Energy as a geopolitical battleground in Sri Lanka

References

• Acharya, A. 2014. “Post-Hegemonic Multilateralism.” In International Organization and Global Governance, edited by T. Weiss, and R. Wilkinson, 192–204. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Akiner, S. 2004. The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security (Central Asia Research Forum). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Amarawickrama, H., and L. Hunt. 2005. “Review of Sri Lankan Electricity Supply Industry: A Critique of Proposed Reforms.” The Journal of Energy and Development 30 (2): 239–278.
   Google Scholar
• Amineh, M. 2007. The Greater Middle East in Global Politics: Social Science Perspectives on the Changing Geography of the World Politics. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Ansari, D., and F. Holz. 2020. “Between Stranded Assets and Green Transformation: Fossil-Fuel-Producing Developing Countries Towards 2055.” World Development 130: 104947. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104947.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2015. Assessment of Power Sector Reforms in Sri Lanka, Country Report. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2017. 100% Electricity Generation Through Renewable Energy by 2050: Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Power Sector. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank and United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Balachandran, P. K. 2016. India Likely To Set Up LNG Fueled Power Plant in Western Lanka. New Indian Express, July 18. https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2016/jul/18/India-Likely-To-Set-Up-LNG-Fuelled-Power-Plant-in-Western-Lanka-882192.html.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, M., and R. Duvall. 2010. Power in Global Governance. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bazilian, M., M. Bradshaw, J. Gabriel, A. Goldthau, and K. Westphal. 2019. “Four Scenarios of the Energy Transition: Drivers, Consequences, and Implications for Geopolitics.” WIREs Climate Change 11 (2): 1–7. doi:10.1002/wcc.625.
   Google Scholar
• Blondeel, M., M. J. Bradshaw, G. Bridge, and C. Kuzemko. 2021. “The Geopolitics of Energy System Transformation: A Review.” Geography Compass 15 (7): 1–22. doi:10.1111/gec3.12580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridge, G., and L. Gailing. 2020. “New Energy Spaces: Towards a Geographical Political Economy of Energy Transition.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52 (6): 1037–1050. doi:10.1177/0308518(20939570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullion, A. 1994. “The Indian Peace-Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.” International Peacekeeping 1 (2): 148–159. doi:10.1080/13533319408413499.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, M. J., and J. C. Stephens. 2018. “Political Power and Renewable Energy Futures: A Critical Review.” Energy Research & Social Science 35 (January): 78–93. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.018.
   Google Scholar
• Castellacci, F. 2011. “Closing the Technology Gap?” Review of Development Economics 15 (1): 180–197. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2010.00601.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB). 2014. Long Term Generation Expansion Plan 2015-2034. Colombo: CEB.
   Google Scholar
• Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB). 2017. Long Term Generation Expansion Plan 2018-2037. Colombo: CEB.
   Google Scholar
• Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB). 2019. Long Term Generation Expansion Plan 2020-2039 (DRAFT). Colombo: CEB.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., and A. Li. 2021. “Global Green New Deal: A Global South Perspective.” The Economic and Labour Relations Review 32 (2): 170–189. doi:10.1177/10353046211015765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chon, M., P. Roffe, and A. Abdel-Latif. 2018. The Cambridge Handbook of Public-Private Partnerships, Intellectual Property Governance, and Sustainable Development (Cambridge Law Handbooks). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clapp, J. 1998. “Foreign Direct Investment in Hazardous Industries in Developing Countries: Rethinking the Debate.” Environmental Politics 7 (4): 92–113. doi: 10.1080/09644019808414424.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, H. L., J. Greenwood, and J. M. Sanchez. 2016. “Why Doesn’t Technology Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?” Econometrica 84 (4): 1477–1521. doi: 10.3982/ecta11150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criekemans, D. 2018. “Geopolitics of the Renewable Energy Game and its Potential Impact upon Global Power Relations.” In The Geopolitics of Renewables, edited by D. Scholten, 37–74. Cham: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Daily, F. T. 2018. India’s Petronet, Japanese co. to set up $ 300 m LNG terminal in Sri Lanka. Daily FT, 12 February. http://www.ft.lk/business/India-s-Petronet–Japanese-co–to-set-up—300-m-LNG-terminal-in-Sri-Lanka/34-649262.
   Google Scholar
• Dhir, S., and Sushil. 2019. “National Thermal Power Corporation.” Flexible Systems Management, 183–206. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7064-9_11.
   Google Scholar
• Dian, M., and S. Menegazzi. 2018. New Regional Initiatives in China’s Foreign Policy: The Incoming Pluralism of Global Governance. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Duan, H.-B., L. Zhu, and Y. Fan. 2014. “A Cross-Country Study on the Relationship Between Diffusion of Wind and Photovoltaic Solar Technology.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 83: 156–169. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. 2019. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program: Annual Report 2019. Washington DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Eyl-Mazzega, M.-A., and C. Mathieu. 2019. Strategic dimensions of the energy transition. Challenges and responses for France, Germany and the European Union. Institut Français des Relations Internationales, Etudes de l’IFRI.
   Google Scholar
• Fernando, S. N. 2010. “China’s Relations with Sri Lanka and the Maldives.” China Report 46 (3): 285–297. doi:10.1177/000944551104600309.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, L.-B., and J. Newig. 2016. “Importance of Actors and Agency in Sustainability Transitions: A Systematic Exploration of the Literature.” Sustainability 8 (5): 476. doi:10.3390/su8050476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischhendler, I., L. Herman, and N. Maoz. 2017. “The Political Economy of Energy Sanctions: Insights from a Global Outlook 1938–2017.” Energy Research & Social Science 34: 62–71. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fofack, H. 2008. Technology trap and poverty trap in Sub-SaharanAfrica (No. 4582). World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth, T. 2007. “Promoting the “Development Dividend” of Climate Technology Transfer: Can Cross-Sector Partnerships Help?” World Development 35 (10): 1684–1698. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortes, P., A. Alvarenga, J. Seixas, and S. Rodrigues. 2015. “Long-term Energy Scenarios: Bridging the gap Between Socio-Economic Storylines and Energy Modeling.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 91: 161–178. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2014.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF. 2018. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment. Frankfurt. Frankfurt: Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Gaudel, P. 2018. Cross-Border Electricity Trade: Opportunities and Challenges for Nepal. Kathmandu: Nepal Electricity Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Glachant, M., and A. Dechezleprêtre. 2016. “What Role for Climate Negotiations on Technology Transfer?” Climate Policy 17 (8): 962–981. doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1222257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A., M. Bazilian, M. Bradshaw, and K. Westphal. 2019. “Model and Manage the Changing Geopolitics of Energy.” Nature 569 (7754): 29–31. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01312-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A., L. Eicke, and S. Weko. 2020. “The Global Energy Transition and the Global South.” In The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition, edited by M. Hafner, and S. Tagliapietra, 319–340. Cham: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A., M. Keim, and K. Westphal. 2018. “The Geopolitics of Energy Transformation. Governing the Shift: Transformation Dividends, Systemic Risks and new Uncertainties.” SWP Comment 42: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Golubchikov, O., and K. O’Sullivan. 2020. “Energy Periphery: Uneven Development and the Precarious Geographies of low-Carbon Transition.” Energy and Buildings 211: 109818. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, G. 2017. “Clean Coal Technologies in Japan: A Review.” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 25 (6): 689–697. doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2016.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hache, E. 2018. “Do Renewable Energies Improve Energy Security in the Long run?” International Economics 156: 127–135. doi:10.1016/j.inteco.2018.01.005.
   Google Scholar
• Hafner, M., and S. Tagliapietra. 2020. The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition [E-Book]. Cham: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hafner, M., and A. Wochner. 2020. “How Tectonic Shifts in Global Energy are Affecting Global Governance.” In Global Governance in Transformation, edited by L. Grigoriev, and A. Pabst, 147–162. Berlin: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Healy, N., and J. Barry. 2017. “Politicizing Energy Justice and Energy System Transitions: Fossil Fuel Divestment and a Just Transition.” Energy Policy 108: 451–459. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodkinson, P., and H. Hodkinson. 2001. “The Strengths and Limitations of Case Study Research.” Learning and skills Development Agency conference, making an impact on policy and practice, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Huda, M. S., and M. McDonald. 2016. “Regional Cooperation on Energy in South Asia: Unraveling the Political Challenges in Implementing Transnational Pipelines and Electricity Grids.” Energy Policy 98: 73–83. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.07.046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency (IEA). 2019. World Energy Outlook 2019. Paris: International Energy Agency.
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency (IEA). 2020. World Energy Investment (2020). Paris: International Energy Agency.
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Institute. 2014. World Energy Outlook (2014). Paris: International Energy Agency.
   Google Scholar
• International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 2019. A New World: The Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation. Abu Dhabi.
   Google Scholar
• International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 2020. Review of Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance. Edited by CPI. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Kelegama, S. 2000. “Development in Independent Sri Lanka: What Went Wrong?” Economic and Political Weekly 35 (17): 1477–1490.
   Google Scholar
• Kelegama, S. 2014. “China–Sri Lanka Economic Relations.” China Report 50 (2): 131–149. doi:10.1177/0009445514523646.
   Google Scholar
• Kirchherr, J., and F. Urban. 2018. “Technology Transfer and Cooperation for low Carbon Energy Technology: Analysing 30 Years of Scholarship and Proposing a Research Agenda.” Energy Policy 119: 600–609. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, M. L., and L. Oehler. 2022. “Clean at Home, Polluting Abroad: The Role of the Chinese Financial System’s Differential Treatment of State-Owned and Private Enterprises.” Climate Policy March: 1–14. doi:10.1080/14693062.2022.2040409.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Z., K. P. Gallagher, and D. Mauzerall. 2018. Estimating Chinese Foreign investment in the electric power sector (No. 003). Global Development Policy Center, Bostan University.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Z., K. P. Gallagher, and D. Mauzerall. 2020. “China’s Global Power: Estimating Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in the Electric Power Sector.” Energy Policy 136 (January): 111056. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111056.
   Google Scholar
• Limi, A. 2007. Estimating Global Climate Change Impacts On Hydropower Projects: Applications In India, Sri Lanka And Vietnam. Washington, DC, United States: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Lombardi, P., and M. Grünig. 2016. Low-carbon Energy Security from a European Perspective (1st ed). London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Makarov, I., Y.-H. Chen, and S. Paltsev. 2017. Finding Itself in the Post-Paris World: Russia in the new Global Energy Landscape. Cambridge MA: MIT joint program global change.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzucato, M., and G. Semieniuk. 2018. “Financing Renewable Energy: Who Is Financing What and Why It Matters.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 127 (February): 8–22. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.021.
   Google Scholar
• Meade, N., and T. Islam. 2015. “Modelling European Usage of Renewable Energy Technologies for Electricity Generation.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 90: 497–509. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2014.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meckling, J., and L. Hughes. 2017. “Globalizing Solar: Global Supply Chains and Trade Preferences.” International Studies Quarterly 61 (2): 225–235. doi:10.1093/isq/sqw055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro, F. R. 2019. “Renewable Energy and Transition-Periphery Dynamics in Scotland.” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 31: 273–281. doi:10.1016/j.eist.2018.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, J., and A. Smith. 2013. “Understanding Transition—Periphery Dynamics: Renewable Energy in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 45 (3): 691–709. doi:10.1068/a45190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockwell, D., and R. Byrne. 2015. “Improving Technology Transfer Through National Systems of Innovation: Climate Relevant Innovation-System Builders (CRIBs).” Climate Policy 16 (7): 836–854. doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1052958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellet, E. 2011. “Institutional Analysis of Counterinsurgency: the Case of the IPKF in Sri Lanka (1987–1990).” Defence Studies 11 (3): 470–496. doi:10.1080/14702436.2011.630173.
   Google Scholar
• Overland, I. 2019. “The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy: Debunking Four Emerging Myths.” Energy Research & Social Science 49: 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paltsev, S. 2016. “The Complicated Geopolitics of Renewable Energy.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 72 (6): 390–395. doi:10.1080/00963402.2016.1240476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panda, R. R., and M. Karthik. 2020. Regional Energy Cooperation for Accelerating Cross Border Electricity/Energy Trade & Mobilizing Investment in BIMSTEC Region. New Delhi: SARI/EI and USAID.
   Google Scholar
• Pattanaik, S. S. 2018. “Transforming Eastern South Asia: Relevance of BIMSTEC.” Strategic Analysis 42 (4): 422–429. doi:10.1080/09700161.2018.1482618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, S. 2003. “Courting Future Resource Conflict: The Shortcomings of Western Response Strategies to New Energy Vulnerabilities.” Energy Exploration & Exploitation 21 (1): 29–60. doi:10.1260/014459803321615017.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffenberger, B. 1988. “Sri Lanka in 1987: Indian Intervention and Resurgence of the JVP.” Asian Survey 28 (2): 137–147. doi:10.1525/as.1988.28.2.01p0131h.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai, A. V., and S. Prasai. 2019. “The Political Economy of Electricity Trade and Hydropower Development in Eastern South Asia.” International Journal of Water Resources Development 37 (3): 1–13. doi:10.1080/07900627.2018.1557511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potocnik, J. 2007. “Renewable Energy Sources and the Realities of Setting an Energy Agenda.” Science 315 (5813): 810–811. doi:10.1126/science.1139086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, L. 2017. Energy Cooperation Under BIMSTEC: Are Techno-Economic Rationales Sufficient? New Delhi, India: Observer Research Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL). 2018, June 13. Current Status of the Long Term Generation Plan 2015-2034. PUCSL, 13 June. https://www.pucsl.gov.lk/2219-2/.
   Google Scholar
• Ratnayake, P. 2004. Lost Opportunities: Sri Lanka’s Economic Relationship with Japan. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Karunaratne & Sons Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters. 2016. Sri Lanka to cancel Indian coal plant deal; proposes LNG instead. Reuters, 18 May. https://in.reuters.com/article/sri-lanka-india-coal-idINKCN0Y90R8.
   Google Scholar
• Rimmer, M. 2019. “Beyond the Paris Agreement: Intellectual Property, Innovation Policy, and Climate Justice.” Laws 8 (1): 7. doi:10.3390/laws8010007.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigo, A. S., and D. V. Fernando. 2018. “Techno-Economic Analysis of Intermittent Renewable Energy Penetration with the Proposed India-Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection Engineer.” Engineer - Journal of the Institution of Engineers 51 (4): 1–13. doi:10.4038/engineer.v51i4.7317.
   Google Scholar
• Ruwanpura, K. N., P. Rowe, and L. Chan. 2020. “Of Bombs and Belts: Exploring Potential Ruptures Within China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Sri Lanka.” The Geographical Journal 186 (3): 339–345. doi:10.1111/geoj.12344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, M., L. Gohar, E. Kriegler, J. Lowe, K. Riahi, and D. van Vuuren. 2015. “Mid- and Long-Term Climate Projections for Fragmented and Delayed-Action Scenarios.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 90: 257–268. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.09.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten, D., and R. Bosman. 2016. “The Geopolitics of Renewables; Exploring the Political Implications of Renewable Energy Systems.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 103: 273–283. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.10.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten, D. 2018. The Geopolitics of Renewables. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schwanitz, V. J., T. Longden, B. Knopf, and P. Capros. 2015. “The Implications of Initiating Immediate Climate Change Mitigation — A Potential for co-Benefits?” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 90: 166–177. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, K. C., S. J. Davis, R. B. Mitchell, E. C. Stokes, G. Unruh, and D. Ürge-Vorsatz. 2016. “Carbon Lock-In: Types, Causes, and Policy Implications.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 41 (1): 425–452. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirilal, R. 2015. Sri Lanka to start oil production in 2023; Total, Equinor to study potential. Reuters, 27 August. https://www.reuters.com/article/sri-lanka-oil-idUSL3N25N2H3.
   Google Scholar
• Sovacool, B. K. 2014. “What are we Doing Here? Analyzing Fifteen Years of Energy Scholarship and Proposing a Social Science Research Agenda.” Energy Research & Social Science 1: 1–29. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2014.02.003.
   Google Scholar
• Sovacool, B. K. 2017. “Contestation, Contingency, and Justice in the Nordic low-Carbon Energy Transition.” Energy Policy 102: 569–582. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokke, K., and O. Törnquist. 2013. Democratization in the Global South : The Importance of Transformative Politics. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire England ; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Tempest, K., and M. Lazarus. 2014. Estimating International Mitigation Finance Needs: A top-Down Perspective. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Törnquist, O., N. Webster, and K. Stokke. 2012. Rethinking Popular Representation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Trencher, G., N. Healy, K. Hasegawa, and J. Asuka. 2019. “Discursive Resistance to Phasing out Coal-Fired Electricity: Narratives in Japan’s Coal Regime.” Energy Policy 132: 782–796. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbach, F. 2010. “Global Energy Security and the Implications for the EU.” Energy Policy 38 (3): 1229–1240. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2018. “World Investment Report: Investment and New Industrial Policies.” United Nations Conference on trade and development, NY and Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2016. The Sustainable Development Goals Report. New York, United States: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (UN). 2018. Integrating South Asia’s Power Grid for a Sustainable and Low Carbon Future. Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Unruh, G. C. 2000. “Understanding Carbon Lock-in.” Energy Policy 28 (12): 817–830. doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(00)00070-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unruh, G. C., and J. Carrillo-Hermosilla. 2006. “Globalizing Carbon Lock-in.” Energy Policy 34 (10): 1185–1197. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.10.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakulchuk, R., I. Overland, and D. Scholten. 2020. “Renewable Energy and Geopolitics: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 122: 109547. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Merwe, J., and N. Dodd. 2019. The Political Economy of Underdevelopment in the Global South. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, C. 2019. “Japan’s Strategic Contrast: Continuing Influence Despite Relative Power Decline in Southeast Asia.” The Pacific Review 32 (5): 863–897. doi:10.1080/09512748.2019.1569115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerakoon, D., and S. Jayasuriya. 2019. Managing Domestic and International Challenges and Opportunities in Post-conflict Development. New York, United States: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, T. G., and R. Wilkinson. 2018. International Organization and Global Governance. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Westphal, K. 2011. “Energy in an Era of Unprecedented Uncertainty: International Energy Governance in the Face of Macroeconomic, Geopolitical, and Systemic Challenges.” In Transatlantic Energy Futures: Strategic Perspectives on Energy Security, Climate Change and New Technologies in Europe and the United States, edited by D. Koranyi, 1–26. Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations.
   Google Scholar
• Westphal, K., and S. Droege. 2015. “Global Energy Markets in Transition: Implications for Geopolitics, Economy and Environment.” In Global Trends 2015: Prospects for World Society, edited by M. Roth, C. Ulbert, and T. Debiel, 235–253. Bonn: Development and Peace Foundation (Stiftung Entwicklung und Frieden).
   Google Scholar
• Wijedasa, N. 2020. Coal power extension project to be pushed through under “emergency” COVID-19 situation. Sunday Times, 14 June. http://www.sundaytimes.lk.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2008. Potential and Prospects for Regional Energy Trade in the South Asia Region. Washington DC, United States: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2019. Sri Lanka Energy InfraSAP: Final Report. Washington DC, United States: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Yermakov, V. 2021. “The ‘Big Three’ oil Producers and Their Strategies: Will the old Conundrum Return When the Current Crisis Recedes?” Oxford Energy Forum 126: 55–57.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. 2017. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). London: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida, R. 1997. “Clean Coal Technologies in Japan.” Energy Sources 19 (9): 931–943. doi:10.1080/00908319708908902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar