Railway stations as public space: how to promote rail journeys via multi-functional railway stations

References

• Allianz pro Schiene. 2008. Bahnhof Karlsruhe: Der beste Großstadtbahnhof 2008: Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof. Accessed November 2, 2022. https://www.allianz-pro-schiene.de/wettbewerbe/bahnhof-des-jahres/bahnhof-karlsruhe/.
   Google Scholar
• Antos, J., W. Jia, and J. Parker. 2017. “Is It Too Crowded in Here?: In Search of Safety Standards for Pedestrian Congestion in Rail Stations.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2648: 126–133. https://doi.org/10.3141/2648-15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolini, L. 1996. “Nodes and Places: Complexities of Railway Station Redevelopment.” European Planning Studies 4: 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654319608720349
   Google Scholar
• Bertolini, L., C. Curtis, and J. Renne. 2012. “Station Area Projects in Europe and Beyond: Towards Transit Oriented Development?” Built Environment 38: 31–50. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.38.1.31
   Google Scholar
• Bertolini, L., and T. Split. 1998. Cities on Rails. The Redevelopment of Railway Station Areas. London: E & FN Spon. 236 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Biggs, D. 2017. “Railway Stations are the Beating Heart of Urban Regeneration.” The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• DB Station&Service AG. 2022. Masterplan Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof. Accessed November 28, 2022. https://www.mein-hbf-ffm.de/vision.html
   Google Scholar
• Du, J., O. Druta, and P. van Wesemael. 2021. “Place Quality in High-Speed Rail Station Areas: Concept Definition.” Journal of Transport and Land Use 14: 1165–1186. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2021.1820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, B. 1996. The Modern Station: New Approaches to Railway Architecture. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. pages 208.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. 2013. TEN-T Regulation. Regulation (EU) No 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Galiza, R., and P. Charles. 2013. Improving Rail Station Access in Australia. Brisbane: CRC for Rail Innovation. Project No.: R1.133. CRC for Rail Innovation. Accessed April 19, 2022. https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/ATTACHMENT%201%20STATION%20ACCESS.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• García-Palomares, J., J. Gutiérrez, and O. Cardozo. 2013. “Walking Accessibility to Public Transport: An Analysis Based on Microdata and GIS.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 40: 1087–1102. https://doi.org/10.1068/b39008
   Google Scholar
• Garmendia, M., C. Ribalaygua, and J. Ureña. 2012. “High Speed Rail: Implication for Cities.” Cities 29: S26–S31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Gil, A., R. Palacin, and P. Batty. 2015. “Optimal Energy Management of Urban Rail Systems: Key Performance Indicators.” Energy Conversion and Management 90: 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. 2005. “Business Improvement Districts in New York City’s Low-Income and High-Income Neighborhoods.” Economic Development Quarterly 19: 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242404273783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, A., G. Bivina, and M. Parida. 2022. “Does Neighborhood Design Matter for Walk Access to Metro Stations? An Integrated SEM-Hybrid Discrete Mode Choice Approach.” Transport Policy 121: 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez, S., and A. Monzon. 2016. “Key Factors for Defining an Efficient Urban Transport Interchange: Users’ Perceptions.” Cities 50: 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez, S., A. Monzon, and R. de Oña. 2016. “Urban Transport Interchanges: A Methodology for Evaluating Perceived Quality.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 84: 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooi, E., and D. Pojani. 2020. “Urban Design Quality and Walkability: An Audit of Suburban High Streets in an Australian City.” Journal of Urban Design 25: 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2018.1554996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibraeva, A., G. de Almeida Correia, C. Silva, and A. Antunes. 2020. “Transit-oriented Development: A Review of Research Achievements and Challenges.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 132: 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.10.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, J., and A. Forsyth. 2008. “Seven American TODs: Good Practices for Urban Design in Transit-Oriented Development Projects.” Journal of Transport and Land Use 1: 51–88. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v1i2.67
   Google Scholar
• Jehle, U., C. Coetzee, B. Büttner, E. Pajares, and G. Wulfhorst. 2022. “Connecting People and Places: Analysis of Perceived Pedestrian Accessibility to Railway Stations by Bavarian Case Studies.” Journal of Urban Mobility 2: 100025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2022.100025
   Google Scholar
• Jones, P., B. Loo, and P. Zhao. 2022. “Cities for People: Reclaiming the City.” Journal of Transport Geography 105: 103486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanović, P., N. Pavlović, I. Belošević, and S. Milinković. 2020. “Graph Coloring-Based Approach for Railway Station Design Analysis and Capacity Determination.” European Journal of Operational Research 287: 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.04.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., J. Schmöcker, J. Yu, and J. Choi. 2018. “Service Quality Evaluation for Urban Rail Transfer Facilities with Rasch Analysis.” Travel Behaviour and Society 13: 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A. 2013. “New Rail Hubs Along High-Speed Rail Corridor in California.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2350: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3141/2350-01
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, K. 1996. The Image of the City. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 194.
   Google Scholar
• Moyano, A., J. Coronado, R. Ruiz, and V. Romero. 2019. “Station Avenue: High-Speed Rail’s Missing Link. Assessing Pedestrian City-Station Routes for Edge Stations in Spanish Small Cities.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 34: 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-018-9621-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldenburg, R. 1997. “Our Vanishing Third Places.” Planning Commissioners Journal 25: 6–10. https://www.plannersweb.com/wp-content/uploads/1997/01/184.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Omniphon. 2012. Mobilitätsverhalten 2012 – Stadt Karlsruhe, im Auftrag der Stadt Karlsruhe und des Nachbarschaftsverbandes Karlsruhe, Bericht vom 09.10.2012, Leipzig: Omniphon GmbH. https://www.karlsruhe.de/securedl/sdl-eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpYXQiOjE2OTA2ODIxOTQsImV4cCI6MzMyMTc2MjY0NTYsInVzZXIiOjAsImdyb3VwcyI6WzAsLTFdLCJmaWxlIjoiZmlsZWFkbWluL3VzZXJfdXBsb2FkLzA1X01vYmlsaXRhZXRfU3RhZHRiaWxkLzA1MV9Nb2JpbGl0YWV0LzhfVmVya2VocnNwbGFudW5nX0tvbnplcHRlL01vYmlsaXRhZXRzdmVyaGFsdGVuX2luX0thcmxzcnVoZS9Nb2JpbGl0YWV0c3ZlcmhhbHRlbl9LYXJsc3J1aGVfRXJnZWJuaXNiZXJpY2h0XzIwMTIucGRmIiwicGFnZSI6MzE4MX0.zPnUAUvtG7XPN7WFwQyht-yqFMU5bGsS7SSTBxdjA7c/Mobilitaetsverhalten_Karlsruhe_Ergebnisbericht_2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Otsuka, N., T. Delmastro, D. Wittowsky, S. Pensa, and M. Damerau. 2019. “Assessing the Accessibility of Urban Nodes: The Case of TEN-T Railway Stations in Europe.” Applied Mobilities 4: 219–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/23800127.2019.1573778
   Google Scholar
• Otsuka, N., and A. Reeve. 2007. “The Contribution and Potential of Town Centre Management for Regeneration: Shifting its Focus from ‘Management’ to ‘Regeneration’.” Town Planning Review 78: 225–250. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.78.2.7
   Google Scholar
• Otsuka, N., J. Welsch, T. Delmastro, R. Delpiano, and S. Pensa. 2022. “Beyond Start and End Points: Accessibility of Railway Stations on a Multi-Spatial Scale.” Transportation Research Record https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221096116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka, N., D. Wittowsky, M. Damerau, and C. Gerten. 2021. “Walkability Assessment for Urban Areas Around Railway Stations Along the Rhine-Alpine Corridor.” Journal of Transport Geography 93: 103081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, D., and J. Novy. 2012. “Rail Station Mega-Projects: Overlooked Centrepieces in the Complex Puzzle of Urban Restructuring in Europe.” Built Environment (1978–2015) 38: 4–11. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23289697
   Google Scholar
• Pojani, D., and D. Stead. 2015. “Urban Planning and Design as Verbal and Visual Rhetoric.” Journal of Urban Design 20: 582–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2015.1071653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahaman, M., G. Currie, and C. Muir. 2016. “Development and Application of a Scale to Measure Station Design Quality for Personal Safety.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2540: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3141/2540-01
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, A., and R. Shipley. 2014. “The Impact of Heritage Investment on Public Attitudes to Place: Evidence from the Townscape Heritage Initiative (THI).” Urban, Planning and Transport Research 2: 289–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650020.2014.893199
   Google Scholar
• Ribalaygua, C., and S. Perez-Del-Caño. 2019. “Assessing Spatial Planning Strategy in High-Speed Rail Station Areas in Spain (1992–2018): Towards a Sustainable Model.” European Planning Studies 27: 595–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1564189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, Y., P. Fard, M. Zuidgeest, M. Brussel, and M. van Maarseveen. 2014. “Measuring Transit Oriented Development: A Spatial Multi Criteria Assessment Approach for the City Region Arnhem and Nijmegen.” Journal of Transport Geography 35: 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transport for London. 2019. Pedestrian Comfort Guidance for London – Guidance Document: (First Edition 2010). Accessed October 2, 2019. http://content.tfl.gov.uk/pedestrian-comfort-guidance-technical-guide.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vale, D., M. Saraiva, and M. Pereira. 2013. “Active Accessibility – A Review of Operational Measures of Walking and Cycling Accessibility.” Journal of Transport and Land Use. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2015.593
   Google Scholar
• van Acker, M., and M. Triggianese. 2021. “The Spatial Impact of Train Stations on Small and Medium-Sized European Cities and Their Contemporary Urban Design Challenges.” Journal of Urban Design 26: 38–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2020.1814133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Hoeven, F., A. van Nes, and S. van der Spek. 2013. NODES: State of the Art.
   Google Scholar
• van Egmond, P., and M. van Hagen. 2016. Quality of Public Transport Interchanges – The Customer Point of View (BETA Version): CIVITAS Thematic Course. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://civitas.eu/learning-centre/quality-of-public-transport-interchanges-the-customer-point-of-view-beta-version.
   Google Scholar
• van Hagen, M. 2015. “Effect of Station Improvement Measures on Customer Satisfaction.” Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 3: 7–18. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2142/2015.01.002
   Google Scholar
• van Hagen, M., and N. van Oort. 2019. “Improving Railway Passengers Experience: Two Perspectives.” Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 7: 97–110. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2142/2019.03.001
   Google Scholar
• Vickerman, R. 2015. “High-Speed Rail and Regional Development: The Case of Intermediate Stations.” Journal of Transport Geography 42: 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein Agrawal, A., M. Schlossberg, and K. Irvin. 2008. “How Far, by Which Route and Why? A Spatial Analysis of Pedestrian Preference.” Journal of Urban Design 13: 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800701804074
   Google Scholar
• Zemp, S., M. Stauffacher, D. Lang, and R. Scholz. 2011a. “Generic Functions of Railway Stations—A Conceptual Basis for the Development of Common System Understanding and Assessment Criteria.” Transport Policy 18: 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemp, S., M. Stauffacher, D. Lang, and R. Scholz. 2011b. “Classifying Railway Stations for Strategic Transport and Land Use Planning: Context Matters!” Journal of Transport Geography 19: 670–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, M., and K. Chang. 2021. “Design Verification of an Optimized Wayfinding Map in a Station.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10: 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar