2,223
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Advancing a social justice-orientated agenda through research: a review of refugee-related research in tourism

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 1142-1160 | Received 30 May 2022, Accepted 11 Apr 2023, Published online: 02 May 2023

References

  • Abebe, S. A. (2020). Taking stock and moving forward in research on refugee entrepreneurship: A systematic review of the current field and future research directions. In V. Ratten, & L-P. Dana (Eds.), Diversity and Entrepreneurship (pp. 23–62). Routledge.
  • Acker, S., Rekola, M., & Wisker, G. (2022). Editing a higher education journal: Gatekeeping or development? Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 59(1), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2021.2004909
  • Akhmedov, A., Hunter, W. C., & Choi, J. G. (2022). Q method finds anti-refugee sentiments on Yemeni migration to Jeju. Tourism Geographies, 24(1), 96–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757746
  • Alarcón, D. M., & Cole, S. (2019). No sustainability for tourism without gender equality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 903–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1588283
  • Alrawadieh, Z., Altinay, L., Cetin, G., & Şimşek, D. (2021). The interface between hospitality and tourism entrepreneurship. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97, 103013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103013
  • Alrawadieh, Z., Karayilan, E., & Cetin, G. (2019). Understanding the challenges of refugee entrepreneurship in tourism and hospitality. The Service Industries Journal, 39(9–10), 717–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1440550
  • Ateljevic, I., Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (2007). Editors’ introduction: Promoting an academy of hope in tourism enquiry. In I. N. Ateljevic, N. Morgan, & A. Pritchard (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies: Innovative research methodologies (pp. 1–8). Elsevier.
  • Aydarova, E. (2019). Flipping the paradigm: Studying up and research for social justice. In K. K. Strunk & L. A. Locke (Eds.), Research methods for social justice and equity in education (pp. 33–43). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bakker, L., Dagevos, J., & Engbersen, G. (2017). Explaining the refugee gap: A longitudinal study on labour market participation of refugees in the Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(11), 1775–1791. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1251835
  • Bell Hooks, B. (2000). Feminist theory: From margin to center. Pluto Press.
  • Bernal, G., & Saez‐Santiago, E. (2006). Culturally centered psychosocial interventions. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20096
  • Biddulph, R., & Scheyvens, R. (2018). Introducing inclusive tourism. Tourism Geographies, 20(4), 583–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1486880
  • Bloch, A. (2020). Reflections and directions for research in refugee studies. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(3), 436–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1677928
  • Bloch, N. (2018). Making a community embedded in mobility: Refugees, migrants, and tourists in Dharamshala (India). Transfers, 8(3), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.3167/TRANS.2018.080304
  • Boluk, K. A., & Panse, G. (2022). Recognising the regenerative impacts of Canadian women tourism social entrepreneurs through a feminist ethic of care lens. Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(3), 352–366. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-11-2021-0253
  • Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2008). Priorities in sustainable tourism research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.2167/09669580803489612
  • Burrai, E., Buda, D. M., & Stevenson, E. (2022). Tourism and refugee-crisis intersections: Co-creating tour guide experiences in Leeds, England. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2072851
  • Cater, C., Low, T., & Keirle, I. (2018). Reworking student understanding of tourism mobility: Experiences of migration and exchange on a field trip. Tourism Planning & Development, 15(5), 600–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2018.1505650
  • Cetin, G., Altinay, L., Alrawadieh, Z., & Ali, F. (2022). Entrepreneurial motives, entrepreneurial success and life satisfaction of refugees venturing in tourism and hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(6), 2227–2249. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2021-1363
  • Chesney, M., & Hazari, B. R. (2003). Illegal migrants, tourism and welfare: A trade theoretic approach. Pacific Economic Review, 8(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2003.00226.x
  • Cirer-Costa, J. C. (2017). Turbulence in mediterranean tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 22, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.01.004
  • Clayton, J. (2015, December 8). Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015. https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html.
  • Cockburn-Wootten, C., McIntosh, A. J., Smith, K., & Jefferies, S. (2018). Communicating across tourism silos for inclusive sustainable partnerships. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(9), 1483–1498. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1476519
  • Cunliffe, A. L. (2003). Reflexive inquiry in organizational research: Questions and possibilities. Human Relations, 56(8), 983–1003. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267030568004
  • Dibeh, G., Fakih, A., & Marrouch, W. (2020). Tourism–growth nexus under duress: Lebanon during the Syrian crisis. Tourism Economics, 26(3), 353–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816619836338
  • Evans, R. (2012). Towards a creative synthesis of participant observation and participatory research: Reflections on doing research with and on young Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. Childhood, 20(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568212459774
  • Farmaki, A., & Christou, P. (2019). Refugee migration and service industries: Advancing the research agenda. The Service Industries Journal, 39(9-10), 668–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1435643
  • Fassinger, R., & Morrow, S. L. (2013). Toward best practices in quantitative, qualitative, and mixedmethod research: A social justice perspective. Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology, 5(2), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.33043/JSACP.5.2.69-83
  • Fennell, D. A., & Sheppard, V. (2021). Tourism, animals and the scales of justice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2-3), 314–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1768263
  • Figueroa-Domecq, C., Pritchard, A., Segovia-Pérez, M., Morgan, N., & Villacé-Molinero, T. (2015). Tourism gender research: A critical accounting. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.001
  • Foster, V. (2007). ‘Ways of knowing and showing’: Imagination and representation in feminist participatory social research. Journal of Social Work Practice, 21(3), 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650530701553732
  • Freedman, J., Kivilcim, Z., & Baklacıoglu, N. O. (2017). Introduction: Gender, migration and exile. In J., Freedman, Z., Kivilcim, & N. O. Baklacıoglu, (Eds.), A gendered approach to the Syrian refugee crisis (pp. 1–15). Routledge.
  • Géraud, M. O. (2018). Hmong of French Guiana and Hmong of France: From family and roots tourism towards tourism experience of existential authenticity. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology, 6(2), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTA.2018.092065
  • Godin, M., & Doná, G. (2016). “Refugee voices,” new social media and politics of representation: Young Congolese in the diaspora and beyond. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 32(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40384
  • Goodson, L. & Phillimore, J. (Eds.) (2012). Community research for participation: From theory to method. University of Bristol, Policy Press.
  • Grimwood, B. S. (2000). Meditative thinking for polar tourism research and codes of ethics. In A. A. Grenier & D. K. Muller (Eds.), Polar tourism, a tool for regional development (pp. 87–108), Presses de l’Université du Québec.
  • Grimwood, B. S., & Johnson, C. W. (2021). Collective memory work as an unsettling methodology in tourism. Tourism Geographies, 23(1-2), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1619823
  • Guia, J. (2021). Conceptualizing justice tourism and the promise of posthumanism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2-3), 503–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1771347
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2006). More than an “industry”: The forgotten power of tourism as a social force. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1192–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.020
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2010). Justifying tourism: Justice through tourism. In S. Cole, and N. Morgan, (Eds.), Tourism and inequality problems and prospects (pp. 212–216). Cabi.
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F., Carnicelli, S., Krolikowski, C., Wijesinghe, G., & Boluk, K. (2019). Degrowing tourism: Rethinking tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1926–1944. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1601732
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F., Scheyvens, R. A., & Bhatia, B. (2022). Transformative change through events business: A feminist ethic of care analysis of building the purpose economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(11-12), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2039678
  • Hollinshead, K. (2010). Tourism studies and confined understanding: The call for a “new sense” postdisciplinary imaginary. Tourism Analysis, 15(4), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354210X12864727693669
  • Holmes, P., Cockburn-Wootten, C., Motion, J., Zorn, T. E., & Roper, J. (2005). Critical reflexive practice in teaching management communication. Business Communication Quarterly, 68(2), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569905276668
  • Hoque, M. A., Faisal, A., & Shoeb-Ur-Rahman, M. (2022). Destination repurposed: Transformative impacts of refugee crisis. Tourism Recreation Research, 47(2), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1862544
  • Hugman, R., Pittaway, E., & Bartolomei, L. (2011). When ‘do no harm’is not enough: The ethics of research with refugees and other vulnerable groups. British Journal of Social Work, 41(7), 1271–1287. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcr013
  • Hurst, C. E., Grimwood, B. S., Lemelin, R. H., & Stinson, M. J. (2021). Conceptualizing cultural sensitivity in tourism: A systematic literature review. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(4), 500–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1816362
  • Ivanov, S., & Stavrinoudis, T. A. (2018). Impacts of the refugee crisis on the hotel industry: Evidence from four Greek islands. Tourism Management, 67, 214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.02.004
  • Jamal, T. (2019). Justice and ethics in tourism. Routledge.
  • Jamal, T., & Camargo, B. A. (2014). Sustainable tourism, justice and an ethic of care: Toward the just destination. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.786084
  • Jamal, T., Camargo, B. A., & Wilson, E. (2013). Critical omissions and new directions for sustainable tourism: A situated macro–micro approach. Sustainability, 5(11), 4594–4613. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5114594
  • Jamal, T., & Higham, J. (2021). Justice and ethics: Towards a new platform for tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2-3), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1835933
  • Jamal, T., & Kim, H. (2005). Bridging the interdisciplinary divide: Towards an integrated framework for heritage tourism research. Tourist Studies, 5(1), 55–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797605062715
  • Johansson, M. (2009). Tourism and Local Participation: What about the Citizens?. Enhancing the City: New Perspectives for Tourism and Leisure, 333–360.
  • Johnson, C. W., & Parry, D. C. (Eds.) (2015). Fostering social justice through qualitative inquiry: A methodological guide. Routledge.
  • Jones, N. N. (2016). Narrative inquiry in human-centered design: Examining silence and voice to promote social justice in design scenarios. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 46(4), 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047281616653489
  • Kalisch, A. B., & Cole, S. (2022). Gender justice in global tourism: Exploring tourism transformation through the lens of feminist alternative economics. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2108819
  • Kalvelage, L., Revilla Diez, J., & Bollig, M. (2022). How much remains? Local value capture from tourism in Zambezi, Namibia. Tourism Geographies, 24(4-5), 759–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1786154
  • Katsanevakis, S. (2015). Illegal immigration in the eastern Aegean Sea: A new source of marine litter. Mediterranean Marine Science, 16(3), 605–608.
  • Kirsch, G. E. (1999). Ethical dilemmas in feminist research: The politics of location, interpretation, and publication. SUNY Press.
  • Kodom-Wiredu, J. K., Coetzer, A., Redmond, J., & Sharafizad, J. (2022). Informal learning research in hospitality and tourism: A systematic literature review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.05.011
  • Krasteva, R. (2017). Local impact of refugee and migrants crisis on Greek tourism industry. Economic Studies, 26(4), 182–195.
  • LaFever, M. (2011). Empowering Native Americans: Communication, planning, and dialogue for eco-tourism in Gallup, New Mexico. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 4(2), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2011.556829
  • Lagos, T. G., Samra, C., Anderson, H., Baker, S., Leung, J., Kincheloe, A., Manning, B., Tizon, D. O., & Franchino, H. G. (2020). Narrating Hellas: Tourism, news publicity and the refugee Crisis’s impact on Greece’s ‘Nation-Brand. Journal of Tourism History, 12(3), 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2020.1829102
  • Linnenluecke, M. K., Marrone, M., & Singh, A. K. (2020). Conducting systematic literature reviews and bibliometric analyses. Australian Journal of Management, 45(2), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219877678
  • López-González, J. L. (2018). Exploring discourse ethics for tourism transformation. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 66(3), 269–281.
  • Lugosi, P., & Allis, T. (2019). Migrant entrepreneurship, value-creation practices and urban transformation in São Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 13(1), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v13i1.1538
  • Melotti, M., Ruspini, E., & Marra, E. (2018). Migration, tourism and peace: Lampedusa as a social laboratory. Anatolia, 29(2), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1414441
  • Minkler, M. (2004). Ethical challenges for the "outside" researcher in community-based participatory research. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 31(6), 684–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104269566
  • Mura, P., & Wijesinghe, S. N. (2021). Critical theories in tourism–a systematic literature review. Tourism Geographies, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1925733
  • Musaro, P., & Moralli, M. (2019). De-bordering narratives on tourism and migration. A participatory action-research on two innovative Italian practices. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 11(2), 147–173.
  • Oliveira, E. (2019). The personal is political: A feminist reflection on a journey into participatory arts-based research with sex worker migrants in South Africa. Gender & Development, 27(3), 523–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2019.1664047
  • Pappas, N. (2018). Hotel decision-making during multiple crises: A chaordic perspective. Tourism Management, 68, 450–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.04.009
  • Pappas, N., & Papatheodorou, A. (2017). Tourism and the refugee crisis in Greece: Perceptions and decision-making of accommodation providers. Tourism Management, 63, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.005
  • Paraskevaidis, P., & Andriotis, K. (2021). Medical volunteers as accidental tourists: Humanitarianism and the European refugee crisis. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.2011591
  • Parry, D. C., Johnson, C. W., & Stewart, W. (2013). Leisure research for social justice: A response to Henderson. Leisure Sciences, 35(1), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.739906
  • Pechlaner, H., Nordhorn, C., & Poppe, X. (2016). Being a guest – perspectives of an extended hospitality approach. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(4), 424–439. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-02-2016-0016
  • Pickering, C., & Byrne, J. (2014). The benefits of publishing systematic quantitative literature reviews for PhD candidates and other early-career researchers. Higher Education Research & Development, 33(3), 534–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2013.841651
  • Pimentel Biscaia, M. S., & Marques, L. (2020). Dystopian dark tourism: Affective experiences in Dismaland. Tourism Geographies, 24(2-3), 306–325.
  • Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (2007). De-centring tourism’s intellectual universe, or traversing the dialogue between change and tradition. In I. N. Ateljevic, N. Morgan, & A. Pritchard (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies (pp. 11–28). Routledge.
  • Rastegar, R. (2020). Tourism and justice: Rethinking the role of governments. Annals of Tourism Research, 85, 102884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102884
  • Rastegar, R., & Ruhanen, L. (2021). A safe space for local knowledge sharing in sustainable tourism: An organisational justice perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–17.
  • Rastegar, R., & Ruhanen, L. (2023). A safe space for local knowledge sharing in sustainable tourism: An organisational justice perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(4), 997–1013.
  • Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. In G. Sher (Ed.), Ethics: Essential readings in moral theory (pp. 387–402). Routledge.
  • Ren, C., Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (2010). Constructing tourism research: A critical inquiry. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), 885–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.11.006
  • Russell-Mundine, G. (2012). Reflexivity in Indigenous research: Reframing and decolonising research? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 19(1), e7–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/jht.2012.8
  • Saha, S., Beach, M. C., & Cooper, L. A. (2008). Patient centeredness, cultural competence and healthcare quality. Journal of the National Medical Association, 100(11), 1275–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31505-4
  • Schnegg, M., & Kiaka, R. D. (2018). Subsidized elephants: Community-based resource governance and environmental (in) justice in Namibia. Geoforum, 93, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.05.010
  • Seitsonen, O., Herva, V. P., & Kunnari, M. (2017). Abandoned Refugee Vehicles “in the middle of nowhere”: Reflections on the Global Refugee Crisis from the Northern Margins of Europe. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology, 3(2), 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.31697
  • Shaul, D. (2017). On shipwrecks and sea nymphs: Fragments of Maltese hospitality. Hospitality & Society, 7(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp.7.1.3_1
  • Shelley, B., Ooi, C. S., & Denny, L. (2021). The dialogic negotiation of justice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2-3), 488–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1727487
  • Shiran, Z., Farsani, N. T., & Rajaie Rizi, M. A. (2021). Isfahan as a destination for promoting historical nostalgia tourism with an emphasis on World War II memories. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 16(5), 598–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1808663
  • Shneikat, B., & Alrawadieh, Z. (2019). Unraveling refugee entrepreneurship and its role in integration: Empirical evidence from the hospitality industry. The Service Industries Journal, 39(9-10), 741–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1571046
  • Sigona, N. (2014). The politics of refugee voices: Representations, narratives, and memories. In E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, G. Loescher, K. Long, & N. Sigona (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of refugee and forced migration studies (pp. 369–382). Oxford University Press.
  • Simeli, I., Tsagaris, A., & Manitsaris, A. (2016). Refugee routes and common resource pools in tourism areas: The case of Lesvos Island, Greece. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 11(5), 153–163.
  • Simola, S. (2003). Ethics of justice and care in corporate crisis management. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(4), 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025607928196
  • Smith, L. T. (2012). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous peoples. Zed Books.
  • Smith, M., & Duffy, R. (2003). The ethics of tourism development. Routledge.
  • Spender, D. (1981). The gatekeepers: A feminist critique of academic publishing. In H. Roberts (Ed.), Doing feminist research (pp. 186–202). Routledge.
  • Spiller, C., Erakovic, L., Henare, M., & Pio, E. (2011). Relational well-being and wealth: Māori businesses and an ethic of care. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(1), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0540-z
  • Spracklen, K. (2011). Dreaming of drams: Authenticity in Scottish whisky tourism as an expression of unresolved Habermasian rationalities. Leisure Studies, 30(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2010.502240
  • Staiff, R., Bushell, R., & Watson, S. (2013). Heritage and tourism. Routledge.
  • Stewart, W. (2014). Leisure research to enhance social justice. Leisure Sciences, 36(4), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2014.916961
  • Thomas, R. (2020). Problematising ‘The impact of tourism research’: A reply to Brauer, Dymitrow, and Tribe (2019). Annals of Tourism Research, 102968–102968.
  • Thomas, R. (2022). Affective subjectivation or moral ambivalence? Constraints on the promotion of sustainable tourism by academic researchers. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(9), 2107–2120. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1770262
  • Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
  • Tribe, J. (2005). New tourism research. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(2), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2005.11081468
  • Trussell, D. E. (2014). Dancing in the margins: Reflections on social justice and researcher identities. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(3), 342–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950330
  • Tsartas, P., Kyriakaki, A., Stavrinoudis, T., Despotaki, G., Doumi, M., Sarantakou, E., & Tsilimpokos, K. (2020). Refugees and tourism: A case study from the islands of Chios and Lesvos, Greece. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(11), 1311–1327. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1632275
  • Tsokota, T., von Solms, R., & van Greunen, D. (2019). The reticent effect of ICT on tourism: A case study of Zimbabwe. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(3), 1–17.
  • UNHCR. (2022). The Refugee Brief – 17 June 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/refugeebrief/the-refugee-brief-17-june-2022/
  • World Tourism Organisation. (2009). Tourism and migration: Exploring the relationship between two global phenomena.
  • Xiao, H., Jafari, J., Cloke, P., & Tribe, J. (2013). Annals: 40–40 vision. Annals of Tourism Research, 40, 352–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.10.003
  • Zenker, S., von Wallpach, S., Braun, E., & Vallaster, C. (2019). How the refugee crisis impacts the decision structure of tourists: A cross-country scenario study. Tourism Management, 71, 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.015