83
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A spatiotemporal analysis of lightning in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region

, , &
Pages 99-120 | Received 17 Feb 2021, Accepted 22 Sep 2021, Published online: 01 Dec 2021

References

  • Altaratz, O., I. Koren, L. A. Remer, and E. Hirsch. 2014. “Review: Cloud Invigoration by Aerosols—Coupling between Microphysics and Dynamics.” Atmospheric Research 140–141 (April): 38–60. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.01.009.
  • Andreae, M. O. 2004. “Smoking Rain Clouds Over the Amazon.” Science 303 (5662): 1337–1342. doi:10.1126/science.1092779.
  • Arfanuzzaman, M., and B. Dahiya. 2019. “Sustainable Urbanization in Southeast Asia and Beyond: Challenges of Population Growth, Land Use Change, and Environmental Health.” Growth and Change 50: 725–744. doi:10.1111/grow.12297.
  • Arifwidodo, S. D., and T. Tanaka. 2015. “The Characteristics of Urban Heat Island in Bangkok, Thailand.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195: 423–428. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.484.
  • Arnfield, A. J. 2003. “Two Decades of Urban Climate Research: a Review of Turbulence, Exchanges of Energy and Water, and the Urban Heat Island.” International Journal of Climatology 23 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1002/joc.859.
  • Ashley, W. S., M. L. Bentley, and J. A. Stallins. 2012. “Urban-Induced Thunderstorm Modification in the Southeast United States.” Climatic Change 113 (2): 481–498. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0324-1.
  • Bang, S. D., and E. J. Zipser. 2016. “Seeking Reasons for the Differences in Size Spectra of Electrified Storms Over Land and Ocean.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121 (15): 9048–9068. doi:10.1002/2016JD025150.
  • Bentley, M. L., J. Sae-Jung, S. Kaminski, and P. Kesavawong. 2020. “Documenting the Evolution and Expansion of Surface Urban Heat in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, 2000–2019.” Asian Geographer 37 (2): 171–188. doi:10.1080/10225706.2020.1745251.
  • Bentley, M. L., and J. A. Stallins. 2005. “Climatology of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Georgia, USA, 1992-2003.” International Journal of Climatology 25 (15): 1979–1996. doi:10.1002/joc.1227.
  • Bentley, M. L., J. A. Stallins, and W. S. Ashley. 2012. “Synoptic Environments Favourable for Urban Convection in Atlanta, Georgia.” International Journal of Climatology 32 (8): 1287–1294. doi:10.1002/joc.2344.
  • Blanchard, D. O. 1998. “Assessing the Vertical Distribution of Convective Available Potential Energy.” Weather and Forecasting 13 (3): 870–877. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0870:ATVDOC>2.0.CO;2.
  • Carrió, G. G., W. R. Cotton, and W. Y. Y. Cheng. 2010. “Urban Growth and Aerosol Effects on Convection Over Houston.” Atmospheric Research 96 (4): 560–574. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.01.005.
  • Chen, Y., A. D. Del Genio, and J. Chen. 2007. “The Tropical Atmospheric El Niño Signal in Satellite Precipitation Data and a Global Climate Model.” Journal of Climate 20 (14): 3580–3601. doi:10.1175/JCLI4208.1.
  • Craven, J. P., and H. E. Brooks. 2004. “Baseline Climatology of Sounding Derived Parameters Associated with Deep Moist Convection.” Natl. Wea. Dig 28: 13–24.
  • Davies, K. 1990. Ionospheric Radio. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, Michael Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage SG1 2AY, UK: IET. doi:10.1049/PBEW031E.
  • Dewan, A., E. T. Ongee, M. Rafiuddin, M. M. Rahman, and R. Mahmood. 2017. “Lightning Activity Associated with Precipitation and CAPE Over Bangladesh.” International Journal of Climatology 38 (4): 1649–1660. doi:10.1002/joc.5286.
  • Dewan, A., E. T. Ongee, M. M. Rahman, R. Mahmood, and Y. Yamane. 2018. “Spatial and Temporal Analysis of a 17-Year Lightning Climatology Over Bangladesh with LIS Data.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 134: 347–362. doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2278-3.
  • Diem, J. E., M. A. Hursey, I. R. Morris, A. C. Murray, and R. A. Rodriguez. 2010. “Upper-Level Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Ground-Level Ozone in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area.” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49 (11): 2185–2196. doi:10.1175/2010JAMC2454.1.
  • Dixon, P. G., and T. L. Mote. 2003. “Patterns and Causes of Atlanta’s Urban Heat Island–Initiated Precipitation.” Journal of Applied Meteorology 42 (9): 1273–1284. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1273:PACOAU>2.0.CO;2.
  • Emanuel, K. A. 1994. Atmospheric Convection. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Fan, J., L. R. Leung, D. Rosenfeld, Q. Chen, Z. Li, J. Zhang, and H. Yan. 2013. “Microphysical Effects Determine Macrophysical Response for Aerosol Impacts on Deep Convective Clouds.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (48): E4581–E4590. doi:10.1073/pnas.1316830110.
  • Fan, F., M. E. Mann, and C. M. Ammann. 2009. “Understanding Changes in the Asian Summer Monsoon Over the Past Millennium: Insights from a Long-Term Coupled Model Simulation.” Journal of Climate 22 (7): 1736–1748. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2336.1.
  • Fuchs, B. R., S. A. Rutledge, E. C. Bruning, J. R. Pierce, J. K. Kodros, T. J. Lang, D. R. MacGorman, P. R. Krehbiel, and W. Rison. 2015. “Environmental Controls on Storm Intensity and Charge Structure in Multiple Regions of the Continental United States.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120 (13): 6575–6596. doi:10.1002/2015JD023271.
  • Gauthier, M. L., W. A. Petersen, and L. D. Carey. 2010. “Cell Mergers and Their Impact on Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Over the Houston Area.” Atmospheric Research 96 (4): 626–632. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.02.010.
  • Holle, R. L., A. Dewan, R. Said, W. A. Brooks, M. F. Hossain, and M. Rafiuddin. 2019. “Fatalities Related to Lightning Occurrence and Agriculture in Bangladesh.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 41: 101264. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101264.
  • Holle, R. L., and M. J. Murphy. 2017. “Lightning Over Three Large Tropical Lakes and the Strait of Malacca: Exploratory Analyses.” Monthly Weather Review 145 (11): 4559–4573. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-17-0010.1.
  • Holle, R. L., R. Said, and M. Scott. 2017. “Global Lightning Variations: Lightning for Each Continent Through the Year.” Meteorological Technology International, September, 139–140.
  • Igel, M. R., and S. C. van den Heever. 2015. “Tropical, Oceanic, Deep Convective Cloud Morphology as Observed by CloudSat.” Preprint. Clouds and Precipitation/Remote Sensing/Troposphere/Physics (physical properties and processes). doi:10.5194/acpd-15-15977-2015.
  • Kar, J., C. T. McElroy, J. R. Drummond, J. Zou, F. Nichitiu, K. A. Walker, C. E. Randall, et al. 2007. “Initial Comparison of Ozone and NO2 Profiles from ACE-MAESTRO with Balloon and Satellite Data.” Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (D16): D16301. doi:10.1029/2006JD008242.
  • Keim, B. D., M. R. Fischer, and A. M. Wilson. 2005. “Are There Spurious Precipitation Trends in the United States Climate Division Database?” Geophysical Research Letters 32 (4), doi:10.1029/2004GL021985.
  • Khain, A. P., N. BenMoshe, and A. Pokrovsky. 2008. “Factors Determining the Impact of Aerosols on Surface Precipitation from Clouds: An Attempt at Classification.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65 (6): 1721–1748. doi:10.1175/2007JAS2515.1.
  • Khain, A., D. Rosenfeld, and A. Pokrovsky. 2005. “Aerosol Impact on the Dynamics and Microphysics of Deep Convective Clouds.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 131 (611): 2639–2663. doi:10.1256/qj.04.62.
  • Klongvessa, P., and S. Chotpantarat. 2014. “Flood Mitigation Due to Extreme Rainfall Events in the Inner Bangkok, Thailand.” Natural Hazards 73 (3): 1957–1975. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1176-6.
  • Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel. 2006. “World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
  • Limjirakan, S., A. Limsakul, and T. Sriburi. 2010. “Trends in Temperature and Rainfall Extreme Changes in Bangkok Metropolitan Area.” Applied Environmental Research 32 (1): 31–48.
  • Mallick, S., V. A. Rakov, T. Ngin, W. R. Gamerota, J. T. Pilkey, J. D. Hill, M. A. Uman, D. M. Jordan, A. Nag, and R. K. Said. 2014. “Evaluation of the GLD360 Performance Characteristics Using Rocket-and-Wire Triggered Lightning Data.” Geophysical Research Letters 41 (10): 3636–3642. doi:10.1002/2014GL059920.
  • Morales Rodriguez, C. A., Rosmeri P. da Rocha, and R. Bombardi. 2010. “On the Development of Summer Thunderstorms in the City of São Paulo: Mean Meteorological Characteristics and Pollution Effect.” Atmospheric Research 96 (2–3): 477–488. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.02.007.
  • Naccarato, K. P., O. Pinto, and I. R. C. A. Pinto. 2003. “Evidence of Thermal and Aerosol Effects on the Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Density and Polarity Over Large Urban Areas of Southeastern Brazil.” Geophysical Research Letters 30 (13), doi:10.1029/2003GL017496.
  • Niyogi, D., R. A. Pielke, Sr., J. Adegoke, H. I. Chang, T. Chase, E. Douglas, M. Gupte, et al. 2006. “Considering the Role of Aerosols and Land-Atmosphere Interactions Related to Agriculture and Urbanization in Climate Studies.” American Association of Geographers Annual Meeting, Chicago, March 2006.
  • Oke, T. R. 1982. “The Energetic Basis of Urban Heat Island.” Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 108 (455): 1–24. doi:10.1002/qj.49710845502.
  • Oke, T. R., and F. G. Hannel. 1970. “The Form of the Urban Heat Island in Hamilton, Canada.” WMO Tech. Note No. 108, WMO No. 254 TP 141: 113–126.
  • Orville, E., G. Huffines, J. Nielsen-Gammon, R. Zhang, B. Ely, S. Steiger, S. Phillips, S. Allen, and W. Read. 2001. “Enhancement of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Over Houston, Texas.” Geophysical Research Letters 28 (13): 2597–2600. doi:10.1029/2001GL012990.
  • Pinto, O., M. M. F. Saba, I. R. C. A. Pinto, F. S. S. Tavares, K. P. Naccarato, N. N. Solorzano, M. J. Taylor, P. D. Pautet, and R. H. Holzworth. 2004. “Thunderstorm and Lightning Characteristics Associated with Sprites in Brazil.” Geophysical Research Letters 31 (13): n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2004GL020264.
  • Poelman, D. R., W. Schulz, and C. Vergeiner. 2013. “Performance Characteristics of Distinct Lightning Detection Networks Covering Belgium.” Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30 (5): 942–951. doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00162.1.
  • Power, H. C. 2003. “The Geography and Climatology of Aerosols.” Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 27 (4): 502–547. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp393ra.
  • Power, H. C., S. C. Sheridan, and J. C. Senkbeil. 2006. “Synoptic Climatological Influences on the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Aerosols Over North America.” International Journal of Climatology 26 (6): 723–741. doi:10.1002/joc.1277.
  • Qie, K., X. Qie, and W. Tian. 2021. “Increasing Trend of Lightning Activity in the South Asia Region.” Science Bulletin 66 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.033.
  • Rose, L. S., J. A. Stallins, and M. L. Bentley. 2008. “Concurrent Cloud-to-Ground Lightning and Precipitation Enhancement in the Atlanta, Georgia (United States), Urban Region.” Earth Interactions 12 (11): 1–30. doi:10.1175/2008EI265.1.
  • Rosenfeld, D., U. Lohmann, G. B. Raga, C. D. O’Dowd, M. Kulmala, S. Fuzzi, A. Reissell, and M. O. Andreae. 2008. “Flood or Drought: How Do Aerosols Affect Precipitation?” Science 321 (5894): 1309–1313. doi:10.1126/science.1160606.
  • Rosenfeld, D., O. Meinrat, A. A. Andreae, C. Mian, G. deLeeuw, D. P. Donovan, R. Kahn, et al. 2014. “Global Observations of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation-Climate Interactions: Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions.” Reviews of Geophysics 52 (4): 750–808. doi:10.1002/2013RG000441.
  • Said, R. K., M. B. Cohen, and U. S. Inan. 2013. “Highly Intense Lightning Over the Oceans: Estimated Peak Currents from Global GLD360 Observations.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118 (13): 6905–6915. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50508.
  • Said, R. K., U. S. Inan, and K. L. Cummins. 2010. “Long-Range Lightning Geolocation Using a VLF Radio Atmospheric Waveform Bank.” Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (D23): D23108. doi:10.1029/2010JD013863.
  • Said, R. K., and Martin J. Murphy. 2016. "GLD360 Upgrade: Performance Analysis and Applications." Extended Abstracts, 24th Int. Lightning Detection Conf. and Sixth Int. Lightning Meteorology Conf., San Diego, CA, Vaisala, 8 pp. http://www.vaisala.com/en/events/ildcilmc/archive/Pages/ILDCILMC-2016-Archive.aspx.
  • Sheridan, S. C., H. C. Power, and J. C. Senkbeil. 2008. “A Further Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Variability in Aerosols Across North America: Incorporation of Lower Tropospheric (850-hPa) Flow.” International Journal of Climatology 28 (9): 1189–1199. doi:10.1002/joc.1628.
  • Small, C., D. Sousa, G. Yetman, C. Elvidge, and K. MacManus. 2018. “Decades of Urban Growth and Development on the Asian Megadeltas.” Global and Planetary Change 165: 62–89. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.03.005.
  • Stallins, J. A., M. L. Bentley, and L. S. Rose. 2006. “Cloud-to-Ground Flash Patterns for Atlanta, Georgia (USA) from 1992 to 2003.” Climate Research 30: 99–112. doi:10.3354/cr030099.
  • Stallins, J. A., J. Carpenter, M. L. Bentley, W. S. Ashley, and J. A. Mulholland. 2013. “Weekend–Weekday Aerosols and Geographic Variability in Cloud-to-Ground Lightning for the Urban Region of Atlanta, Georgia, USA.” Regional Environmental Change 13 (1): 137–151. doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0327-0.
  • Stone, B., J. J. Hess, and H. Frumkin. 2010. “Urban Form and Extreme Heat Events: Are Sprawling Cities More Vulnerable to Climate Change Than Compact Cities?” Environmental Health Perspectives 118: 1425–1428. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901879.
  • Stone, Jr., B., and J. Norman. 2006. “Land Use Planning and Surface Heat Island Formation: A Parcel-Based Radiation Flux Approach.” Atmospheric Environment 40: 3561–3573. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.015.
  • Tao, W., J. Chen, Z. Li, C. Wang, and C. Zhang. 2012. “Impact of Aerosols on Convective Clouds and Precipitation.” Reviews of Geophysics 50 (2), doi:10.1029/2011RG000369.
  • van den Heever, S. C., G. G. Carrió, W. R. Cotton, P. J. DeMott, and A. J. Prenni. 2006. “Impacts of Nucleating Aerosol on Florida Storms. Part I: Mesoscale Simulations.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63 (7): 1752–1775. doi:10.1175/JAS3713.1.
  • van den Heever, S. C., and W. R. Cotton. 2007. “Urban Aerosol Impacts on Downwind Convective Storms.” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46: 828–850. doi:10.1175/JAM2492.1.
  • van den Heever, S. C., G. L. Stephens, and N. B. Wood. 2011. “Aerosol Indirect Effects on Tropical Convection Characteristics Under Conditions of Radiative–Convective Equilibrium.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68 (4): 699–718. doi:10.1175/2010JAS3603.1.
  • Vichit-Vadakan, N., N. Vajanapoom, and B. Ostro. 2008. “The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Project: Estimating the Mortality Effects of Particulate Matter in Bangkok, Thailand.” Environmental Health Perspectives 116 (9): 1179–1182. doi:10.1289/ehp.10849.
  • Voogt, J. A. 2004. “Urban Heat Islands: Hotter Cities.” 17 July, 2016. https://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html.
  • Voogt, J., and T. R. Oke. 2003. “Thermal Remote Sensing of Urban Climates.” Remote Sensing of the Environment 86: 370–384. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00079-8.
  • Wang, J., S. C. van den Heever, and J. S. Reid. 2009. “A Conceptual Model for the Link between Central American Biomass Burning Aerosols and Severe Weather Over the South Central United States.” Environmental Research Letters 4 (1): 015003. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/015003.
  • Westcott, N. E. 1995. “Summertime Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity Around Major Midwestern Urban Areas.” Journal of Applied Meteorology 34 (7): 1633–1642. doi:10.1175/1520-0450-34.7.1633.
  • Williams, E., V. Mushtak, D. Rosenfeld, S. Goodman, and D. Boccippio. 2005. “Thermodynamic Conditions Favorable to Superlative Thunderstorm Updraft, Mixed Phase Microphysics and Lightning Flash Rate.” Atmospheric Research 76 (1–4): 288–306. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.11.009.
  • Wu, F., X. Cui, D. Zhang, D. Liu, and D. Zheng. 2016. “SAFIR-3000 Lightning Statistics Over the Beijing Metropolitan Region During 2005–07.” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55 (12): 2613–2633. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0030.1.
  • Yair, Y. 2018. “Lightning Hazards to Human Societies in a Changing Climate.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (12): 123002. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaea86.
  • Zheng, D., Y. Zhang, Q. Meng, L. Chen, and J. Dan. 2016. “Climatological Comparison of Small- and Large-Current Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes Over Southern China.” Journal of Climate 29 (8): 2831–2848. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0386.1.
  • Zipser, E. J. 2003. “Some Views On ‘Hot Towers’ After 50 Years of Tropical Field Programs and Two Years of TRMM Data.” In Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), edited by Wei-Kuo Tao, and Robert Adler, 49–58. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1007/978-1-878220-63-9_5.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.