A mother’s voice and a child’s view: revisiting the constructed role of women in rural Chile

References

• Alon, Titan, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey, and Michèle Tertilt. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality.” NBER Working Papers 26947, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26947/w26947.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anders, Jake, Lindsey Macmillan, Patrick Sturgis, and Gill Wyness. 2020. “Homeschooling During Lockdown Deepens Inequality.” LSE Covid 19 Blog, June 5. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/covid19/2020/06/05/homeschooling-during-lockdown-will-deepen-inequality/
   Google Scholar
• Araujo, Caridad. 2020. “La nueva normalidad rural.” Inter-American Developing Bank Blog, October 2020 https://blogs.iadb.org/igualdad/es/mujer-rural-americalatina/
   Google Scholar
• Arendell, Terry. 2000. “Conceiving and Investigating Motherhood: The Decade’s Scholarship.” Journal of Marriage and Family 62 (4): 1192–1207. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01192.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auðardóttir, Auður Magndís, and Annadís Rúdólfsdóttir. 2021. “Chaos Ruined the Children’s Sleep, Diet and Behaviour: Gendered Discourses on Family Life in Pandemic Times.” Gender, Work, and Organization 28 (Suppl 1): 168–182. 10.1111/gwao.12519.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babbitt, Kathleen R. 1993. “The Productive Farm Woman and the Extension Home Economist in New York State, 1920–1940.” Agricultural History 67 (2): 83–101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3744051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bescher-Donnelly, Linda, and Leslie Whitener Smith. 2019. “The Changing Roles and Status of Rural Women.” In The Family in Rural Society, edited by Raymond T. Coward, and William M. Smith, 167–185. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi, Suzanne, Melissa Milkie, Liana Sayer, and John Robinson. 2000. “Is Anyone Doing the Housework? Trends in the Gender Division of Household Labor.” Social Forces 79 (1): 191–228. doi:10.1093/sf/79.1.191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, Kate. 2018. Spaces and Politics of Motherhood. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer, Kate. 2020. “Motherhood in Feminist Geography: current Trends and Themes.” In Routledge Handbook of Gender and Feminist Geographies, edited by Anindita Datta, Peter Hopkins, Lynda Johnston, Elizabeth Olson and Joseli Maria Silva, 318–325. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brownhill, Leigh, and Gordon M. Hickey. 2012. “Using Interview Triads to Understand the Barriers to Effective Food Security Policy in Kenya: A Case Study Application.” Food Security 4 (3): 369–380. doi:10.1007/s12571-012-0183-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Canales, Manuel. 2005. “La Nueva Ruralidad en Chile: apuntes Sobre Subjetividad y Territorios Vividos.” Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Humano 12: 7–8.
   Google Scholar
• Cárcamo-Vásquez, Héctor, and Pablo Méndez-Bustos. 2019. “La Influencia de la Experiencia en el Modelamiento de Las Representaciones Sociales Sobre la Relación Familia-Escuela en Establecimientos Educacionales Rurales de la Región de Ñuble, Chile.” Revista Electrónica Educare 23 (3): 1–20. doi:10.15359/ree.23-3.4.
   Google Scholar
• Caro, Pamela. 2017. “Desigualdad y Transgresión en Mujeres Rurales Chilenas: Lecturas Desde la Interseccionalidad, Género y Feminismo.” Psicoperspectivas 16 (2): 125–137. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol16-issue2-fulltext-1050.
   Google Scholar
• Castro, Ana. 2012. “Familias Rurales y Sus Procesos de Transformación: estudio de Casos en un Escenario de Ruralidad en Tensión.” Psicoperspectivas. Individuo y Sociedad 11 (1): 180–203. doi:10.5027/psicoperspectivas-Vol11-Issue1-fulltext-172.
   Google Scholar
• Castro, Bibiana, and Fernando Peñaranda. 2011. “La Comprensión de Los Significados de la Maternidad el Caso de un Programa de Cuidado Prenatal en un Centro de Salud en Popayán.” Colombia.’ Salud Colectiva 7 (3): 333–345. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id = 73122306004.
   Google Scholar
• Cid, Paulina, Evelyn Larenas, Claudia Echeverria, and María de los Ángeles Rojas. 2017. “Mujeres rurales en Chile: Sistematización de algunos elementos” Ministerio de la Mujer y Equidad de Género. December. https://www.minmujeryeg.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/MMEG-2017-Mujeres-rurales-en-Chile-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Crouter, Ann., Beth Manke, and Susan McHale. 1995. “The Family Context of Gender Intensification in Early Adolescence.” Child Development 66 (2): 317–329. doi:10.2307/1131580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoso, Francisca. 2020. “Divergencias en la Feminización Del Campo: un Análisis Interseccional de Las Mujeres Rurales en México y Chile.” Estudios Rurales 10 (20), https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7746739
   Google Scholar
• ECLAC-UNESCO. 2020. “Education in the Time of COVID-19.” Santiago: CEPAL/OREALC/UNESCO. https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/45905-education-time-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Eyzaguirre, Sylvia, Lourdes Le Foulon, and Valentina Salvatierra. 2020. “Educación en Tiempos de Pandemia: antecedentes y Recomendaciones Para la Discusión en chile.” Estudios Públicos 159: 1–70. doi:10.38178/07183089/1430200722.
   Google Scholar
• Faur, Eleonor, and Francisca Pereyra. 2018. “Gramáticas Del Cuidado.” In La Argentina en el Siglo XXI. Cómo Somos, Vivimos y Convivimos en Una Sociedad Desigual, edited by Juan Ignacio Piovani, and Agustín Salvia, 497–534. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
   Google Scholar
• Fawaz, Julia, and Paula Soto Villagrán. 2012. “Mujer, Trabajo y Familia. Tensiones, Rupturas y Continuidades en Sectores Rurales de Chile Central.” La Ventana. Revista de Estudios de Género 4 (35): 218–254. doi:10.32870/lv.v4i35.729.
   Google Scholar
• Fawaz, Julia, and Rosana Vallejos. 2011. “Calidad De Vida, Ocupación, Participación Y Roles De Género: Un Sistema De Indicadores Sociales De Sostenibilidad Rural (Chile).” Cuadernos De Desarrollo Rural 8 (67): 45–68. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.cdr8-67.cvop.
   Google Scholar
• Fielding, Nigel, and Hilary Thomas. 2008. “Qualitative Interviewing.” In Researching Social Life, edited by Nigel Gilbert and Paul Stoneman, 123–144. California: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Flick, Uwe. 2002. “Qualitative Research – State of the Art.” Social Science Information 41 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1177/0539018402041001001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flather, Amanda. 2013. “Space, Place, and Gender: The Sexual and Spatial Division of Labor in the Early Modern Household.” History and Theory 52 (3): 344–360. doi:10.1111/hith.10673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcey, Linda Rennie. 2001. “Feminist Perspectives on Mothering and Peace.” Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering 3 (2): 155–174. https://jarm.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/jarm/article/view/2782.
   Google Scholar
• Forsberg, Gunnel. 2001. “Rural and Gender Studies: A Conceptual Comparison.” Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 55 (3): 152–160. doi:10.1080/002919501753129907.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn, Evelyn. 2016. “Social Constructions of Mothering: A Thematic Overview.” In Mothering. Ideology, Experience, and Agency, edited by Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Grace Chang, and Linda Rennie Forcey. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez, Verónica, and Andrés Jiménez. 2015. “Corresponsabilidad familiar y el equilibrio trabajo-familia: medios para mejorar la equidad de género.” Polis 40: 1–15. http://journals.openedition.org/polis/10784.
   Google Scholar
• Góralska, Magdalena. 2020. “Anthropology from Home. Advice on Digital Ethnography for the Pandemic Times.” Anthropology in Action 27 (1): 46–52. doi:10.3167/aia.2020.270105.
   Google Scholar
• Gu, Chien-Juh. 2018. “Gender Morality and Emotion Work in Taiwanese Immigrant in-Law Relations.” Gender, Place & Culture 25 (2): 248–267. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2018.1441140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, Batsheva, and Brittany Arthur. 2020. “Academic Motherhood during COVID-19: Navigating Our Dual Roles as Educators and Mothers.” Gender, Work, and Organization 27 (5): 887–899. 10.1111/gwao.12493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herron, Racher, and Mark Skinner. 2012. “Farmwomen’s Emotional Geographies of Care: A View from Rural Ontario.” Gender, Place & Culture 19 (2): 232–248. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2011.572432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippert, Christine. 2011. “Women’s Spaces, Gender Mainstreaming, and Development Priorities: Popular Participation as Gendered Work in Rural Bolivia.” Women’s Studies International Forum 34 (6): 498–508. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochschild, Arlie. 1979. “Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 85 (3): 551–575. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2778583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, Mary. 2009. Gender and Everyday Life. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• INDH. 2018. “Informe Anual Situación de Derechos Humanos en Chile.” Santiago: Instituto Nacional de Derecho Humanos. https://bibliotecadigital.indh.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/1173/informe-anual-2018.pdf?sequence=13.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, Marilyn Irvin. 2005. Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• JUNAEB. 2021. “IVE.” Accessed July 2021. https://www.junaeb.cl/ive
   Google Scholar
• Kvale, Steinar, and Svend Brinkman. 2009. InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Little, Jo 2002. “Rural Geography: rural Gender Identity and the Performance of Masculinity and Femininity in the Countryside.” Progress in Human Geography 26 (5): 665–670. doi:10.1191/0309132502ph394pr.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, Jo 2003. Gender and Rural Geography. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Little, Jo, and Ruth Panelli. 2003. “Gender Research in Rural Geography.” Gender, Place and Culture 10 (3): 281–289. doi:10.1080/0966369032000114046.
   Google Scholar
• Little, Jo. 2015. “The Development of Feminist Perspectives in Rural Gender Studies.” In Feminisms and Ruralities, edited by Barbara Pini, Berit Brandth and Jo Little, 107–118. Lanham: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Maertens, Miet, and Ellen Verhofstadt. 2013. “Horticultural Exports, Female Wage Employment and Primary School Enrolment: Theory and Evidence from Senegal.” Food Policy. 43: 118–131. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, Yolanda, Susana Mata, and Marco Vega. 2021. Diagnóstico Sobre Las Brechas de Inclusión Digital en Chile. Santiago, Chile: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003032.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, Doreen 1994. Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Milkie, Melissa A, and Pia Peltola. 1999. “Playing All the Roles: Gender and the Work-Family Balancing Act.” Journal of Marriage and Family 61 (2): 476–490. doi:10.2307/353763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MINEDUC. 2021. Information page center for vulnerable schools in Chile. https://www.mime.MINEDUC.cl/mvc/mime/portada
   Google Scholar
• Molina, María Elisa 2006. “Transformaciones Histórico Culturales Del Concepto de Maternidad y Sus Repercusiones en la Identidad de la Mujer.” Psykhe (Santiago) 15 (2): 93–103. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282006000200009.
   Google Scholar
• Mora, Gloria, María Cecilia Fernández, and Sofía Victoria Ortega. 2016. “Asociacionismo Productivo y Empoderamiento de Mujeres Rurales: Madres Multiactivas, Socias y Mujeres Campesinas.” Cultura-Hombre-Sociedad 26 (1): 133–160. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/CUHSO-V23N1-ART1055.
   Google Scholar
• Núñez, Lourdes Gloria, Camila Solís, and Rodrigo Soto. 2013. “¿Qué Sucede en Las Comunidades Cuando se Cierra la Escuela Rural? Un Análisis Psicosocial de la Política de Cierre de Las Escuelas Rurales en Chile.” Universitas Psychologic 13 (2): 615–625. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id = 64732221018.
   Google Scholar
• Núñez, Lourdes Gloria, Mónica Peña, Francisco Cubillos, and Héctor Solorza. 2016. “Estamos Todos Juntos: el Cierre de la Escuela Rural Desde la Perspectiva de Los Niños.” Educação e Pesquisa 42 (4): 953–967. doi:10.1590/s1517-9702201612152334.
   Google Scholar
• Núñez, Lourdes Gloria, Mónica Peña, Bryan González, and Paula Ascorra. 2019. “Una Mirada Desde la Inclusión al Programa de Integración Escolar (PIE) en Escuelas Rurales Chilenas: un Análisis de Casos.” Revista Colombiana de Educación 1 (79): 371–392. doi:10.17227/rce.num79-9725.
   Google Scholar
• Orellana, María Jesús. 2015. “Maternidad y Ruralidad: Experiencias de Ser Madres en un Sector Rural.” Bachelor diss., Universidad del Bío-Bío.
   Google Scholar
• Ortega, María Daniela, and Héctor Cárcamo. 2018. “Relación Familia-Escuela en el Contexto Rural: miradas Desde Las Familias.” Educación 27 (52): 81–97. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/educacion.201801.006.
   Google Scholar
• Parczewska, Teresa 2021. “Difficult Situations and Ways of Coping with Them in the Experiences of Parents Homeschooling Their Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland.” Education 3-13 49 (7): 889–900. doi:10.1080/03004279.2020.1812689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patiño, Jorge Alejandro, Laura Poveda, and Ana Laura Gabrielez. 2018. Monitoreo de la Agenda Digital Para América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago: Naciones Unidas.
   Google Scholar
• Pavez, Isabel, and Teresa Correa. 2018. “Resistance, Opportunities and Tensions. The Role of Children and Young People in Internet Adoption of Isolated Rural Communities.” In Digital Parenting. The Challenges for Families in the Digital Age, edited by Giovanna Mascheroni, Cristina Ponte & Ana Jorge, 41–49. Göteborg: Nordicom.
   Google Scholar
• Pavez, Isabel, Teresa Correa, and Javier Contreras. 2017. “Meanings of (Dis) Connection: Exploring Non-Users in Isolated Rural Communities with Internet Access Infrastructure.” Poetics 63: 11–21. doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2017.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, Sarah, and Deborah Lupton. 2018. “‘What Are You Feeling Right Now?’ Communities of Maternal Feeling on Mumsnet.” Emotion, Space and Society 26: 57–63. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2016.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petts, Richard J., Daniel L. Carlson, and Joanna R. Pepin. 2021. “A Gendered Pandemic: Childcare, Homeschooling, and Parents’ Employment during COVID-19.” Gender, Work & Organization 28 (S2): 515–534. doi:10.1111/gwao.12614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pini, Barbara, Robyn Mayes, and Laura Rodriguez Rurality. 2020. “Geography and Feminism: Troubling Relationships.” In Routledge Handbook of Gender and Feminist Geographies, edited by Anindita Datta, Peter Hopkins, Lynda Johnston, Elizabeth Olson, and Joseli Maria Silva. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, Samuel. 2000. “Qualitative Research.” In The Research Process in Nursing, edited by Desmond Cormack, 141–152. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
   Google Scholar
• Quah, Sharon. 2018. “Emotional Reflexivity and Emotion Work in Transnational Divorce Biographies.” Emotion, Space and Society 29: 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2018.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiroz, Cristian. 2020. “Pandemia Covid-19 E Inequidad Territorial: El Agravamiento De Las Desigualdades Educativas En Chile.” Revista Internacional De Educación Para La Justicia Social 9 (3): 1–6. https://revistas.uam.es/riejs/article/view/12143.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, Mark. 2009. “Bringing the ‘Invisible Farmer’ into Sharper Focus: gender Relations and Agricultural Practices in the Peak District (UK).” Gender, Place & Culture 16 (6): 665–682. doi:10.1080/09663690903279138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorell, Lisa, Charlotte Borg Skoglund, Almudena Giménez de la Peña, Dieter Baeyens, Anselm Fuermaier, Madeleine Groom, and Irene Mammarella. 2020. “Psychosocial Effects of Homeschooling during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences between Seven European Countries and between Children with and without Mental Health Conditions.” PsyArXiv, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 31 (4): 649–661. doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01706-1 doi:10.31234/osf.io/68pfx.
   Google Scholar
• Ummel, Deborah, and Marie Achille. 2016. “How Not to Let Secrets out When Conducting Qualitative Research with Dyads.” Qualitative Health Research 26 (6): 807–815. 10.1177/1049732315627427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF. 2021. “Covid-19 and school closures.” https://data.unicef.org/resources/one-year-of-covid-19-and-school-closures/
   Google Scholar
• Valdés, Ximena, and Loreto Rebolledo. 2015. “Géneros, Generaciones y Lugares: cambios en el Medio Rural de Chile Central.” Polis, Revista Latinoamericana 14 (42): 491–513. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-65682015000300022.
   Google Scholar
• van der Mark, Elise, Ina Conradie, Christine Dedding, and Jacqueline Broerse. 2019. “Exploring Adaptation and Agency of Mothers Caring for Disabled Children in an Urban Settlement in South Africa: A Qualitative Study.” Women’s Studies International Forum 76: 102271. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessels, Bridgette 2013. “Exploring Human Agency and Digital Systems.” Information, Communication & Society 16 (10): 1533–1552. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2012.715666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yavorsky, Jill, Yue Qian, and Amanda Sargent. 2021. “The Gendered Pandemic: The Implications of COVID 19 for Work and Family.” Sociology Compass 15 (6): 1–13. doi:10.1111/soc4.12881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Ying, Yong Guo, Yu Xiao, Ranke Zhu, Wei Sun, Weiyong Huang, Deyi Liang, Liuying Tang, Fan Zhang, Dongsheng Zhu, and Jie-Ling Wu 2020. “The Effects of Online Homeschooling on Children, Parents, and Teachers of Grades 1–9 during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Medical Science Monitor 26: e925591. doi:10.12659/MSM.92559 Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7507793/pdf/medscimonit-26-e925591.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar