. Can ozone inactivate SARS-CoV-2? A review of mechanisms and performance on viruses. J Hazard Mater. 415:125658. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125658.
  • Bernardes C, Günther WMR. 2014. Generation of domestic solid waste in rural areas: case study of remote communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Hum Ecol. 42(4):617–623. doi:10.1007/s10745-014-9679-z.
  • Bertrand I, Challant J, Jeulin H, Hartard C, Mathieu L, Lopez S, Schvoerer E, Courtois S, Gantzer C. 2021. Epidemiological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 by genome quantification in wastewater applied to a city in the northeast of France: comparison of ultrafiltration and protein precipitation-based methods. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 233:113692. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113692.
  • Betancourt WQ, Schmitz BW, Innes GK, Prasek SM, Pogreba Brown KM, Stark ER, Foster AR, Sprissler RS, Harris DT, Sherchan SP, et al. 2021. COVID-19 containment on a college campus via wastewater-based epidemiology, targeted clinical testing and an intervention. Sci Total Environ. 779:146408. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146408.
  • Bhowmick GD, Dhar D, Nath D, Ghangrekar MM, Banerjee R, Das S, Chatterjee J. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: some serious consequences with urban and rural water cycle. Clean Water. 3(1):1–8.
  • Bivins A, Greaves J, Fischer R, Yinda KC, Ahmed W, Kitajima M, Munster VJ, Bibby K. 2020. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in Water and Wastewater. Environ. Sci. Technol. Letter 7(12):937–942. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00730.
  • Boadi KO, Kuitunen M. 2002. Urban waste pollution in the Korle Lagoon, Accra, Ghana. Environmentalist. 22(4):301–309. doi:10.1023/A:1020706728569.
  • Boogaerts T, Jacobs L, De Roeck N, Den Bogaert SV, Aertgeerts B, Lahousse L, Van Nuijs ALN, Delputte P. 2021. An alternative approach for bioanalytical assay optimization for wastewater-based epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Science of The Total Environment. 789: 148043
  • Botturi A, Ozbayram EG, Tondera K, Gilbert NI, Rouault P, Caradot N, Gutierrez O, Daneshgar S, Frison N, Ç A, et al. 2020. Combined sewer overflows: a critical review on best practice and innovative solutions to mitigate impacts on environment and human health. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 51(15):1–34.
  • Brasil. 2020. Lei N. 14.026, de 15 de julho de 2020. [Law N. 14,026, July 15th, 2020]. [2021 Apr 05]. https://www.in.gov.br/web/dou/-/lei-n-14.026-de-15-de-julho-de-2020-267035421. Portuguese.
  • Brasil, Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional. 2018. Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento: 24° Diagnóstico dos Serviços de Água e Esgoto - 2018. [National Sanitation Information System: 24th Diagnosis of Water and Sewage Services - 2018] Brasília. [accessed 2021 Apr 06]. http://www.snis.gov.br/diagnostico-anual-agua-e-esgotos/diagnostico-dos-servicos-de-agua-e-esgotos-2018. Portuguese.
  • Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome. Cunha JVQ, Rodrigues M, editors. 2009. Rua: aprendendo a contar - Pesquisa Nacional sobre a população em situação de rua [Street: learning to count - national survey on the homeless population]. Brasília (DF). accessed 2021 Apr 05. http://www.mds.gov.br/webarquivos/publicacao/assistencia_social/Livros/Rua_aprendendo_a_contar.pdf Portuguese. [publisher unknown]
  • Brauer M, Zhao JT, Bennitt FB, Stanaway JD. 2020. Global access to handwashing: implications for COVID-19 control in low-income countries. Environ Health Perspect. 128(5):1–6.
  • Cai J, Varis O, Yin H. 2017. China’s water resources vulnerability: a spatio-temporal analysis during 2003–2013. J Clean Prod. 142:2901–2910. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.180.
  • Cal G, Lima RB, Pereira MFR, Silva AMT, Ferreira A. 2020. Intensification of the ozone-water mass transfer in an oscillatory flow reactor with innovative design of periodic constrictions: optimization and application in ozonation water treatment. Chem Eng J. 389:124412. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.124412.
  • Campos HK, Lemos AL, Pimenta AW, Dourado AP, Abreu M, Melo MR, Gomes PC 2018. Case Report: how we closed the second largest dumpsite. In: World Int Solid Waste Assoc - ISWA. Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia; p. 65.
  • Canada. 2020. COVID-19 and people with disabilities in Canada. [accessed 2021 Apr 05] https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/guidance-documents/people-with-disabilities.html
  • [CEVS] Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde. 2020. Monitoramento Ambiental de SARS-CoV-2: boletim de acompanhamento diário No 2. [Daily follow-up bulletin N. 2]. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://cevs-admin.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/202009/21115806-boletim-informativo-n-2-final.pdf. Portuguese.
  • Canals M, Cuadrado C, Canals A, Yohannessen K, Lefio LA, Bertoglia MP, Eguiguren P, Siches I, Iglesias V, Arteaga O. 2020. Epidemic trends, public health response and health system capacity: the Chilean experience in four months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 44:1–8. doi:10.26633/RPSP.2020.99.
  • Carra I, Fernandez Lozano J, Autin O, Bolton JR, Jarvis P. 2020. Disinfection by-product formation during UV/Chlorine treatment of pesticides in a novel UV-LED reactor at 285 nm and the mitigation impact of GAC treatment. Sci Total Environ. 712:136413. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136413.
  • Carrillo-Reyes J, Barragán-Trinidad M, Buitrón G. 2021. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and wastewater treatment plants in Mexico. J Water Process Eng. 40:101815. doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101815.
  • Cetrulo TB, Marques RC, Malheiros TF. 2019. An analytical review of the efficiency of water and sanitation utilities in developing countries. Water Res. 161:372–380. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.044.
  • Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CCY, Poon RWS, et al. 2020. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 395(10223):514–523. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
  • Chan KH, Malik Peiris JS, Lam SY, Poon LLM, Yuen KY, Seto WH. 2011. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. Adv Virol. 2011:1–7. doi:10.1155/2011/734690.
  • Chavarria-Miró G, Anfruns-Estrada E, Guix S, Paraira M, Galofré B, Sáanchez G, Pintó R, Bosch A. 2020. Sentinel surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater anticipates the occurrence of COVID-19 cases. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–10. doi:10.1101/2020.06.13.20129627.
  • Cheng ZJ, Shan J. 2020. 2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection. 48(2):155–163. doi:10.1007/s15010-020-01401-y.
  • Collivignarelli MC, Collivignarelli C, Miino MC, Abbà A, Pedrazzani R, Bertanza G. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 in sewer systems and connected facilities. Process Saf Environ Prot. 143:196–203. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2020.06.049.
  • Colosi LM, Barry KE, Kotay SM, Porter MD, Poulter MD, Ratliff C, Simmons W, Steinberg LI, Wilson DD, Morse R et al. 2021. Development of wastewater pooled surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 from congregate living settings. Appl Environ Microbiol. 87(13):1–15. doi:10.1128/AEM.00433-21
  • Corburn J, Vlahov D, Mberu B, Riley L, Caiaffa WT, Rashid SF, Ko A, Patel S, Jukur S, Martínez-Herrera E, et al. 2020. Slum Health: arresting COVID-19 and improving well-being in urban informal settlements. J Urban Heal. 97(3):348–357. doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00438-6
  • [CPCB] Central Pollution Control Board. 2020. Guidelines for handling, treatment and disposal of waste generated during treatment/diagnosis/quarantine of COVID-19 patients: revision 2. Delhi. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://jspcb.nic.in/upload/whatsnew/5eb10c253ce1brevised%20guidelines%20for%20handling,%20treatment%20and.pdf
  • Crits-Christoph A, Kantor RS, Olm MR, Whitney ON, Al-Shayeb B, Lou YC, Flamholz A, Kennedy LC, Greenwald H, Hinkle A, et al. 2021. Genome sequencing of sewage detects regionally prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Clin Sci Epidemiol. 12(1):1–9.
  • Cruvinel VRN, Zolnikov TR, Bashash M, Marques CP, Scott JA. 2019. Waterborne diseases in waste pickers of Estrutural, Brazil, the second largest open-air dumpsite in world. Waste Manag. 99:71–78. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.035.
  • Cuicchi D, Lazzarotto T, Poggioli G. 2021. Fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2: review of laboratory-confirmed virus in gastrointestinal system. Int J Colorectal Dis. 36(3):437–444. doi:10.1007/s00384-020-03785-7.
  • Cupertino GA, Do Carmo Cupertino M, Gomes AP, Braga LM, Siqueira-Batista R. 2020. COVID-19 and Brazilian Indigenous populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 103(2):609–612. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0563.
  • Curtis K, Keeling D, Yetka K, Larson A, Gonzalez R. 2020. Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 Concentration and Loading Variability from Grab and 24-Hour Composite Samples. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–23. doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.20150607.
  • D’Amico F, Baumgart DC, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. 2020. Diarrhea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention, and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 18(8):1663–1672. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.001.
