Climate change, neoauthoritarianism, necropolitics, and state failure: the Duterte regime in the Philippines

References

• Abinales, P. N., and D. J. Amoroso. 2017. State and Society in the Philippines. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Adano, W. R., T. Dietz, K. Witsenburg, and F. Zaal. 2012. “Climate Change, Violent Conflict, and Local Institutions in Kenya’s Drylands.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 65–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aliyev, H. 2017. “Precipitating State Failure: Do Civil Wars and Violent Non-State Actors Create Failed States?” Third World Quarterly 38 (9): 1973–1989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baybay, C. S., and R. Hindmarsh. 2019. “Resilience in the Philippines Through Effective Community Engagement.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 34 (1): 65–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A., K. Alinon, H. Buhaug, and J. T. Buseth. 2012. “Does Climate Change Drive Land-Use Conflicts in the Sahel?” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 97–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broad, R., and J. Cavanagh. 2009. Development Redefined: How the Market Met Its Match. London: Paradigm Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Broad, R., and J. Cavanagh. 2011. “Reframing Development in the Age of Vulnerability: From Case Studies of the Philippines and Trinidad to New Measures of Rootedness.” Third World Quarterly 32 (6): 1127–1145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby, J. W. 2021. “Beyond Internal Conflict: The Emergent Practice of Climate Security.” Journal of Peace Research 58 (1): 186–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, C. K., and S. Gates. 2012. “African Range Wars: Climate, Conflict, and Property Rights.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 23–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, W., Simon Borlace, Matthieu Lengaigne, Peter van Rensch, Mat Collins, Gabriel Vecchi, Axel Timmermann, et al. 2014. “Increasing Frequency of Extreme El Niño Events Due to Greenhouse Warming.” Nature Climate Change 4: 111–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Intelligence Agency. 2021. The World Factbook 2021. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed April 13, 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/.
   Google Scholar
• Constantino, R. 1975. The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Quezon City: Tala Publishing Service.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, B. I. 2019. Drought: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Detges, A. 2017. Climate and Conflict: Reviewing the Statistical Evidence: A Summary for Policymakers. Berlin: Adelphi.
   Google Scholar
• Dressler, W. 2021. “Defending Lands and Forests: NGO Histories, Everyday Struggles, and Extraordinary Violence in the Philippines.” Critical Asian Studies 53 (3): 380–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englehart, N. A. 2007. “Governments against States: The Political Logic of Self-Destructive Despotism.” International Political Science Review 28 (2): 133–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englehart, N. A. 2017. Sovereignty, State Failure, and Human Rights: Petty Despots and Exemplary Villains. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Francia, L. H. 2010. A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos. New York: The Overlook Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fund for Peace. 2020. Fragile States Index Annual Report 2020. Washington: Fund for Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Gaillard, J. C., C. C. Liamzon, and J. D. Villanueva. 2007. “‘Natural’ Disaster? A Retrospect Into the Causes of the Late-2004 Typhoon Disaster in Eastern Luzon, Philippines.” Environmental Hazards 7 (4): 257–270.
   Google Scholar
• Galtung, J. 1969. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 6 (3): 167–191.
   Google Scholar
• George, J. 2018. “State Failure and Transnational Terrorism: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62 (3): 471–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gera, W. 2016. “Public Participation in Environmental Governance in the Philippines: The Challenge of Consolidation in Engaging the State.” Land Use Policy 52: 501–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Witness. 2015. How Many More? 2014s Deadly Environment: The Killing and Intimidation of Environmental and Land Activists, with a Spotlight on Honduras. London: Global Witness.
   Google Scholar
• Global Witness. 2016. On Dangerous Ground. 2015s Deadly Environment: The Killing and Criminalization of Land and Environmental Defenders Worldwide. London: Global Witness.
   Google Scholar
• Global Witness. 2017. Defenders of the Earth: Global Killings of Land and Environmental Defenders in 2016. London: Global Witness.
   Google Scholar
• Global Witness. 2018. At What Cost? Irresponsible Business and the Murder of Land and Environmental Defenders in 2017. London: Global Witness.
   Google Scholar
• Global Witness. 2019a. Enemies of the State: How Governments and Business Silence Land and Environmental Defenders. London: Global Witness.
   Google Scholar
• Global Witness. 2019b. Defending the Philippines: How Broken Promises are Leaving Land and Environmental Defenders at the Mercy of Business at All Costs. London: Global Witness.
   Google Scholar
• Global Witness. 2020. Defending Tomorrow: The Climate Crisis and Threats Against Land and Environmental Defenders. London: Global Witness.
   Google Scholar
• Global Witness. 2021. Last Line of Defense: The Industries Causing the Climate Crisis and Attacks Against Land and Environmental Defenders. London: Global Witness.
   Google Scholar
• Grosvenor. 2014. Resilient Cities: A Grosvenor Research Report. San Francisco: Grosvenor.
   Google Scholar
• Guevarra, A. N., and M. Arcilla. 2020. “The Source of Actual Terror: The Philippine Macho-Facsist Duterte.” Feminist Studies 46 (2): 489–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, K. 2017. The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Helman, G. B., and S. R. Ratner. 1992. “Saving Failed States.” Foreign Policy 89: 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, J. T. 1994. “Small Wars.” In The War of 1898 and US Interventions 1898-1934: An Encyclopedia, edited by B. R. Beede, 511–515. New York: Garland Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, W. N. 2018. “Typhoons, Climate Change, and Climate Injustice in the Philippines.” Austrian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 11 (1): 117–139.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, W. N. 2019. “Endogenous Exacerbation of an Exogenous Problem: Climate Change, Environmental Degradation, and Unsustainable Development Practices in the Philippines.” Asian Geographer 36 (1): 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, W. N. 2020. “The Role of Geography in Counterinsurgency Warfare: The Philippine American War, 1899-1902.” Geojournal 85 (4): 423–437.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, W. N. 2021. President Rodrigo Duterte and the War on Drugs: Fear and Loathing in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, W. N., and R. D. Jacobson. 2012. Mining and Natural Hazard Vulnerability in the Philippines: Digging to Development or Digging to Disaster? London: Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, W. N., and K. M. Nadeau. 2020. “Catholic Responses to Peacebuilding, Climate Change, and Extractive Industries.” Budhi: A Journal of Ideas and Culture 24 (2): 85–130.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Economics and Peace. 2020. Global Peace Index 2020: Measuring Peace in a Complex World. Sydney: Institute for Economics and Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. T., and J. Fernquest. 2018. “Governing Through Killing: The War on Drugs in the Philippines.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 5: 359–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E., J. Dinco, L. Suamen, M. Haynes, and T. Papsch. 2017. “The Impact of Securitisation on Marginalised Groups in the Asia Pacific: Humanising the Threats to Security in Cases from the Philippines, Indonesia and China.” Global Campus Human Rights Journal 1 (2): 414–434.
   Google Scholar
• King, A. D., G. J. Van Oldenborgh, and D. J. Karoly. 2016. “Climate Change and El Nino Increase Likelihood of Indonesian Heat and Drought.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 (12): S113–S117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, D. 2005. Philippines in Crisis: US Power Versus Local Revolt. Manila: Anvil Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, N. 2007. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Kreft, S., D. Eckstein, L. Dorsch, and L. Fischer. 2016. Global Climate Risk Index 2016. Bonn: Germanwatch.
   Google Scholar
• Kusaka, W. 2017. Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy, and the Urban Poor. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, P. B., Philippe Le Billon, Mary Menton, José Aylwin, Jörg Balsiger, David Boyd, Michel Forst, et al. 2021. “Understanding and Responding to the Environmental Human Rights Defenders Crisis: The Case for Conservation Action.” Conservation Letters 14 (3): 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Billon, P., and M. Menton. 2021. “Introduction.” In Environmental Defenders: Deadly Struggles for Life and Territory, edited by M. Menton, and P. Le Billon, 1–10. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Linn, B. M. 2000. The Philippine War: 1899-1902. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mbembe, J. 2003. “Necropolitics.” Public Culture 15 (1): 11–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza, R. U., R. J. G. Ong, D. L. L. Romano, and B. C. P. Torno. 2021. Perspectives on Terrorism 15 (1): 49–64.
   Google Scholar
• Menton, M., G. Navas, and P. Le Billon. 2021. “Atmospheres of Violence.” In Environmental Defenders: Deadly Struggles for Life and Territory, edited by M. Menton, and P. Le Billon, 51–63. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Milanovic, B. 2016. Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nadeau, K. 2005. “Christians Against Globalization in the Philippines.” Urban Anthropology 34 (4): 317–339.
   Google Scholar
• Parenti, C. 2011. Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence. New York: Nation Books.
   Google Scholar
• Puente, B. 2020. “Muzzling the Media: The Perils of the Critical Press in the Philippines.” Media Asia 47 (1-2): 81–82.
   Google Scholar
• Reglime, S. S. F. 2021. “Visions of Peace Amidst a Human Rights Crisis: War on Drugs in Colombia and the Philippines.” Journal of Global Security Studies 6 (2): 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohling, E. J. 2017. The Oceans: A Deep History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg, R. I. 2002. “The New Nature of Nation-State Failure.” The Washington Quarterly 25 (3): 83–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruland, J. 2021. “Democratic Backsliding, Regional Governance, and Foreign Policymaking in Southeast Asia: ASEAN, Indonesia and the Philippines.” Democratization 28 (1): 237–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed, R. 2020. “The Ubiquity of State Fragility: Fault Lines in the Categorisation and Conceptualisation of Failed and Fragile States.” Social & Legal Studies 29 (6): 767–789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salifu, A. R. Z., E. T. Lawson, and C. Wrigley-Asante. 2021. “Responses to Water Scarcity Considering Social Determinants: Groundnut Farmers in the Lawra and Nandom Districts, Ghana.” In Towards Water Secure Societies: Coping with Water Scarcity and Quality Challenges, edited by L. Ribbe, A. Haarstrick, M. Babel, S. Dehnavi, and H. K. Biesalski, 109–123. Cologne: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Teehankee, J. C. 2016. “Weak State, Strong Presidents: Situating the Duterte Presidency in Philippine Political Time.” Journal of Developing Societies 32 (3): 293–321.
   Google Scholar
• Theriault, N. 2020. “Euphemisms We Die By: On Eco-Anxiety, Necropolitics, and Green Authoritarianism in the Philippines.” In Beyond Populism: Angry Politics and the Twilight of Neoliberalism, edited by J. Maskovsky, and S. Bjork-James, 182–205. Morgantown: University of West Virginia Press.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Program. 2016. Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone. New York: United Nations Development Program.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace-Wells, D. 2019. The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming. New York: Tim Duggan Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner, B., P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis. 2004. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar