749
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Systems analysis of metropolitan-scale reuse with effects on water supply resilience and water quality

Pages 229-251 | Received 15 Mar 2023, Accepted 22 Sep 2023, Published online: 25 Oct 2023

References

  • Allen, Preston K., and Gordon L. Elser. 1979. “They Said It Couldn’t be Done – The Orange County, California Experience.” Desalination 30 (1): 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)88430-1.
  • Asano, Takashi. 2006. Water Reuse: Issues, Technology, and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Avolio, Meghan L., Diane E. Pataki, Thomas W. Gillespie, G. Darrel Jenerette, Heather R. McCarthy, Stephanie Pincetl, and Lorraine Weller Clarke. 2015. “Tree Diversity in Southern California’s Urban Forest: The Interacting Roles of Social and Environmental Variables.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3: July. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00073.
  • Buck, Steven, Maximilian Auffhammer, Stephen Hamilton, and David Sunding. 2016. “Measuring Welfare Losses from Urban Water Supply Disruptions.” Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 3 (3): 743–778. https://doi.org/10.1086/687761.
  • CB/WCB Amended Judgment. 2013. Central and West Basin Water Replenishment District v. Charles E. Adams et al: Third Amended Judgment. Superior Court of the State of California, Los Angeles County.
  • Chappelle, Caitrin, Henry McCann, David Jassby, Kurt Schwabe, and Leon Szeptycki. 2019. Managing Wastewater in a Changing Climate. Sacramento, CA: Public Policy Institute of California.
  • Chaudhry, Rabia, Kerry Hamilton, Charles Haas, and Kara Nelson. 2017. “Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (6): 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060635.
  • City of San Diego. 2012. Recycled Water Study. San Diego, CA: Brown and Caldwell, prepared for the City of San Diego. https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/water/pdf/purewater/2012/recycledfinaldraft120510.pdf.
  • Costa-Cabral, Mariza, Sujoy B. Roy, Edwin P. Maurer, William B. Mills, and Limin Chen. 2013. “Snowpack and Runoff Response to Climate Change in Owens Valley and Mono Lake Watersheds.” Climatic Change 116 (1): 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0529-y.
  • Davis, Margaret Leslie. 1993. Rivers in the Desert: William Mulholland and the Inventing of Los Angeles. 1st ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Dettinger, Michael D., Fred Martin Ralph, Tapash Das, Paul J. Neiman, and Daniel R. Cayan. 2011. “Atmospheric Rivers, Floods and the Water Resources of California.” Water 3 (2): 445–478. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3020445.
  • DeZellar, Jeffrey, and Walter Maier. 1980. “Effects of Water Conservation on Sanitary Sewers and Wastewater Treatment Plants.” Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), 76–88.
  • Diffenbaugh, Noah S., Daniel L. Swain, and Danielle Touma. 2015. “Anthropogenic Warming Has Increased Drought Risk in California.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (13): 3931–3936. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422385112.
  • EPA. 2016. Clean Watershed Needs Survey 2012 Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/cwns.
  • Erie, Steven P., and Harold David Brackman. 2006. Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Escriva-Bou, Alvar, Jay R. Lund, and Manuel Pulido-Velazquez. 2015. “Modeling Residential Water and Related Energy, Carbon Footprint and Costs in California.” Environmental Science & Policy 50 (June): 270–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.03.005.
  • Federico, Felicia, Anne Youngdahl, Sagrarika Subramanian, Cassie Rauser, and Mark Gold. 2019. 2019 Environmental Report Card for Los Angeles County Update. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.
  • Friedler, E. 2001. “Water Reuse — An Integral Part of Water Resources Management: Israel as a Case Study.” Water Policy 3 (1): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-7017(01)00003-4.
  • Gerrity, Daniel, Brian Pecson, R. Shane Trussell, and R. Rhodes Trussell. 2013. “Potable Reuse Treatment Trains Throughout the World.” Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 62 (6): 321–338. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2013.041.
  • Gold, Mark, Felicia Federico, and Stephanie Pincetl. 2015. 2015 Environmental Report Card for Los Angeles County. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.
  • Jenkins, Marion W., and Jay R. Lund. 2000. “Integrating Yield and Shortage Management Under Multiple Uncertainties.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 126 (5): 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2000)126:5(288).
  • Jiménez, Blanca, and Takashi Asano. 2008. Water Reuse an Internatioanl Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs. London: IWA.
  • Keene, Dakota, David Babchanik, and Erik Porse. 2022. “Influent Parameter Concentrations, Mass Loading Values, and Influent Flow Values for Evaluating Operations During Dry Weather Flows at California Wastewater Treatment Facilities.” Office of Water Programs, Sacramento State University, https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.e02c71690d3d4df9abfaf8ec33f7f9c7.
  • Kenway, S. J., A. Binks, J. Lane, P. A. Lant, K. L. Lam, and A. Simms. 2015. “A Systemic Framework and Analysis of Urban Water Energy.” Environmental Modelling & Software 73 (November): 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.08.009.
  • Kottek, Markus, Jürgen Grieser, Christoph Beck, Bruno Rudolf, and Franz Rubel. 2006. “World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15 (3): 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
  • Koyasako. 1980. Effects of Conservation on Wastewater Flow Reduction: A Perspective. EPA-600/2-80-137. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory.
  • LACDPW. 2013. Los Angeles County Water Management Modeling System (WMMS). Los Angeles County: Los Angeles County Department of Public Works.
  • LACDPW. 2014. “Spreading Grounds Database: Water Conserved Information.” Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. http://dpw.lacounty.gov/wrd/SpreadingGround/watercon/.
  • LA County. 2011. Los Angeles County Enterprise GIS Database: Rainfall. Shapefile, Los Angeles County: Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. https://egis3.lacounty.gov/dataportal/tag/schools/.
  • LACSD. 2015. Twenty-Sixth Annual Status Report on Recycled Water use. Doc No 3392791. Los Angeles, CA: Sanitation Districs of Los Angeles County.
  • LADWP. 2015a. Urban Water Management Plan. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
  • LADWP. 2015b. Stormwater Capture Master Plan. Los Angeles, CA: Prepared by Geosyntec and TreePeople for the LA Department of Water and Power.
  • LADWP. 2019. Hyperion Water Reuse and Resiliency Program. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/ladwp-jtti/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/09/19144819/Hyperion-reuse-5.pdf.
  • Lahnsteiner, J., and G. Lempert. 2007. “Water Management in Windhoek, Namibia.” Water Science and Technology 55 (1-2): 441–448. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.022.
  • Lam, Ka Leung, Steven J. Kenway, and Paul A. Lant. 2017. “Energy Use for Water Provision in Cities.” Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (February): 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.056.
  • Lefebvre, Olivier. 2018. “Beyond NEWater: An Insight Into Singapore’s Water Reuse Prospects.” Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2 (April): 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.12.001.
  • Leverenz, Harold L., George Tchobanoglous, and Takashi Asano. 2011. “Direct Potable Reuse: A Future Imperative.” Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1 (1): 2. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.000.
  • Liebowitz, Stan J., and Stephen E. Margolis. 1995. “Path Dependence, Lock-in, and History.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 11 (1): 205–226.
  • Linstedt, K. D. 1982. “Water Recycling: Review and Background.” Water Science and Technology 14 (9-11): 1385–1392. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1982.0173
  • Luthy, Richard G., and David L. Sedlak. 2015. “Urban Water-Supply Reinvention.” Daedalus 144 (3): 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00343.
  • MacDonald, Glen. 2010. “Water, Climate Change, and Sustainability in the Southwest.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (50): 21256–21262. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909651107
  • Maier, Walter, Jeffrey DeZellar, and Raina Miller. 1981. “Benefits of Water Conservation Depend on Comprehensive Planning.” Water Resources Bulletin: American Water Resources Association 17 (4): 672–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01275.x
  • Melosi, Martin. 2001. Effluent America: Cities, Industry, Energy, and the Environment. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Metcalf & Eddy. 2003. “Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse.” In McGraw-Hill Series in Civil and Environmental Engineering. 4th ed, edited by George Tchobanoglous, Franklin L. Burton, and H. David Stensel. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  • Mills, W. R. 1998. “Groundwater Recharge at the Orange County Water District.” Water Reclamation and Reuse, 1105–1142.
  • Mitch, William A., and David L. Sedlak. 2002. “Formation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from Dimethylamine During Chlorination.” Environmental Science & Technology 36 (4): 588–595. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010684q.
  • Musselman, Keith N., Martyn P. Clark, Changhai Liu, Kyoko Ikeda, and Roy Rasmussen. 2017. “Slower Snowmelt in a Warmer World.” Nature Climate Change 7 (3): 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3225.
  • MWD. 2016. Potential Regional Recycled Water Program Feasibility Study. 1530. Los Angeles, CA: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.
  • Naik, Kartiki, and Madelyn Glickfeld. 2015. Water Distribution System Efficiency: An Essential or Neglected Part of the Water Conservation Strategy for Los Angeles County Water Retailers? Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.
  • NOAA. 2018. Data Tools: 1981-2010 Normals. California. Washington, D.C.: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Adminsitration. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools/normals.
  • NRC. 2012. Water Reuse: Potential for Expanding the Nation’s Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council. Committee on the Assessment of Water Reuse as an Approach to Meeting Future Water Supply Needs; National Research Council.
  • OWP at Sacramento State. 2022. Environmental and Economic Effects of Water Conservation Regulations in California: Evaluating Effects of Urban Water Use Efficiency Standards (AB 1668-SB 606) on Urban Retail Water Suppliers, Wastewater Management Agencies, and Urban Landscapes. Sacramento, CA: Prepared by the Office of Water Programs at Sacramento State, the University of California Los Angeles, the University of California Davis, and California Polytechnic University Humboldt. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/regs/water_efficiency_legislation.html.
  • Pataki, Diane E., H. R. McCarthy, Thomas W. Gillespie, G. Darrel Jenerette, and Stephanie Pincetl. 2013. “A Trait-Based Ecology of the Los Angeles Urban Forest.” Ecosphere (washington, D C) 46 (8): 7y2.
  • Pincetl, Stephanie, Erik Porse, and Deborah Cheng. 2016. “Fragmented Flows: Water Supply in Los Angeles County.” Environmental Management 58 (2): 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0707-1.
  • Pincetl, Stephanie, Erik Porse, Kathryn B. Mika, Elizaveta Litvak, Kimberly F. Manago, Terri S. Hogue, Thomas Gillespie, Diane E. Pataki, and Mark Gold. 2019. “Adapting Urban Water Systems to Manage Scarcity in the 21st Century: The Case of Los Angeles.” Environmental Management 63 (3): 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1118-2.
  • Pincetl, Stephanie, Setal S. Prabhu, Thomas W. Gillespie, G. Darrel Jenerette, and Diane E. Pataki. 2013. “The Evolution of Tree Nursery Offerings in Los Angeles County Over the Last 110 Years.” Landscape and Urban Planning 118 (October): 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.05.002.
  • Porse, Erik. 2022. Artes: Modeling Water Resources Management in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: California Center for Sustainable Communities, UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.
  • Porse, Erik, Madelyn Glickfeld, Keith Mertan, and Stephanie Pincetl. 2015 August. “Pumping for the Masses: Evolution of Groundwater Management in Metropolitan Los Angeles.” GeoJournal, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-015-9664-0.
  • Porse, Erik, Caitlyn Leo, Erick Eschker, Harold Leverenz, Jonathan Kaplan, John Johnston, Dakota Keene, and David Babchanik. 2023 February. “Adapting Wastewater Management Systems in California for Water Conservation and Climate Change.” Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2023.2180251.
  • Porse, Erik, Kathryn B. Mika, Alvar Escriva-Bou, Eric D. Fournier, Kelly T. Sanders, Edward S Spang, Jennifer Stokes-Draut, Felicia Federico, Mark Gold, and Stephanie Pincetl. 2020. “Energy Use for Urban Water Management by Utilities and Households in Los Angeles.” Environmental Research Communications 2 (1): 015003.
  • Porse, Erik, Kathryn B. Mika, Mark Gold, Stephanie Pincetl, and William A Blomquist. 2018. “Groundwater Exchange Pools and Urban Water Supply Sustainability.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 144 (3): 04018040.
  • Porse, Erik, Kathryn B. Mika, Elizaveta Litvak, Kimberly F. Manago, Terri S. Hogue, Mark Gold, Diane E. Pataki, and Stephanie Pincetl. 2018 May. “The Economic Value of Local Water Supplies in Los Angeles.” Nature Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0068-2.
  • Porse, Erik, Kathryn B. Mika, Elizaveta Litvak, Kimberly Manago, Kartiki Naik, Madelyn Glickfeld, Terri Hogue, Mark Gold, Diane E. Pataki, and Stephanie Pincetl. 2017. “Systems Analysis and Optimization of Local Water Supplies in Los Angeles.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 143 (9).
  • Porse, Erik, and Stephanie Pincetl. 2018. “Effects of Stormwater Capture and Use on Urban Streamflows.” Water Resources Management 33 (2): 713–723.
  • Roccaro, Paolo. 2018. “Treatment Processes for Municipal Wastewater Reclamation: The Challenges of Emerging Contaminants and Direct Potable Reuse.” Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2 (April): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.02.003.
  • Rupiper, Amanda M., MacKenzie S. Guilliams, Micaela M. Bush, Katrina K. Jessoe, and Frank J. Loge. 2021. “Assessing Data Adequacy for Determining Utility-Specific Water Loss Reduction Standards.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 147 (8): 05021011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001419.
  • Sanders, Kelly T. 2016. “The Energy Trade-Offs of Adapting to a Water-Scarce Future: Case Study of Los Angeles.” International Journal of Water Resources Development 32 (3): 362–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1095079.
  • Schwabe, Kurt, Mehdi Nemati, Refat Amin, Quynh Tran, and David Jassby. 2020. “Unintended Consequences of Water Conservation on the Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater.” Nature Sustainability 3 (8): 628–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0529-2.
  • Sedlak, David L. 2014. Water 4.0: The Past, Present, and Future of the World’s Most Vital Resource. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Snyder, Shane A., Paul Westerhoff, Yeomin Yoon, and David L. Sedlak. 2003. “Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors in Water: Implications for the Water Industry.” Environmental Engineering Science 20 (5): 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1089/109287503768335931.
  • Sokolow, Sharona, Hilary Godwin, and Brian L. Cole. 2016. “Impacts of Urban Water Conservation Strategies on Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Health: Southern California as a Case Study.” American Journal of Public Health 106 (5): 941–948. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303053.
  • Soller, Jeffrey A., Sorina E. Eftim, and Sharon P. Nappier. 2018. “Direct Potable Reuse Microbial Risk Assessment Methodology: Sensitivity Analysis and Application to State Log Credit Allocations.” Water Research 128 (January): 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.034.
  • Spang, Edward S, Andrew J Holguin, and Frank J Loge. 2018. “The Estimated Impact of California’s Urban Water Conservation Mandate on Electricity Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (1): 014016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9b89.
  • Stokes-Draut, Jennifer, Michael Taptich, Olga Kavvada, and Arpad Horvath. 2017. “Evaluating the Electricity Intensity of Evolving Water Supply Mixes: The Case of California’s Water Network.” Environmental Research Letters 12 (11): 114005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c86.
  • Swain, D. L., D. E. Horton, D. Singh, and N. S. Diffenbaugh. 2016. “Trends in Atmospheric Patterns Conducive to Seasonal Precipitation and Temperature Extremes in California.” Science Advances 2 (4): e1501344–e1501344. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501344.
  • SWRCB. 2016. Investigation on the Feasibility of Developing Uniform Water Recycling Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse: Report to the Legislature. Sacramento, CA: California State Water Resources Control Board.
  • SWRCB. 2018. A Proposed Framework for Regulating Direct Potable Reuse in California. Sacramento, CA: California State Water Resources Control Board.
  • Tarr, Joel. 1984. “The Evolution of the Urban Infrastructure in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” In Perspectives on Urban Infrastructure. Committee on National Urban Policy, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
  • Tchobanoglous, George, Harold Leverenz, M. H. Nellor, and J. Crook. 2011. Direct Potable Reuse: A Path Forward. Washington, D.C.: WaterReuse Research and WaterReuse California.
  • Tran, Quynh K., David Jassby, and Kurt A. Schwabe. 2017. “The Implications of Drought and Water Conservation on the Reuse of Municipal Wastewater: Recognizing Impacts and Identifying Mitigation Possibilities.” Water Research 124 (November): 472–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.069.
  • ULARA Watermaster. 2013. 2011-12 Annual Report: Upper Los Angeles River Area Watermaster.
  • USBR and LACDPW. 2016. Los Angeles Basin Study: The Future of Stormwater Conservation. Task 6- Trade-Off Analysis & Opportunities. Los Angeles County: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, LA County Department of Public Works.
  • WateReuse California. 2019. Potable Use Projects. Sacramento, CA: WateRese California. https://watereuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Potable-Reuse-Map-1-14-2020-1.pdf.
  • Wilcox, Jonathan, Fuzhan Nasiri, Sarah Bell, and Md. Saifur Rahaman. 2016. “Urban Water Reuse: A Triple Bottom Line Assessment Framework and Review.” Sustainable Cities and Society 27 (November): 448–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.021.
  • Wilkinson, Robert, Gary Wolff, and Rachel Shwom. 2006. “An Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water in California: Providing a Basis for Quantification of Energy Savings from Water System Improvements.”