  • D’Aoust PM, Mercier E, Montpetit D, Jia -J-J, Alexandrov I, Neault N, Baig AT, Mayne J, Zhang X, Alain T, et al. 2020. Quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater solids in communities with low COVID-19 incidence and prevalence. Water. Res 188:116560. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116560.
  • [DATASUS] Departamento de informática do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil. 2021. Painel Coronavirus.[Coronavirus panel] [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://covid.saude.gov.br/ Portuguese.
  • Da Costa CC, Guilhoto JJM. 2014. Rural sanitation in Brazil: impact analysis of the septic tank digester. Eng Sanit E Ambient. 19:51–60.
  • Da Silva RR, Dos Santos MB, Dos Santos AD, Tavares DDS, Dos Santos PL. 2020. Coronavirus disease and basic sanitation: too early to be worried? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 53:1–5. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0345-2020.
  • Damasceno Pavani I, Ennes Cicerelli R, de Almeida T, Zandonadi Moura L, Contreras F. 2019. Allocation of sanitary landfill in consortium: strategy for the Brazilian municipalities in the State of Amazonas. Environ Monit Assess. 191(1):1–13. doi:10.1007/s10661-018-7146-9.
  • Das AK, Islam MN, Billah MM, Sarker A. 2021. COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare solid waste management strategy – a mini-review. Sci Total Environ. 778:146220. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146220.
  • Daughton CG. 2020. Wastewater surveillance for population-wide Covid-19: the present and future. Sci Total Environ. 736:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139631.
  • Davó L, Seguí R, Botija P, Beltrán MJ, Albert E, Torres I, López-Fernández PA, Ortí R, Maestre JF, Sánchez G, et al. 2021. Early detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection cases or outbreaks at nursing homes by targeted wastewater tracking. Clin Microbiol Infect. 27:1061–1063.
  • De Azevedo SC, Cardim GP, Puga F, Singh RP, Da Silva EA. 2018. Analysis of the 2012-2016 drought in the northeast Brazil and its impacts on the Sobradinho water reservoir. Remote Sens Lett. 9(5):438–446. doi:10.1080/2150704X.2018.1437290.
  • De Oliveira Moura T, Oliveira Santana F, Palmeira Campos V, de Oliveira IB, Medeiros YDP. 2019. Inorganic and organic contaminants in drinking water stored in polyethylene cisterns. Food Chem. 273:45–51. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.104.
  • De Paula VS, Diniz-Mendes L, Villar LM, Luz SLB, Silva LA, Jesus MS, Da Silva NMVS, Gaspar AMC. 2007. Hepatitis A virus in environmental water samples from the Amazon Basin. Water Res. 41(6):1169–1176. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.029.
  • De Queiroz JTM, Silva PN, Heller L. 2020. New premises for sanitation in arbovirus infectious control in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 36(5):1–5.
  • De Souza Noronha KVM, Guedes GR, Turra CM, Andrade MV, Botega L, Nogueira D, Calazans JA, Carvalho L, Servo L, Ferreira MF, et al. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analysis of supply and demand of hospital and ICU beds and mechanical ventilators under different scenarios. Cad Saúde Pública. 36(6):1–17.
  • Dhokhikah Y, Trihadiningrum Y. 2012. Solid Waste Management in Asian Developing Countries: challenges and Opportunities. J Appl Environ Biol Sci J Appl Environ Biol Sci. 2(7):329–335.
  • Díaz de León-Martínez L, De La Sierra-de La Vega L, Palacios-Ramírez A, Rodriguez-Aguilar M, Flores-Ramírez R. 2020. Critical review of social, environmental and health risk factors in the Mexican indigenous population and their capacity to respond to the COVID-19. Sci Total Environ. 733:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139357.
  • Dietz ME. 2007. Low impact development practices: a review of current research and recommendations for future directions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 186(1–4):351–363. doi:10.1007/s11270-007-9484-z.
  • Ding W, Jin W, Cao S, Zhou X, Wang C, Jiang Q, Huang H, Tu R, Han SF, Wang Q. 2019. Ozone disinfection of chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water. Water Res. 160:339–349. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.014.
  • Döhla M, Wilbring G, Schulte B, Kümmerer BM, Diegmann C, Sib E, Richter E, Haag A, Engelhart S, Eis-Hübinger AM, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples of quarantined households. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–19. doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.20114041.
  • Doremalen NV, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tmin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, Lloyd-Smith JO, et al. 2020. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New Engl J Med. 382(16):1–4.
  • [Fiocruz] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 2020a. Acompanhamento dos Casos de Coronavirus (COVID-19) Niterói. [Monitoring of Coronavirus Cases]. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://geoniteroi.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=1d5a2d1006094558a58be3db42c54759. Portuguese.
  • [Fiocruz] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 2020b. Boletim Socioepidemiológio da COVID-19 nas favelas: análise da frequência, incidência, mortalidade e letalidade por COVID-19 em favelas cariocas. [COVID-19 Social-Epidemiological Bulletin in favelas: analysis of frequency, incidence, mortality and lethality by COVID-19 in Rio’s favelas]. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_socioepidemiologicos_covid_nas_favelas_1.pdf. Portuguese.
  • Eckart K, McPhee Z, Bolisetti T. 2017. Performance and implementation of low impact development – a review. Sci Total Environ. 607–608:413–432. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.254.
  • Elangovan NS, Lavanya V, Arunthati S. 2018. Assessment of groundwater contamination in a suburban area of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Dev Sustain. 20(6):2609–2621. doi:10.1007/s10668-017-0007-9.
  • Engström E, Balfors B, Mörtberg U, Thunvik R, Gaily T, Mangold M. 2015. Prevalence of microbiological contaminants in groundwater sources and risk factor assessment in Juba, South Sudan. Sci Total Environ. 515–516:181–187. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.023.
  • Enyoh CE, Verla AW, Qingyue W, Yadac DK, Chowdhury MAH, Isluku BO, Chowdhurt T, Ibe FC, Verla EN, Maduka TO. 2020. Indirect exposure to novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): an overview of current knowledge. J Teknol Lab. 9(1):67–77. doi:10.29238/teknolabjournal.v9i1.227.
  • Erickson JJ, Quintero YC, Nelson KL. 2020. Characterizing supply variability and operational challenges in an intermittent water distribution network. Water (Switzerland). 12(8):21–43.
  • Espinosa MF, Sancho AN, Mendoza LM, Mota CR, Verbyla ME. 2020. Systematic review and meta-analysis of time-temperature pathogen inactivation. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 230:113595. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113595.
  • Fabbro Neto F, Gómez-Martín MB. 2020. Water safety plan integrated to the land use and occupation measures: proposals for Caraguatatuba-SP, Brazil. Land Use Policy. 97:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104732.
  • Farkas K, Hillary LS, Malham SK, McDonald JE, Jones DL. 2020. Wastewater and public health: the potential of wastewater surveillance for monitoring COVID-19. Curr Opin Environ Sci Heal. 17:14–20. doi:10.1016/j.coesh.2020.06.001.
  • Fava MC, Mazzoleni M, Abe N, Mendiondo EM, Solomatine DP. 2020. Improving flood forecasting using an input correction method in urban models in poorly gauged areas. Hydrol Sci J. 65(7):1096–1111. doi:10.1080/02626667.2020.1729984.
  • Feng B, Xu K, Gu S, Zheng S, Zou Q, Xu Y, Yu L, Lou F, Yu F, Jin T. 2021. Multi-route transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare facilities. J Haz Mat. 402:123771. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123771.
  • Feng S, Roguet A, McClary-Gutierrez JS, Newton RJ, Kloczko N, Meiman JG. 2021. Evaluation of sampling frequency and normalization of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentrations for capturing COVID-19 burdens in the community. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–29. doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.21251867v2.
  • Ferronato N, Torretta V. 2019. Waste mismanagement in developing countries: a review of global issues. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(6):1–28. doi:10.3390/ijerph16061060.
  • Foladori P, Cutrupi F, Segata N, Manara S, Pinto F, Malpei F, Bruni L, La Rosa G. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 from faeces to wastewater treatment: what do we know? A review. Sci Total Environ. 743:1–12. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140444.
  • Fongaro G, Stoco PH, Souza DSM, Grisard EC, Magri ME, Rogovski P, Schorner MA, Barazzetti FH, Christoff AP, Oliveira LFVD, et al. 2021. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in human sewage in Santa Catarina, Brazil, November 2019. Sci Tot Env. 778:146198. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146198.
  • Fontenele RS, Kraberger S, Hadfield J, Driver EM, Bowes D, Holland LA, Faleye TOC, Adhikari S, Kumar R, Inchausti R, et al. 2021. High-throughput sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater provides insights into circulating variants. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–26. doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.21250320
  • [FUNASA] Fundação Nacional de Saúde (BR). 2009. Boletim Informativo Especial - Pensando no Futuro [Special Informative Bulletin - Thinking about the future]. Brasília (DF). [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. http://www.funasa.gov.br/site/wp-content/files_mf/blt_abr_2009.pdf. Portuguese.
  • [FUNASA] Fundação Nacional de Saúde (BR). 2010. Programa Saneamento Brasil Rural: melhora o ambiente, melhora a saúde. [Brazil Rural Sanitation Program: improves the environment, improves health]. [accessed 2021 Apr 05] https://www.saneamentobrasilrural.com.br/livro-tecnico.pdf. Portuguese.
  • Foster S, MacDonald A. 2014. The ‘water security’ dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. Hydrogeol J. 22(7):1489–1492. doi:10.1007/s10040-014-1157-6.
  • Fuzawa M, Araud E, Li J, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. 2019. Free chlorine disinfection mechanisms of rotaviruses and human norovirus surrogate tulane virus attached to fresh produce surfaces. Environ Sci Technol. 53(20):11999–12006. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b03461.
  • Galaitsi SE, Russell R, Bishara A, Durant JL, Bogle J, Huber-Lee A. 2016. Intermittent domestic water supply: a critical review and analysis of causal-consequential pathways. Water (Switzerland). 8(7):.1–25.
  • Gallardo-Escárate C, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Núñez-Acuña G, Valenzuela-Miranda D, Benaventel BP, Sáez-Vera C, Urrutia H, Novoa B, Figueras A, Roberts S, et al. 2021. The wastewater microbiome: a novel insight for COVID-19 surveillance. Sci Total Environ. 764:142867. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142867.
  • Ge T, Lu Y, Zheng S, Zhuo L, Yu L, Ni Z, Zhou Y, Ni L, Qu T, Zhong Z, et al. 2021. Evaluation of disinfection procedures in a designated hospital for COVID-19. Am J Infect Control. 49(4):447–451. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.028
  • Gerrity D, Papp K, Stoker M, Sims A, Frehner W. 2021. Early-pandemic wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Nevada: methodology, occurrence, and incidence/prevalence considerations. Water Res. 10:3–11.
  • Gholipour S, Mohammadi F, Nikaeen M, Shamsizadeh Z, Khazeni A, Sahbaei Z, Mousavi SM, Ghobadian M, Mirhendi H. 2021. COVID-19 infection risk from exposure to aerosols of wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere. 273:129701. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129701.
  • Giacobbo A, Rodrigues MAS, Ferreira JZ, Bernardes AM, Pinho MN. 2021. A critical review on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in water and wastewater. What do we know? Sci Total Environ. 774:145721. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145721.
  • Gibas C, Lambirth K, Mittal N, Juel MAI, Bharati VB, Brazell LR, Hinton K,  Lontai J, Stark N, Stark I, et al. 2021. Implementing Building-Level SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance on a University Campus.Sci Total Environ. 782: 146749. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146749.
  • Gonçalves J, Koritnik T, Mioč V, Trkov M, Bolješič M, Berginc N, Prosenc K, Kotar T, Paragi M. 2021. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in hospital wastewater from a low COVID-19 disease prevalence area. Sci Total Environ. 755:143226. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143226.
  • Gonzalez R, Curtis K, Bivins A, Bibby K, Weir MH, Yetka K, Thompson H, Keeling D, Mitchell J, Gonzalez D. 2020. COVID-19 surveillance in Southeastern Virginia using wastewater-based epidemiology. Water Res. 186:116296. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116296.
  • Gorbalenya A, Baker S, Baric R, de Groot R, Drosten C, Gulyaeva A, Haagmans B, Lauber C, Leontovich A, Neuman B, et al. 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. Nat Microbiol. 5:536–544.
  • Gowda GS, Chithra NK, Moirangthem S, Kumar CN, Math SB. 2020. Homeless persons with mental illness and COVID pandemic: collective efforts from India. Asian J Psychiatr. 54:1–4. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102268.
  • Graham KE, Loeb SK, Wolfe MK, Catoe D, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Kim S, Yamahara KM, Sassoubre LM, Mendoza Grijalva LM, Roldan-Hernandez L, et al. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater Settled Solids Is Associated with COVID-19 Cases in a Large Urban Sewershed. Environ Sci Technol. 55(1):488–498. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c06191
  • Green H, Wilder M, Middleton FA, Collins M, Fenty A, Gentile K, Kmush B, Zeng T, Larsen DA. 2020. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 and cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) from wastewater to monitor coronavirus transmission within communities. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ,  p. 1–18. doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.20109181
  • Guerrero-Latorre L, Ballesteros I, Villacrés-Granda I, Granda MG, Freire-Paspuel B, Ríos-Touma B. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 in river water: implications in low sanitation countries. Sci Total Environ. 743:140832. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140832.
  • Gundy PM, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. 2009. Survival of Coronaviruses in Water and Wastewater. Food Environ Virol. 1(1):10–14. doi:10.1007/s12560-008-9001-6.
  • Gwenzi W. 2021. Leaving no stone unturned in light of the COVID-19 faecal-oral hypothesis? A water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) perspective targeting low-income countries. Sci Total Environ. 753:1–17. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141751.
  • Ha YP, McDonald N, Hersh S, Fenniri SR, Hillier A, Cannuscio CC. 2021. Using informational murals and handwashing stations to increase access to sanitation among people experiencing homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Amer J Pub Health. 111(1):50–53. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305961.
  • Haile GG, Huang Z, Sun S, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liu X. 2019. Droughts in East Africa: causes, impacts and resilience. Earth-Science Rev. 193:146–161. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.015.
  • Han J, Zhang X, He S, Jia P. 2021. Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food? A review of evidence, risks, policies and knowledge gaps. Env Chem Lett. 19(1):5–16. doi:10.1007/s10311-020-01101-x.
  • Han Z, Ye C, Zhang Y, Dan Z, Zou Z, Liu D, Shi G. 2019. Characteristics and management modes of domestic waste in rural areas of developing countries: a case study of China. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 26(9):8485–8501. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04289-w.
  • Handam NB, Santos JAAD, Moraes Neto AHAD, Alencar MDFL, Ignacio CF, Sotero-Martins A. 2020. Drinking water quality in Brazilian urban slums. Ambient E Agua - an Interdiscip J Appl Sci. 15(3):1–11. doi:10.4136/ambi-agua.2532.
  • Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey JR, Masago Y, Sano D, Katayama H. 2018. A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. Water Res. 135:168–186. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004.
  • Haramoto E, Malla B, Thakali O, Kitajima M. 2020. First environmental surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and river water in Japan. Sci Total Environ. 737(140405):1–8. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140405.
  • Hart OE, Halden RU. 2020. Computational analysis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 surveillance by wastewater-based epidemiology locally and globally: feasibility, economy, opportunities and challenges. Sci Total Environ. 730:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138875.
  • Hasan SW, Ibrahim Y, Daou M, Kannout H, Jan N, Lopes A, Alsafar H, Yousef AF. 2021. Detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and treated effluents: surveillance of COVID-19 epidemic in the United Arab Emirates. Sci Total Environ. 764:142929. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142929.
  • Hashimoto T, Perlot T, Rehman A, Trichereau J, Ishiguro H, Paolino M, Sigl V, Hanada T, Hanada R, Lipinski S, et al. 2012. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Nature. 487(7408):477–481. doi:10.1038/nature11228
  • Hata A, Honda R. 2020. Potential sensitivity of wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2: comparison with norovirus cases. Environ Sci Technol. 54(11):6451–6452. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c02271.
  • Hata A, Honda R, Hara-Yamamura MY. 2020. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in Japan during a COVID-19 outbreak. Sci Total Environ. 748:143578.
  • Hatam F, Besner MC, Ebacher G, Prévost M. 2020. Limitations of E. coli monitoring for confirmation of contamination in distribution systems due to intrusion under low pressure conditions in the presence of disinfectants. J Water Resour Plan Manag. 146(8):1–12. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001256.
  • Hatcher SM, Agnew-brune C, Anderson M, Zambrano LD, Rose CE, Jim MA, Baugher A, Liu GS, Patel SV, Evans ME. 2020. COVID-19 among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons — 23 States, January 31-July 3,2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69(34):1166–1169. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6934e1.
  • Heilingloh CS, Aufderhorst UW, Schipper L, Dittmer U, Witzke O, Yang D, Zheng X, Sutter K, Trilling M, Alt M, et al. 2020. Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 to UV irradiation. Am J Infect Control. 48(10):1273–1275. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.031
  • Hemalatha M, Kiran U, Kuncha SK, Kopperi H, Gokulan CG, Mohan SV, Mishra RK. 2021. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 spread using wastewater-based epidemiology: comprehensive study. Sci Total Environ. 768:144704. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144704.
  • Hijnen WAM, Beerendonk EF, Medema GJ. 2006. Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review. Water Res. 40(1):3–22. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030.
  • Hokajärvi AM, Rytkönen A, Tiwari A, Kauppinen A, Oikarinen S, Lehto KM, Kankaanpää A, Gunnar T, Al-Hello H, Blomqvist S, et al. 2021. The detection and stability of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA biomarkers in wastewater influent in Helsinki, Finland. Sci Total Environ. 770:145274. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145274.
  • Hong PY, Rachmadi AT, Mantilla-Calderon D, Alkahtani M, Bashawri YM, Al Qarni H, O’Reilly KM, Zhou J. 2021. Estimating the minimum number of SARS-CoV-2 infected cases needed to detect viral RNA in wastewater: to what extent of the outbreak can surveillance of wastewater tell us? Environ Res. 195:110748. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110748.
  • Horita FEA, De Albuquerque JP, Marchezini V. 2018. Understanding the decision-making process in disaster risk monitoring and early-warning: a case study within a control room in Brazil. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 28:22–31. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.01.034.
  • Hosoda T, Sakamoto M, Shimizu H, Okabe N. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 enterocolitis with persisting to excrete the virus for approximately two weeks after recovering from diarrhea: a case report. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 41(6):753–754. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.87.
  • Hsu LY, Chia PY, Vasoo S. 2020. A midpoint perspective on the COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore Med J. 61(7):381–383. doi:10.11622/smedj.2020036.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 395(10223):497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • [IBGE] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e estatística. 2020. Aglomerados subnormais 2019: classificação preliminar e informações de saúde para o enfrentamento à COVID-19. [Subnormal clusters 2019: preliminary classification and health information for coping with COVID-19]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?view=detalhes&id=2101717. Portuguese.
  • Hunt A, Watkiss P. 2011. Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature. Clim Change. 104(1):13–49. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9975-6.
  • Hylton E, Charles KJ. 2018. Informal mechanisms to regularize informal settlements: water services in São Paulo’s favelas. Habitat Int. 80:41–48. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.07.010.
  • Iglesias NG, Gebhard LG, Carballeda JM, Aiello I, Recalde E, Terny G, Ambrosolio S, L'Arco G, Konfino J, Brardinelli JI. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in untreated wastewater: first detection in a low-resource community in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–12. doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.20215434.
  • Ilyas S, Srivastava RR, Kim H. 2020. Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management. Sci Total Environ. 749:141652. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141652.
  • Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, Zartab H, Aflatoonian M. 2021. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: a review article. Dermatol Ther. 34(1):14578. doi:10.1111/dth.14578.
  • IWA IWS. 2020. Intermittent water supply. International water association. [accessed 2021 Mar 31]. https://iwa-network.org/groups/intermittent-water-supply-iws/
  • Jahn K, Dreifuss D, Topolsky I, Kull A, Ganesanandamoorthy P, Fernandez-Cassi X, Bänziger C,  Stachler E, Fuhrmann L, Jablonski KP, et al. 2021. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Switzerland by genomic analysis of wastewater samples. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–14. doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.21249379.
  • Jiménez A, Cortobius M, Kjellén M. 2014. Water, sanitation and hygiene and indigenous peoples: a review of the literature. Water Int. 39(3):277–293. doi:10.1080/02508060.2014.903453.
  • Jin X, Lian JS, Hu JH, Gao J, Zheng L, Zhang YM, Hao SR, Jia HY, Cai H, Zhang XL, et al. 2020. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut. 69(6):1002–1009. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320926
  • Jones F 2020. Dificuldades para obter o número exato de infectados e de óbitos impõem desafios para se conhecer quão mortal é a doença. [Difficulties in obtaining the exact number of infected people and deaths impose challenges to know how deadly the disease is]. Pesquisa FAPESP. 296: 22–25. Portuguese.
  • Jorgensen AU, Gamst J, Hansen LV, Knudsen IIH, Jensen SKS. 2020. Covid-19 Sentinel TM Wastewater Test Provide Early Warning of a potential COVID-19 outbreak. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–14. doi: 10.1101/2020.07.10.20150573.
  • Kaminsky J, Kumpel E. 2018. Dry pipes: associations between utility performance and intermittent piped water supply in low and middle income countries. Water (Switzerland). 10(8):1–16.
  • Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. 2020. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 104(3):246–251. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022.
  • Kataki S, Chatterjee S, Vairale MG, Sharma S, Dwivedi SK. 2021. Concerns and strategies for wastewater treatment during COVID-19 pandemic to stop plausible transmission. Resour Conserv Recycl. 164:1–18. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105156.
  • Katsanou K, Karapanagioti HK. 2019. Surface water and groundwater sources for drinking water. Handb Environ Chem. 67:1–19.
  • Kayembe JM, Thevenon F, Laffite A, Sivalingam P, Ngelinkoto P, Mulaji CK, Otamonga JP, Mubedi JI, Poté J. 2018. High levels of faecal contamination in drinking groundwater and recreational water due to poor sanitation, in the sub-rural neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 221(3):400–408. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.003.
  • Kerstens SM, Spiller M, Leusbrock I, Zeeman G. 2016. A new approach to nationwide sanitation planning for developing countries: case study of Indonesia. Sci Total Environ. 550:676–689. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.104.
  • Kim DW. 2001. Real time quantitative PCR. Exp Mol Med. 33:101–109.
  • Kitajima M, Ahmed W, Bibby K, Carducci A, Gerba CP, Hamilton KA, Haramoto E, Rose JB. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: state of the knowledge and research needs. Sci Total Environ. 739:139076. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139076.
  • Kitamura K, Sadamasu K, Muramatsu M, Yoshida H. 2021. Efficient detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the solid fraction of wastewater. Sci Total Environ. 763:144587. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144587.
  • Kocamemi BA, Kurt H, Hacıoglu S, Yaralı C, Saatci AM, Pakdemirli B. 2020. First Data-Set on SARS-CoV-2 Detection for Istanbul Wastewaters in Turkey. Located at: medRxiv. (Preprint). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.03.20089417.
  • Kocamemi BA, Kurt H, Sait A, Kadi H, Sarac F, Aydın I, Saatci AM, Paldermili B. 2020. Routine SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance results in Turkey to follow Covid-19 outbreak. In Located at: medRxiv (Preprint). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–11. doi:doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248586.
  • Kocamemi BA, Kurt H, Sait A, Sarac F, Saatci AM, Palkdermili B. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Istanbul Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludges. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–11. doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.20099358.
  • Kopperi H, Tharak A, Hemalatha M, Kiran U, Gokulan CG, Mishra R,Mohan SV. 2021. Defining the methodological approach for wastewater-based epidemiological studies - Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. Environ Technol Inno. 23:1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101696.
  • Kostyla C, Bain R, Cronk R, Bartram J. 2015. Seasonal variation of fecal contamination in drinking water sources in developing countries: a systematic review. Sci Total Environ. 514:333–343. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.018.
  • Kowalski WJ, Petratis V, Walsh TJ 2020. 2020 COVID-19 coronavirus ultraviolet susceptibility. PurpleSun Inc. Technical report. 1–4.
  • Kumar M, Joshi M, Patel AK, Joshi CG. 2021. Unravelling the early warning capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19: a temporal study on SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and need for the escalation. Env Res. 196:110946. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110946.
  • Kumar M, Patel AK, Shah AV, Raval J, Rajpara N, Joshi M, Joshi CG. 2020. First proof of the capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 in India through detection of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Total Environ. 746:141326. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141326.
  • Kuryntseva PA, Karamova KO, Fomin VP, Selivanovskaya SY, Galitskaya PY. 2020. Simplified approach to monitoring the COVID-19 epidemiologic situation using waste water analysis and its application in Russia. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1101/2020.09.21.20197244.
  • La Rosa G, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Kenmoe S, Suffredini E. 2020a. Coronavirus in water environments: occurrence, persistence and concentration methods - A scoping review. Water Res. 179:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115899.
  • La Rosa G, Iaconelli M, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Suffredini E. 2020b. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewaters in Italy. Sci Total Environ. 736:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139652.
  • La Rosa G, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, Iaconelli M, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Suffredini E. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: evidence from environmental monitoring. Sci Total Environ. 750:141711. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141711.
  • Lado Ribeiro AR, Moreira NFF, Li Puma G, Silva AMT. 2019. Impact of water matrix on the removal of micropollutants by advanced oxidation technologies. Chem Eng J. 363:155–173. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.080.
  • Lara-Ramos JA, Diaz-Angulo J, Machuca-Martínez F. 2021. Use of modified flotation cell as ozonation reactor to minimize mass transfer limitations. Chem Eng J. 405:126978. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126978.
  • Lara-Ramos JA, Sánchez-Gómez K, Valencia-Rincón D, Diaz-Angulo J, Mueses M, Machuca-Martínez F. 2019. Intensification of the O3/TiO2/UV advanced oxidation process using a modified flotation cell. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 18(4):920–928. doi:10.1039/C8PP00308D.
  • LaTurner ZW, Zong DM, Kalvapalle P, Gamas KR, Terwilliger A, Crosby T, Ali P, Avadhanula V, Santos HH, Weesner K, et al. 2021. Evaluating recovery, cost, and throughput of different concentration methods for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology. Water Res. 197:117043. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117043.
  • Law HJ, Ross DE. 2019. International solid waste association’s “closing dumpsites” initiative: status of progress. Waste Manag Res. 37(6):565–568. doi:10.1177/0734242X19845755.
  • Leal Filho W, Bönecke J, Spielmann H, Azeiteiro UM, Alves F, Lopes de Carvalho M, Nagy GJ. 2018. Climate change and health: an analysis of causal relations on the spread of vector-borne diseases in Brazil. J Clean Prod. 177:589–596. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.144.
  • Lehmann M, Pfahlberg AB, Sandmann H, Uter W, Gefeller O. 2019. Public health messages associated with low uv index values need reconsideration. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(12):1–14. doi:10.3390/ijerph16122067.
  • Lesimple A, Jasim SY, Johnson DJ, Hilal N. 2020. The role of wastewater treatment plants as tools for SARS-CoV-2 early detection and removal. J Water Process Eng. 38:101544. doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101544.
  • Leung W, To K, Chan P, Chan H, Wu A, Lee N, Yuen KY, Sung JJY. 2003. Enteric involvement of severe acute respiratory syndrome – associated coronavirus infection. Gastroenterology. 125(4):1011–1017.
  • Levy K, Woster AP, Goldstein RS, Carlton EJ. 2016. Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought. Environ Sci Technol. 50(10):4905–4922.
  • Leynen M, Duvivier L, Girboux P, Ollevier F. 1998. Toxicity of ozone to fish larvae and Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 41(2):176–179.
  • Li W, Hai X, Han L, Mao J, Tian M. 2020. Does urbanization intensify regional water scarcity? Evidence and implications from a megaregion of China. J Clean Prod. 244:1–9.
  • Lillo-Ortega G, Aldunce P, Adler C, Vidal M, Rojas M. 2019. On the evaluation of adaptation practices: a transdisciplinary exploration of drought measures in Chile. Sustain Sci. 14(4):1057–1069.
  • Ling Y, Xu SB, Lin YX, Tian D, Zhu ZQ, Dai FH, Wu F, Song ZG, Huang W, Chen J, et al. 2020. Persistence and clearance of viral RNA in 2019 novel coronavirus disease rehabilitation patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 133(9):1039–1043.
  • Liu Y, Xing P, Liu J. 2017. Environmental performance evaluation of different municipal solid waste management scenarios in China. Resour Conserv Recycl. 125(March):98–106.
  • Lodder W, de Roda Husman AM. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: potential health risk, but also data source. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5(6):533–534.
  • Long L, Wu L, Chen L, Zhou D, Wu H, Lu D, Li H, Duan X, Han Y, Li X, et al. 2021. Effect of early oxygen therapy and antiviral treatment on disease progression in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study of medical charts in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(1):1–15.
  • Magdaleno A, Mendelson A, de Iorio AF, Rendina A, Moretton J. 2008. Genotoxicity of leachates from highly polluted lowland river sediments destined for disposal in landfill. Waste Manag. 28(11):2134–2139.
  • Maheshwari A, Misra S, Gudi RD, Subbiah S. 2020. A Short-Term Planning Framework for the Operation of Tanker-Based Water Distribution Systems in Urban Areas. Ind Eng Chem Res. 59(20):9575–9592.
  • Maiti SK, De S, Hazra T, Debsarkar A, Dutta A. 2016. Characterization of leachate and its impact on surface and groundwater quality of a closed dumpsite – a case study at Dhapa, Kolkata, India. Procedia Environ Sci. 35:391–399.
  • Mansur AV, Brondizio ES, Roy S, de Miranda Araújo Soares PP, Newton A. 2018. Adapting to urban challenges in the Amazon: flood risk and infrastructure deficiencies in Belém, Brazil. Reg Environ Chang. 18(5):1411–1426.
  • Marengo JA, Bernasconi M. 2015. Regional differences in aridity/drought conditions over Northeast Brazil: present state and future projections. Clim Change. 129:103–115.
  • Markt R, Mayr M, Peer E, Wagner AO, Lackner N, Insam H. 2021. Detection and stability of SARS-CoV-2 fragments in wastewater: impact of storage temperature. Located at:: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–10. doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.21250768.
  • Martin J, Klapsa D, Wilton T, Zambon M, Bentley E, Bujaki E, Fritzsche M, Mate R, Majumdar M.2020. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 in Sewage: evidence of Changes in Virus Variant Predominance during COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses. 12(10):1–17.
  • Masciopinto C, De Giglio O, Scrascia M, Fortunato F, La Rosa G, Suffredini E, Pazzani C, Prato R, Montagna MT. 2019. Human health risk assessment for the occurrence of enteric viruses in drinking water from wells: role of flood runoff injections. Sci Total Environ. 666:559–571.
  • McMahan CS, Self S, Rennert L, Kalbaugh C, Kriebel D, Graves D, Deaver JA, Popat S, Karanfil T, Freedman DL. 2020. COVID-19 Wastewater Epidemiology: a Model to Estimate Infected Populations. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–17. doi:10.1101/2020.11.05.20226738.
  • [MMFDH] Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos. 2020. Nota técnica n.º 5/2020/CGRIS/DEPEDH/SNPG/MMFDH [Technical note no. 5/2020/CGRIS/DEPEDH/SNPG/MMFDH]. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. http://www.cfess.org.br/arquivos/mdh-notatecnica2020.pdf. Portuguese.
  • [MEE] Ministry of Ecology and Environment (CN). 2020. Technical solution for emergency treatment of medical sewage contaminated by novel coronavirus. Beijing (PR).
  • Medema G, Heijnen L, Elsinga G, Italiaander R, Brouwer A. 2020. Presence of SARS-coronavirus-2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in the Netherlands. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 7(7):511–516.
  • Megha PU, Kavya P, Murugan S, Harikumar PS. 2015. Sanitation mapping of groundwater contamination in a Rural Village of India. J Environ Prot. 6:34–44.
  • Melvin RG, Chaudhry N, Georgewill O, Freese R, Simmons GE. 2021. Predictive power of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance for diverse populations across a large geographical range. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–23. doi:10.1101/2021.01.23.21250376.
  • Memon FS, Sharjeel MY. 2016. Catastrophic effects of floods on environment and health: evidence from Pakistan. Pakistan J Eng Technol Sci. 5(2):72–84.
  • Minichiello V, Rahman S, Hussain R. 2013. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in global indigenous populations: data availability and gaps. Int J STD AIDS. 24(10):759–768.
  • Mlejnkova H, Sovova K, Vasickova P, Ocenaskova V, Jasikova L, Juranova E. 2020. Preliminary study of Sars-Cov-2 occurrence in wastewater in the Czech Republic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(15):1–9.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Altman D, Antes G, Atkins D, Barbour V, Barrowman N, Berlin JA, et al. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 6(7):1–6.
  • Mol MPG, Caldas S. 2020. Can the human coronavirus epidemic also spread through solid waste? Waste Manag Res. 38(5):485–486.
  • Montekio VB, Medina G, Aquino R. 2011. The health system of Brazil. Salud Publica Mex. 53(2):120–131.
  • Mor S, Negi P, Khaiwal R. 2018. Assessment of groundwater pollution by landfills in India using leachate pollution index and estimation of error. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag. 10:467–476.
  • Muller JCY. 2014. Adapting to climate change and addressing drought - learning from the Red Cross Red Crescent experiences in the Horn of Africa. Weather Clim Extrem. 3:31–36.
  • Mwabi JK, Mamba BB, Momba MNB. 2012. Removal of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms from surface water and groundwater by household water treatment devices/systems: a sustainable solution for improving water quality in rural communities of the southern african development community region. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 9(1):139–170.
  • Nair AT. 2021. Bioaerosols in the landfill environment: an overview of microbial diversity and potential health hazards. Aerobiologia. 4:1–19.
  • Narzetti DA, Marques RC. 2020. Models of subsidies for water and sanitation services for vulnerable people in South American countries: lessons for Brazil. Water (Switzerland). 12:1–21.
  • Nasseri S, Yavarian J, Baghani AN, Azad TM, Nejati A, Nabizadeh R, Hadi M, Jandaghi NZS, Vakili B, Vaghefi SKA, et al. 2021. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in raw and treated wastewater in 3 cities of Iran: tehran, Qom and Anzali during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. J Environ Heal Sci Eng. 19(1):573–584.
  • Navarro J-C, Arrivillaga-Henríquez J, Salazar-Loor J, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. 2020. COVID-19 and dengue, co-epidemics in Ecuador and other countries in Latin America: pushing strained health care systems over the edge. Travel Med Infect Dis. 37:101656.
  • Neault N, Baig AT, Graber TE, Aoust PMD, Mercier E, Alexandrov I, Crosby D, Baird S, Mayne J, Pounds T, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 protein in wastewater mirrors COVID-19 prevalence. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–24. doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.20185280.
  • Nemudryi A, Nemudraia A, Wiegand T, Surya K, Buyukyoruk M, Cicha C, Vanderwood KK, Wilkinson R, Wiedenheft B. 2020. Temporal detection and phylogenetic assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater. Cell Reports Med. 1(6):100098.
  • Nesshöver C, Assmuth T, Irvine KN, Rusch GM, Waylen KA, Delbaere B, Haase D, Jones-Walters L, Keune H, Kovacs E. 2017. The science, policy and practice of nature-based solutions: an interdisciplinary perspective. Sci Total Environ. 579:1215–1227.
  • Neves-Silva P, Heller L. 2016. O direito humano à água e ao esgotamento sanitário como instrumento para promoção da saúde de populações vulneráveis. [The human right to water and sanitation as an instrument to promote the health of vulnerable populations]. Cien E Saúde Coletiva. 21(6):1861–1870. Portuguese.
  • Ngowi HA. 2020. Prevalence and pattern of waterborne parasitic infections in eastern Africa : a systematic scoping review. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 20:1–8.
  • Nguyen TMH, Suwan P, Koottatep T, Beck SE. 2019. Application of a novel, continuous-feeding ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) system to disinfect domestic wastewater for discharge or agricultural reuse. Water Res. 153:53–62.
  • Ni W, Ding G, Li Y, Li H, Liu Q, Jiang B. 2014. Effects of the floods on dysentery in north central region of Henan Province, China from 2004 to 2009. J Infect. 69(5):430–439. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.016.
  • Nobre CA, Marengo JA, Seluchi ME, Cuartas LA, Alves LM. 2016. Some characteristics and impacts of the drought and water crisis in Southeastern Brazil during 2014 and 2015. J Water Resour Prot. 8(2):252–262.
  • Noyola A, Padilla-Rivera A, Morgan-Sagastume JM, Güereca LP, Hernández-Padilla F. 2012. Typology of Municipal wastewater treatment technologies in Latin America. Clean - Soil, Air, Water. 40(9):926–932.
  • Nzeadibe TC, Ejike-Alieji AUP. 2020. Solid waste management during Covid-19 pandemic: policy gaps and prospects for inclusive waste governance in Nigeria. Local Environ. 25(7):527–535.
  • Nzediegwu C, Chang SX. 2020. Improper solid waste management increases potential for COVID-19 spread in developing countries. Resour Conserv Recycl. 161:104947.
  • Olds HT, Corsi SR, Dila DK, Halmo KM, Bootsma MJ, McLellan SL. 2018. High levels of sewage contamination released from urban areas after storm events: a quantitative survey with sewage specific bacterial indicators. PLoS Med. 15(7):1–23.
  • Ongerth JE, Danielson RE. 2020. RT qLAMP-Direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw sewage. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–15. doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.20205492.
  • Onyango AE, Okoth MW, Kunyanga CN, Aliwa BO. 2018. Microbiological Quality and Contamination Level of Water Sources in Isiolo County in Kenya. J Environ Public Health. 2018:2139867.
  • Otaki Y, Otaki M, Chaminda T, Kishimoto Y, Nakazawa Y, Gimhana K. 2021. Hygiene risk of waterborne pathogenic viruses in rural communities using onsite sanitation systems and shallow dug wells. Sci Total Environ. 752:1–7.
  • Paes MX, de Medeiros GA, Mancini SD, Bortoleto AP, Puppim de Oliveira JA, Kulay LA. 2020. Municipal solid waste management: integrated analysis of environmental and economic indicators based on life cycle assessment. J Clean Prod. 254:119848.
  • Paim J, Travassos C, Almeida C, Bahia L, MacInko J. 2011. The Brazilian health system: history, advances, and challenges. Lancet. 377:1778–1797.
  • Paiva RFDPDS, de Souza MFDP. 2018. Associação entre condições socioeconômicas, sanitárias e de atenção básica e a morbidade hospitalar por doenças de veiculação hídrica no Brasil. [Association between socioeconomic, health and basic health conditions and hospital morbidity due to waterborne diseases in Brazil]. Cad Saúde Publica. 34(1):1–11. Portuguese.
  • Peccia J, Zulli A, Brackney DE, Grubaugh ND, Kaplan EH, Casanovas-Massana A, Ko AI, Malik AA, Wang D, Wang M, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in primary municipal sewage sludge as a leading indicator of COVID-19 outbreak dynamics. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–12. doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.20105999.
  • Pecson BM, Darby E, Haas CN, Amha YM, Bartolo M, Danielson R, Dearborn Y, Di Giovanni G, Ferguson C, Fevig S, et al. 2021. Reproducibility and sensitivity of 36 methods to quantify the SARS-CoV-2 genetic signal in raw wastewater: findings from an interlaboratory methods evaluation in the U.S. Environ Sci: Water Res Technol. 7(3):504–520.
  • Pelak N, Porporato A. 2016. Sizing a rainwater harvesting cistern by minimizing costs. J Hydrol. 541:1340–1347.
  • Penteado CSG, Castro MASD. 2021. Covid-19 effects on municipal solid waste management: what can effectively be done in the Brazilian scenario? Resour Conserv Recycl. 164:1–9.
  • Pérez-Cataluña A, Chiner-Oms Á, Cuevas-Ferrando E, Díaz-Reolid A, Falcó I, Randazzo W, Girón-Guzmán I, Allende A, Bracho MA, Comas I, et al. 2021. Detection of genomic variants of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in wastewater by high-throughput sequencing. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint)., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.08.21251355
  • [PRB] Population Reference Bureau. 2016. World Population Data Sheet. 2016 World Population Data Sheet. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://www.prb.org/datasheets/
  • Pica N, Bouvier NM. 2012. Environmental factors affecting the transmission of respiratory viruses. Curr Opin Virol. 2:90–95.
  • Prado T, Carvalho WD, Bonet P, Maria A, Gaspar C, Miagostovich MP. 2013. The efficiency of concentration methods used to detect enteric viruses in anaerobically digested sludge. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 108(1):77–83.
  • Prussing E. 2018. Critical epidemiology in action: research for and by indigenous peoples. SSM - Popul Heal. 6:98–106.
  • Pujara Y, Pathak P, Sharma A, Govani J. 2019. Review on Indian municipal solid waste management practices for reduction of environmental impacts to achieve sustainable development goals. J Environ Manage. 248:1–14.
  • Purwar D, Sliuzas R, Flacke J. 2020. Assessment of cascading effects of typhoons on water and sanitation services: a case study of informal settlements in Malabon, Philippines. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 51:1–13.
  • Quevedo-León R, Bastías-Montes JM, Espinoza-Tellez T, Ronceros B, Balic I, Muñoz O. 2020. Inactivation of coronaviruses in food industry: the use of inorganic and organic disinfectants, ozone, and UV radiation. Sci Agropecu. 11(2):257–266.
  • Rache B, Rocha R, Nunes L, Spinola P, Malik AM, Massuda A 2020. Necessidades de infraestrutura do SUS em preparo ao COVID-19: leitos de UTI, respiradores e ocupação Hospitalar. Nota técnica n.3. [SUS infrastructure needs in preparation for COVID-19: ICU beds, respirators and hospital occupation. Technical note n.3] São Paulo. Portuguese.
  • Rahaman MF, Jahan CS, Mazumder QH. 2019. Rainwater harvesting: practiced potential for integrated water resource management in drought-prone Barind tract, Bangladesh. Groundw Sustain Dev. 9:100267.
  • Ramos-Mandujano G, Salunke R, Mfarrej S, Rachmadi A, Hala S, Xu J, Alofi FS, Khogeer A, Hashem AM, Almontashiri N, et al. 2020. A Robust, Safe, and Scalable Magnetic Nanoparticle Workflow for RNA Extraction of Pathogens from Clinical and Wastewater Samples. Global Challenges. 5(4):2000068
  • Ran Z, Li S, Huang J, Yuan Y, Cui C, Williams CD. 2010. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by ozone and cell ultrastructures. J Environ Sci. 22(12):1954–1959.
  • Randazzo W, Cuevas-Ferrando E, Sanjuán R, Domingo-Calap P, Sánchez G. 2020a. Metropolitan wastewater analysis for COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 230:113621.
  • Randazzo W, Truchado P, Cuevas-Ferrando E, Simón P, Allende A, Sánchez G. 2020b. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area. Water Res. 181:1–8.
  • Rasool MA, Tavakoli B, Chaibakhsh N, Pendashteh AR, Mirroshandel AS. 2016. Use of a plant-based coagulant in coagulation-ozonation combined treatment of leachate from a waste dumping site. Ecol Eng. 90:431–437.
  • RG de SM A, Costa AM, Campos JC. 2017. Municipal solid waste in Brazil: a review. Waste Manag Res. 35(12):1195–1209. doi:10.1177/0734242X17735375.
  • Rimoldi SG, Stefani F, Gigantiello A, Polesello S, Comandatore F, Mileto D, Maresca M, Longobardi C, Mancon A, Romeri F, et al. 2020. Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. Sci Total Environ. 744:140911.
  • Rivero NPP, Morais DC, De Sousa Pereira L. 2020. Assessment of actions to tackle the shortages of water in La Paz, Bolivia. Water Policy. 22(2):177–192.
  • Rodić L, Wilson DC. 2017. Resolving governance issues to achieve priority sustainable development goals related to solid waste management in developing countries. Sustain. 9(3):1–18.
  • Rodrigues RI 2020. Nota Técnica n°39 - A COVID-19, a falta de água nas favelas e o direito à moradia no Brasil. Brasília (BR): [IPEA] Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. [Technical Note n ° 39 - COVID-19, the lack of water in the favelas and the right to housing in Brazil]. Portuguese.
  • Rodriguez DJ, Serrano HA, Delgado A, Nolasco D, Saltiel G. 2020. Shifting paradigms for smarter wastewater interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Rommozzi E, Giannakis S, Giovannetti R, Vione D, Pulgarin C. 2020. Detrimental vs. beneficial influence of ions during solar (SODIS) and photo-Fenton disinfection of E. coli in water: (Bi)carbonate, chloride, nitrate and nitrite effects. Appl Catal B Environ. 270:1–17.
  • Rossoni HAV, Da Silva Faria MT, Silva AC, Heller L. 2020. Socioeconomic aspects and municipal human development determinants in the absence of providers of sanitary sewage services in Brazil. Eng Sanit E Ambient. 25(2):393–402.
  • Saguti F, Magnil E, Enache L, Churqui MP, Johansson A, Lumley D, Davidsson F, Dotevall L, Mattsson A, Trybala E, et al. 2021. Surveillance of wastewater revealed peaks of SARS-CoV-2 preceding those of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Water Res. 189: 116620
  • Salve PS, Jungari S. 2020. Sanitation workers at the frontline: work and vulnerability in response to COVID-19. Local Environ. 25(8):627–630.
  • Sánchez A, Munoz M, Gómez N, Tabares J, Segura L, Salazar Á, Restrepo C, Ruíz M, Reyes P, Qian Y. 2017. Molecular epidemiology of Giardia, Blastocystis and Cryptosporidium among indigenous children from the Colombian Amazon Basin. Front Microbiol. 8:1–14.
  • Sankoh FP, Yan X, Tran Q. 2013. Environmental and health impact of solid waste disposal in developing cities: a case study of Granville Brook Dumpsite, Freetown, Sierra Leone. J Environ Prot (Irvine, Calif). 04(7):665–670.
  • Sarkodie SA, Owusu PA. 2021. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on waste management. Environ Dev Sustain. 23: 7951–7960
  • Saththasivam J, El-Malah SS, Gomez TA, Jabbar KA, Remanan R, Krishnankutty AK, Ogunbiyi O, Rasool K, Ashhab S, Rashkeev S, et al. 2021. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak monitoring using wastewater-based epidemiology in Qatar. Sci Total Environ. 774:145608.
  • [SESAI] Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena. 2021. Boletim epidemiológico sobre SESAI sobre COVID-19 [SESAI epidemiological bulletin of COVID-19]. [accessed 05 Apr 05]. http://www.saudeindigena.net.br/coronavirus/pdf/26-03-2021_Boletim%20epidemiologico%20SESAI%20sobre%20COVID%2019.pdf. Portuguese.
  • Semenova G. 2019. Waste disposal, introduction of waste reform and environmental tax in Russia. E3S Web Conf. 138(2012):1–8.
  • Seo SB, Mahinthakumar G, Sankarasubramanian A, Kumar M. 2018. Conjunctive management of surface water and groundwater resources under drought conditions using a fully coupled hydrological model. J Water Resour Plan Manag. 144(9):1–11.
  • Sharif S, Ikram A, Khurshid A, Salman M, Mehmood N, Arshad Y, Ahmad J, Angez M, Alam MM, Rehman L, et al. 2020. Detection of SARS-Coronavirus-2 in wastewater, using the existing environmental surveillance network: an epidemiological gateway to an early warning for COVID-19 in communities. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20121426
  • Sharma HB, Vanapalli KR, Cheela VS, Ranjan VP, Jaglan AK, Dubey B, Goel S, Bhattacharya J. 2020. Challenges, opportunities, and innovations for effective solid waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Resour Conserv Recycl. 162:1–12.
  • Sherchan SP, Shahin S, Ward LM, Tandukar S, Aw TG, Schmitz B, Ahmed W, Kitajima M. 2020. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in North America: a study in Louisiana, USA. Sci Total Environ. 743:140621.
  • Shields KF, Bain RES, Cronk R, Wright JA, Bartram J. 2015. Association of supply type with fecal contamination of source water and household stored drinking water in developing countries: a bivariate meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 123(12):1222–1231.
  • Silverman AI, Boehm AB. 2020. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the persistence and disinfection of human Coronaviruses and their viral surrogates in water and wastewater. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 7:544–553.
  • Singh CR, Dey M. 2014. Surface Water Quality with respect to Municipal Solid Waste Disposal within the Imphal Municipality Area, Manipur. Int J Sci Res Publ. 4(2):1–4.
  • Singh N, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Zheng C. 2020. COVID-19 waste management: effective and successful measures in Wuhan, China. Resour Conserv Recycl. 163:1–2.
  • Sobsey MD, Stauber CE, Casanova LM, Brown JM, Elliott MA. 2008. Point of use household drinking water filtration: a practical, effective solution for providing sustained access to safe drinking water in the developing world. Environ Sci Technol. 42(12):4261–4267.
  • Spurbeck RR, Minard-Smith AT, Catlin LA. 2021. Applicability of neighborhood and building scale wastewater-based genomic epidemiology to track the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and other pathogens. Located atIn: medRxiv (Preprint)., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–25
  • Srivastava M, Kumar M. 2020. Impact of Solid Municipal Waste Landfills on Groundwater Resources: need for Integrated Solid Waste Management Aligned with the Conservation of Groundwater. In: Kumar M, Munoz-Arriola F, Furumai H, Chaminda T, editors. Resilience, Response, and Risk in Water Systems. Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Singapore: Springer. p. 303-319.
  • Stadler LB, Ensor KB, Clark JR, Kalvapalle P, LaTurner ZW, Mojica L, Terwilliger A, Zhuo Y, Ali P, Avadhanula V, et al. 2020. Wastewater analysis of SARS-CoV-2 as a predictive metric of positivity rate for a major metropolis. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.04.20226191
  • Sun S, Han J. 2020. Unflushable or missing toilet paper, the dilemma for developing communities during the COVID-19 episode. Environ Chem Lett. 19:711–717.
  • Sun T, Ferreira VG, He X, Andam-Akorful SA. 2016. Water availability of São Francisco River Basin based on a space-borne geodetic sensor. Water (Switzerland). 8(213):1–20.
  • Tahamtan A, Ardebili A. 2020. Real-time RT-PCR in COVID-19 detection: issues affecting the results. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 20(5):453–454.
  • Takal JK, Quaye-Ballard JA. 2018. Bacteriological contamination of groundwater in relation to septic tanks location in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Cogent Environ Sci. 4:1–11.
  • Tang A, Tong ZD, Wang HL, Dai YX, Li KF, Liu JN, Wu WJ, Yuan C, Yu ML, Li P, et al. 2020. Detection of novel coronavirus by RT-PCR in stool specimen from asymptomatic child, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 26(6):1337–1339.
  • Tanhaei M, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Rafieepoor M, Kazemian S, Ghaemi A, Shamloei S, Mirjalali H, Aghdaei HA, Zali MR. 2021. The first detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater of Tehran, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 1:1–8
  • Templar HA, Dila DK, Bootsma MJ, Corsi SR, McLellan SL. 2016. Quantification of human-associated fecal indicators reveal sewage from urban watersheds as a source of pollution to Lake Michigan. Water Res. 100:556–567.
  • Ten Veldhuis JAE, Clemens FHLR, Sterk G, Berends BR. 2010. Microbial risks associated with exposure to pathogens in contaminated urban flood water. Water Res. 4(9):2910–2918.
  • The Lancet Editorial. 2020. India under COVID-19 lockdown. Lancet. 395:1315.
  • Timoshkin OA, Moore MV, Kulikova NN, Tomberg IV, Malnik VV, Shimaraev MN, Trotskaya ES, Shirokaya AA, Sinyukovich VN, Zaitseva EP, et al. 2018. Groundwater contamination by sewage causes benthic algal outbreaks in the littoral zone of Lake Baikal (East Siberia). J Great Lakes Res. 44(2):230–244.
  • Tizaoui C. 2020. Ozone: a potential oxidant for COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2). Ozone Sci Eng. 42(5):378–385.
  • Törnqvist R, Norström A, Kärrman E, Malmqvist PA. 2008. A framework for planning of sustainable water and sanitation systems in peri-urban areas. Water Sci Technol. 58(3):563–570.
  • Trottier J, Darques R, Ait Mouheb N, Partiot E, Bakhache W, Deffieu MS, Gaudin R. 2020. Post-lockdown detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater of Montpellier, France. One Heal. 10:1–3.
  • Tu Y-F, Chien C-S, Yarmishyn AA, Lin -Y-Y, Luo Y-H, Lin Y-T, Lai W-Y, Yang D-M, Chou S-J, Yang, Y-P et al. 2020. A review of SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing clinical trials. Int J Mol Sci. 21(7):(2657):1–19.
  • [UN DESA] United Nations/ Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. Indigenous peoples, indigenous voices. United Nations, department of public information. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/resources/informative.html
  • [UNICEF/WHO] United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization. 2017. People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Peru. World Bank. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=PY
  • [UNICEF/WHO] United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization). 2019. Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017. New York. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/2019-07/jmp-2019-wash-households.pdf
  • [UN CSocD] United Nations/Commission for Social Development. 2020. Report on the fifty-eighth session (21 February 2019 and 10–19 February 2020). New York. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://undocs.org/E/2020/26
  • [UNICEF/WHO] United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization). 2020. State of the world’s sanitation: an urgent call to transform sanitation for better health, environments, economies and societies. New York. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://www.unicef.org/media/86836/file/State-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-sanitation-2020.pdf
  • [UN] United Nations. 2020a. World economic situation and prospects 2020. United Nations. New York. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wesp2020_en.pdf
  • [UN] United Nations. 2020b. Goal 6: ensure access to water and sanitation for all.[accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/
  • Vallejo J, Rumbo-Feal S, Conde-Pérez K, López-Oriona Á, Tarrío-Saavedra J, Reif R, Ladra S, Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Nasser M, Cid A, et al. 2020. Predicting the number of people infected with SARS-COV-2 in a population using statistical models based on wastewater viral load. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.20144865
  • Vieira YEM, Bandeira RAM, Lopes LAS, Silva OS, Batista MM. 2020. A procedure to support the distribution of drinking water for victims of drought: the case of the Brazilian semi-arid region. Transp Res Procedia. 47:331–339.
  • Vincens N, Emmelin M, Stafström M. 2018. Social capital, income inequality and the social gradient in self-rated health in Latin America: a fixed effects analysis. Soc Sci Med. 196:115–122.
  • Waldner CL, Alimezelli HT, McLeod L, Zagozewski R, Bradford LEA, Bharadwaj LA. 2017. Self-reported effects of water on health in first nations communities in Saskatchewan, Canada: results from community-based participatory research. Environ Health Insights. 11:1–13.
  • Wang F, Cheng Z, Reisner A, Liu Y. 2018a. Compliance with household solid waste management in rural villages in developing countries. J Clean Prod. 202:293–298.
  • Wang H, Sikora P, Rutgersson C, Lindh M, Brodin T, Björlenius B, Larsson DGJ, Norder H. 2018b. Differential removal of human pathogenic viruses from sewage by conventional and ozone treatments. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 221(3):479–488.
  • Wang J, Feng H, Zhang S, Ni Z, Ni L, Chen Y, Zhuo L, Zhong Z, Qu T. 2020b. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection of hospital isolation wards hygiene monitoring during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak in a Chinese hospital. Int J Infect Dis. 94:103–106.
  • Wang J, Shen J, Ye D, Yan X, Zhang Y, Yang W, Li X, Wang J, Zhang L, Pan L. 2020a. Disinfection technology of hospital wastes and wastewater: suggestions for disinfection strategy during coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China. Environ Pollut. 262:114665.
  • Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen B, Bu Y, Chen Y, Ma J, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Zhu R. 2020c. Some issues limiting photo(cata)lysis application in water pollutant control: a critical review from chemistry perspectives. Water Res. 174:115605.
  • Wang XW, Li JS, Jin M, Zhen B, Kong QX, Song N, Xiao WJ, Yin J, Wei W, Wang GJ, et al. 2005. Study on the resistance of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. J. Virol. Methods 126:171–177.
  • Weidhaas J, Aanderud ZT, Roper DK, VanDerslice J, Gaddis EB, Ostermiller J, Hoffman K, Jamal R, Heck P, Zhang Y, et al. 2021. Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater with COVID-19 disease burden in sewersheds. Sci Total Environ. 775:145790.
  • Wen G, Liang Z, Xu X, Cao R, Wan Q, Ji G, Lin W, Wang J, Yang J, Huang T. 2020. Inactivation of fungal spores in water using ozone: kinetics, influencing factors and mechanisms. Water Res. 185:1–14.
  • Wert EC, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Drury DD, Snyder SA. 2007. Formation of oxidation byproducts from ozonation of wastewater. Water Res. 41(7):1481–1490.
  • Westhaus S, Weber FA, Schiwy S, Linnemann V, Brinkmann M, Widera M, Greve C, Janke A, Hollert H, Wintgens T, et al. 2021. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw and treated wastewater in Germany – suitability for COVID-19 surveillance and potential transmission risks. Sci Total Environ. 751(141750):1–12.
  • Whitney ON, Kennedy LC, Fan VB, Hinkle A, Kantor R, Greenwald H, Crits-Christoph A, Al-Shayeb B, Chaplin M, Maurer AC, et al. 2021. Sewage, Salt, Silica, and SARS-CoV-2 (4S): An Economical Kit-free Method for Direct Capture of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from Wastewater. Environ Sci Technol. 24(2):1–9.
  • [WHO] World Health Organization. 2010. Pakistan health cluster - floods in Pakistan. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/D5D69D2EF9BBAE0BC12577AF002EAF64-Full_Report.pdf
  • [WHO/UNICEF] World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. 2010. Progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2010 update. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44272
  • [WHO] World Health Organization. 2017. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva:World Health Organization Licence.
  • [WHO/UNICEF] World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. 2020. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. [accessed 2021 Apr 05]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-waste-management-for-the-covid-19-virus-interim-guidance
  • [WHO] World Health Organization. 2020a. Coronavirus (covid-19) disease dashboard. [accessed 2021 Mar 31]. https://covid19.who.int/
  • [WHO] World Health Organization. 2020b. “ Solidarity ” clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments Section navigation. [accessed 2020 Oct] https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments
  • [WHO] World Health Organization. 2020c. Off-label use of medicines for COVID-19. [accessed 2021 Mar]. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/off-label-use-of-medicines-for-covid-19
  • Williams D. 2020. The influence of statutory land use planning on water sensitive urban design practices. Aust J Water Resour. 24(1):60–72.
  • Wilton T, Bujaki E, Klapsa D, Majumdar M, Zambon M, Fritzsche M, Mate R, Martin J. 2021. Rapid Increase of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 Detected in SewageSamples from England between October 2020 and January 2021. mSystems. 6(3):1–25.
  • Wu F, XIao A, Zhang J, Moniz K, Endo N, Armas F, Bonneau R, Brown MA, Bushman M, Chai PR, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater foreshadow dynamics and clinical presentation of new COVID-19 cases. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20117747
  • Wurtzer S, Marechal V, Mouchel J-M, Maday Y, Teyssou R, Richard E, Almayrac JL, Moulin L. 2020. Evaluation of lockdown impact on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics through viral genome quantification in Paris wastewaters. Located at: medRxiv (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2000776
  • Xagoraraki I, Yin Z, Svambayev Z. 2014. Fate of viruses in water systems. J Environ Eng (United States). 140(7):1–18.
  • Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. 2020. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 158(6):1831–1833.
  • Xing YH, Ni W, Wu Q, Li WJ, Li GJ, Wang WD, Tong JN, Song XF, Wing-Kin Wong G, Xing QS. 2020. Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 53(3):473–480.
  • Xu Y, Li X, Zhu B, Liang H, Fang C, Gong Y, Guo Q, Sun X, Zhao D, Shen J, et al. 2020. Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nat Med. 26(4):502–505.
  • Yang B, Li W, Wang J, Tian Z, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Qiu R, Hou S, Guo H. 2020. Estimation of the potential spread risk of COVID-19: occurrence assessment along the Yangtze, Han, and Fu River basins in Hubei, China. Sci Total Environ. 746:141353.
  • Yaniv K, Shagan M, Kramarsky-winter E, Weil M, Indenbaum V. 2020. City-level SARS-CoV-2 sewage surveillance. Located at: MedRXIV (Preprint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.19.20215244
  • Ye Y, Chang PH, Hartert J, Wigginton KR. 2018. Reactivity of enveloped virus genome, proteins, and lipids with free chlorine and UV254. Environ Sci Technol. 52:7698–7708.
  • Ye Y, Ellenberg RM, Graham KE, Wigginton KR. 2016. Survivability, partitioning, and recovery of enveloped viruses in untreated municipal wastewater. Environ Sci Technol. 50(10):5077–5085.
  • Yeo C, Kaushal S, Yeo D. 2020. Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5:335–337.
  • Yousaf M, Zahir S, Riaz M, Hussain SM, Shah K. 2020. Statistical analysis of forecasting COVID-19 for upcoming month in Pakistan. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 138:1–4.
  • Zaied BK, Rashid M, Nasrullah M, Zularisam AW, Pant D, Singh L. 2020. A comprehensive review on contaminants removal from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation process. Sci Total Environ. 726(138095):1–23.
  • Zhang CM, Xu LM, Xu PC, Wang XC. 2016. Elimination of viruses from domestic wastewater: requirements and technologies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 32(4):1–9.
  • Zhang D, Ling H, Huang X, Li J, Li W, Yi C, Zhang T, Jiang Y, He Y, Deng S, et al. 2020. Potential spreading risks and disinfection challenges of medical wastewater by the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA in septic tanks of Fangcang Hospital. Sci Total Environ. 741:140445
  • Zhang D, Zhang X, Ma R, Deng S, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Huang X, Liu Y, Li G, et al. 2021. Ultra-fast and onsite interrogation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in environmental specimens viawaters via surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Water Res. 200: 117243
  • Zhang L, Luo Y, Wang W, Sun Y, Zhang J, Fatima M, Jia X, Qiu HJ. 2020. Efficient inactivation of African swine fever virus by ozonized water. Vet Microbiol. 247:1–11.
  • Zhang T, Cui X, Zhao X, Wang J, Zheng J, Zheng G, Guo W, Cai C, He S, Xu Y. 2020. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in feces of three children during recovery period of COVID-19 pneumonia. J Med Virol. 92(7):909–914
  • Zhao L, Atoni E, Du Y, Zhang H, Donde O, Huang D, Xiao S, Shu Z, Yuan Z, Tong L, et al. 2020. First study on surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater systems and related environments in Wuhan: post-lockdown. Located at: medRxiv (PrePrint), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Yale University, BMJ, p. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.19.20172924
  • Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, et al. 2020. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 382(8):727–733.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.