Analyzing the violation of drone regulations in three VGI drone portals across the US, the UK, and France

References

• 911 Security. 2019. U.S. Drone Laws - Overview of Drone Rules and Regulations in USA by State. Austin, Texas: The University of Texas System. https://www.utsystem.edu/sites/default/files/offices/police/policies/USDroneLaws.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Alsamhi, S.H., F. Almalki, O. Ma, M.S. Ansari, and B. Lee. 2021. “Predictive Estimation of Optimal Signal Strength from Drones over IoT Frameworks in Smart Cities.” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 1. doi:10.1109/TMC.2021.3074442.
   Google Scholar
• Angurala, M., M. Bala, S.S. Bamber, R. Kaur, and P. Singh. 2020. “An Internet of Things Assisted Drone Based Approach to Reduce Rapid Spread of COVID-19.” Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 1 (1): 31–35. doi:10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.06.011.
   Google Scholar
• Applin, S.A. 2016. “Deliveries by Drone: Obstacles and Sociability.” In The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives. Information Technology and Law Series, edited by Bart Custers, 71–91. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-132-6_4.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, R. 2014. “Understanding the Drone Epidemic.” Computer Law & Security Review 30 (3): 230–246. doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2014.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DJI. 2021. “Fly Safe Geo Zone Map.” DJI Official. https://www.dji.com/flysafe/geo-map.
   Google Scholar
• Dronesafe. 2019b. “European Union Aviation Safety Agency - Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947 of 24 May 2019 on the Rules and Procedures for the Operation of Unmanned Aircraft (Text with EEA Relevance.).” Official Journal of the European Union 152 (June): 45–71. C/2019/3824, L.
   Google Scholar
• Dronesafe. 2021. “Airport and Other Airfield Restrictions.” https://dronesafe.uk/restrictions/.
   Google Scholar
• EASA. 2019a. “European Union Aviation Safety Agency - Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/945 of 12 March 2019 on Unmanned Aircraft Systems and on Third-Country Operators of Unmanned Aircraft Systems.” Official Journal of the European Union 152 (June): 1–40. C/2019/1821, L.
   Google Scholar
• Elias, B. 2016. “Unmanned Aircraft Operations in Domestic Airspace: U.S. Policy Perspectives and the Regulatory Landscape.” Congressional Research Service No. R44352 (January): 29.
   Google Scholar
• Engberts, B., and E. Gillissen. 2016. “Policing from Above: Drone Use by the Police.” In The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives. Information Technology and Law Series, edited by Bart Custers, 93–113. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-132-6_5.
   Google Scholar
• Engberts, B., and E. Gillissen 2020. “Federal Aviation Administration - Fact Sheet – Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Regulations (Part 107).” https://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=22615.
   Google Scholar
• Engberts, B., and E. Gillissen 2021a. “Federal Aviation Administration - B4UFLY Mobile App.” https://www.faa.gov/uas/recreational_fliers/where_can_i_fly/b4ufly/.
   Google Scholar
• Engberts, B., and E. Gillissen 2021b. “Federal Aviation Administration - FOIA Library.” https://www.faa.gov/foia/electronic_reading_room/.
   Google Scholar
• Engberts, B., and E. Gillissen 2021c. “Federal Aviation Administration - Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft.” Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/15/2020-28948/remote-identification-of-unmanned-aircraft.
   Google Scholar
• Engberts, B., and E. Gillissen 2021d. “Federal Aviation Administration - UAS Facility Map.” https://faa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=9c2e4406710048e19806ebf6a06754ad.
   Google Scholar
• Engberts, B., and E. Gillissen. 2021e. “Federal Aviation Administration - UAS Remote Identification Overview.” https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/remote_id/.
   Google Scholar
• Engberts, B., and E. Gillissen. 2021f. “Federal Aviation Administration- Recreational Flyers & Modeler Community-Based Organizations.” https://www.faa.gov/uas/recreational_fliers/.
   Google Scholar
• FAA. 2019. “Federal Aviation Administration - UAS Open Data Site.” https://services6.arcgis.com/ssFJjBXIUyZDrSYZ/ArcGIS/rest/services.
   Google Scholar
• Farber, H.B. 2014. “Eyes in the Sky: Constitutional and Regulatory Approaches to Domestic Drone Deployment.” Syracuse Law Review 64 (1). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2350421.
   Google Scholar
• FDEP. 2019. “Florida Department of Environmental Protection Geospatial Open Data | Florida State Parks Boundaries.” https://geodata.dep.state.fl.us/datasets/FDEP::florida-state-parks-boundaries/about.
   Google Scholar
• FGDL. 2021. “Florida Geographic Data Library | Zip Code Areas (Five-digit) in Florida - 2012.” https://www.fgdl.org/metadata/fgdl_html/zipbnd_2012.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Géoportail. 2021. https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/donnees/restrictions-uas-categorie-ouverte-et-aeromodelisme.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, T., I. Rasheed, N. Toorchi, and F. Hu. 2021. “UAV Secutiry Threats, Requirements and Solutions.” In UAV Swarm Networks: Models, Protocols, and Systems, edited by F Hu, D Ou, and X.-l Huang, 193–205. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goodchild, M.F. 2007. “Citizens as Voluntary Sensors: Spatial Data Infrastructure in the World of Web 2.0.” International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research 2 (2): 24–32.
   Google Scholar
• Heipke, C. 2010. “Crowdsourcing Geospatial Data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 65 (6): 550–557. ISPRS Centenary Celebration Issue. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2010.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann, M.M. 2017. “A Comparison of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Regulations in the United States and Europe.” In 53rdASC Annual International Conference. Seattle, Washington: Associated Schools of Construction.
   Google Scholar
• HIFLD. 2021. “Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data (HIFLD).” https://gii.dhs.gov/hifld/.
   Google Scholar
• Hochmair, H.H., and D. Zielstra. 2015. “Analysing User Contribution Patterns of Drone Pictures to the Dronestagram Photo Sharing Portal.” Journal of Spatial Science 60 (1): 79–98. doi:10.1080/14498596.2015.969340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttunen, M. 2019. “Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Security: The European Approach.” Journal of Transportation Security 12 (3): 83–101. doi:10.1007/s12198-019-00203-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhász, L., and H.H. Hochmair. 2019. “Comparing the Spatial and Temporal Activity Patterns between Snapchat, Twitter and Flickr in Florida.” GI_Forum 7 (1): 134–147. doi:10.1553/giscience2019_01_s134.
   Google Scholar
• Juhász, L., A. Rousell, and J.J. Arsanjani. 2016. “Technical Guidelines to Extract and Analyze VGI from Different Platforms.” Data 1 (3): 15. doi:10.3390/data1030015.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., and I. Moon. 2019. “Traveling Salesman Problem with a Drone Station.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 49 (1): 42–52. doi:10.1109/TSMC.2018.2867496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykou, G., D. Moustakas, and D. Gritzalis. 2020. “Defending Airports from UAS: A Survey on Cyber-Attacks and Counter-Drone Sensing Technologies.” Sensors 20 (12): 3537. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. doi:10.3390/s20123537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandourah, A., and H.H. Hochmair. 2021. “Comparison of Spatiotemporal Contribution Patterns among Three Crowd-Sourcing Drone Platforms.” Journal of Location Based Services 15 (4): 280–304. doi:10.1080/17489725.2021.1889057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, L. 2016. “The Humanitarian Drone and the Borders: Unveiling the Rationales Underlying the Deployment of Drones in Border Surveillance.” In The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives. Information Technology and Law Series, edited by Bart Custers, 115–132. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-132-6_6.
   Google Scholar
• Martini, T., M. Lynch, A. Weaver, and T. Vuuren. 2016. “The Humanitarian Use of Drones as an Emerging Technology for Emerging Needs.” In The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives. Information Technology and Law Series, edited by Bart Custers, 133–152. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-132-6_7.
   Google Scholar
• McHugh, M.L. 2013. “The Chi-Square Test of Independence.” Biochemia Medica 23 (2): 143–149. doi:10.11613/BM.2013.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae, J.N., C.J. Gay, B.M. Nielsen, and A.P. Hunt. 2019. “Using an Unmanned Aircraft System (Drone) to Conduct A Complex High Altitude Search and Rescue Operation: A Case Study.” Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 30 (3): 287–290. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2019.03.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelides-Mateou, S. 2016. “Terrorism and National Security.” In The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives. Information Technology and Law Series, edited by Bart Custers, 153–170. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-132-6_8.
   Google Scholar
• NATS. 2021. “UAS Airspace Restrictions.” http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/public/index.php%3Foption=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=255&Itemid=466.html.
   Google Scholar
• Natural Earth. 2021. https://www.naturalearthdata.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Network Rail. 2021. “Drone Safety and the Law.” https://www.networkrail.co.uk/communities/safety-in-the-community/drone-safety-and-the-law/.
   Google Scholar
• Paulus, G., T. Preduschnig, K. Anders, K. Gäbler, F. Glatzl, G. Lippitsch, and K. Wagner. 2017. “Drone Zone Austria ‒ Design of a Web Portal for Safe Drone Mission Planning in Austria.” AGIT Journal 3: 163–165.
   Google Scholar
• Primatesta, S., A. Rizzo, and A. Cour-Harbo. 2020. “Ground Risk Map for Unmanned Aircraft in Urban Environments.” Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 97 (3): 489–509. doi:10.1007/s10846-019-01015-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyrgies, J. 2019. “The UAVs Threat to Airport Security: Risk Analysis and Mitigation.” Journal of Airline and Airport Management 9 (2): 63–96. doi:10.3926/jairm.127.
   Google Scholar
• Radoglou-Grammatikis, P., P. Sarigiannidis, T. Lagkas, and I. Moscholios. 2020. “A Compilation of UAV Applications for Precision Agriculture.” Computer Networks 172 (May): 107148. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107148.
   Google Scholar
• Saif, A., K. Dimyati, K.A. Noordin, N.S.M. Shah, S.H. Alsamhi, and Q. Abdullah. 2021. “Energy-Efficient Tethered UAV Deployment in B5G for Smart Environments and Disaster Recovery.” In 2021 1st International Conference on Emerging Smart Technologies and Applications (ESmarTA), 1–5. Sana’a, Yemen: IEEE. doi:10.1109/eSmarTA52612.2021.9515754.
   Google Scholar
• SEDAC. 2021. “Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center | SEDAC.” https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/.
   Google Scholar
• Snead, J., and J. Seibler. 2016. “The FAA Drone Registry: A Two-Month Crash Course in How to Overcriminalize Innovation.” The Heritage Foundation 4525 (March) https://www.heritage.org/crime-and-justice/report/the-faa-drone-registry-two-month-crash-course-how-overcriminalize
   Google Scholar
• Solodov, A., A. Williams, S. Al Hanaei, and B. Goddard. 2018. “Analyzing the Threat of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to Nuclear Facilities.” Security Journal 31 (1): 305–324. doi:10.1057/s41284-017-0102-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöcker, C., R. Bennett, F. Nex, M. Gerke, and J. Zevenbergen. 2017. “Review of the Current State of UAV Regulations.” Remote Sensing 9 (5): 459. doi:10.3390/rs9050459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tezza, D., and M. Andujar. 2019. “The State-of-the-Art of Human–Drone Interaction: A Survey.” IEEE Access 7: 167438–167454. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2953900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong, D., and W. Choi. 2020. “Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict the Risk of Small Unmanned Aircraft System Violations in the National Airspace System.” Journal of Air Transport Management 86 (July): 101822. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101822.
   Google Scholar
• UKCAA. 2020. “UK Civil Aviation Authority - CAP2004: Drone Rules: Flying as a Hobby and at a Club.” December 16. https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?appid=11&mode=detail&id=9949.
   Google Scholar
• uMap. 2021. “Restrictions de Vol Pour Drones de Loisir.” https://umap.openstreetmap.fr/fr/map/restrictions-de-vol-pour-drones-de-loisir_321092#12/48.0794/2.3487.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., H.-N. Dai, H. Wang, and -K.-K.R. Choo. 2021. “Blockchain-Based Privacy Preservation for 5G-Enabled Drone Communications.” IEEE Network 35 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1109/MNET.011.2000166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhi, Y., Z. Fu, X. Sun, and J. Yu. 2020. “Security and Privacy Issues of UAV: A Survey.” Mobile Networks and Applications 25 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1007/s11036-018-1193-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielstra, D., and H.H. Hochmair. 2013. “Positional Accuracy Analysis of Flickr and Panoramio Images for Selected World Regions.” Journal of Spatial Science 58 (2): 251–273. doi:10.1080/14498596.2013.801331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwickle, A., H.B. Farber, and J.A. Hamm. 2019. “Comparing Public Concern and Support for Drone Regulation to the Current Legal Framework.” Behavioral Sciences & the Law 37 (1): 109–124. doi:10.1002/bsl.2357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar