1,120
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Using systems-thinking approaches to evaluate impacts to essential services in fragile contexts: a case study on Venezuela

, &
Pages 91-128 | Received 17 Aug 2023, Accepted 22 Nov 2023, Published online: 06 Dec 2023

References

  • Al-Saidi, M., E. L. Roach, and B. A. H. Al-Saeedi. 2020. “Conflict Resilience of Water and Energy Supply Infrastructure: Insights from Yemen.” Water 12 (3269): 1–23.
  • Arena, M., E. F. Corugedo, J. Guajardo, and J. F. Yepez. 2022. Venezuela’s Migrants Bring Economic Opportunity to Latin America. International Monetary Fund.
  • Argus. 2019. “Mine Debris Rotting Venezuela’s Hydropower Plants.” Argus News, June 27.
  • Barbrook-Johnson, P., and A. Penn. 2021. “Participatory Systems Mapping for Complex Energy Policy Evaluation.” Evaluation 27 (1): 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389020976153.
  • Blackburn, C. C., P. E. Lenze, and R. P. Casey. 2020. “Conflict and Cholera: Yemen’s Man-Made Public Health Crisis and the Global Implications of Weaponizing Health.” Health Security 18 (2): 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2019.0113.
  • Blair, C., E. Gralla, F. Wetmore, J. Goentzel, and M. Peters. 2021. “A Systems Framework for International Development: The Data-Layered Causal Loop Diagram.” Production and Operations Management 30 (12): 1–22.
  • Bovolo, C. I., T. Wagner, G. Parkin, D. Hein-Griggs, R. Pereira, and R. Jones. 2018. “The Guiana Shield Rainforests—Overlooked Guardians of South American Climate.” Environmental Research Letters 13(7), 074029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacf60.
  • Campbell, L. 2016. “Stepping Back: Understanding Cities and Their Systems.”
  • Chemnick, J. 2019. “Where Climate Change Fits Into Venezuela’s Ongoing Crisis.” E&E News, February 18.
  • Development Initiatives. 2023. “Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2023.” https://devinit.org/resources/global-humanitarian-assistance-report-2023.
  • Dias, P. 2023. “System Perspectives: Clarity through Examples.” Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 40 (3). https://doi.org/10.1080/10286608.2023.2293072.
  • Downey, G. 2005. “Are Engineers Losing Control of Technology? From “Problem Solving” to “Problem Definition and Solution” in Engineering Education.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design 83 (6): 583–595. https://doi.org/10.1205/cherd.05095.
  • Dugan, K. E., E. A. Mosyjowski, S. R. Daly, and L. R. Lattuca. 2022. “Systems Thinking Assessments in Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 39 (4): 840–866. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2808.
  • Earle, L. 2016. “Addressing Urban Crises - Bridging the Humanitarian-Development Divide.” International Review of the Red Cross 98 (901): 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383116000576
  • Frangie-Mawad, T. 2022, September 25. Chavismo’s Latest Target. Caracas: Foreign Policy.
  • Garza Morales, G. A., K. Nizamis, and G. M. Bonnema. 2023. “Engineering Complexity Beyond the Surface: Discerning the Viewpoints, the Drivers, and the Challenges.” Research in Engineering Design 34 (3): 367–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00163-023-00411-9.
  • GFW. 2022. “Venezuela - Fires.” Global Forest Watch. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/VEN.
  • Gralla, E. 2021. “System Pathways Measurement Toolkit.”
  • Gutiérrez, J. 2020. “Venezuela’s Electricity Emergency Swallows up Tens of Millions of Dollars.” Dialogo Chino, January 15.
  • Halff, A., F. Monaldi, L. Palacios, and M. A. Santos. 2018. “Code Red: Venezuela’s Oil and Debt Crises.”
  • Hidalgo, A., F. Carella, and D. Khoudour. 2021. “Migration from Venezuela: Opportunities for Latin America and the Caribbean.”
  • ICRC. 2015. “Urban Services During Protracted Armed Conflict: A Call for a Better Approach to Assisting Affected People.” www.icrc.org.
  • IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, & WHO. 2023. “Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.”
  • IHA. n.d. Sediment Management Strategies. International Hydropower Association.
  • Interviews. 2022. “Data Collection.” In Venezuela Field Visit.
  • IRC. 2017. “Urban Context Analysis Toolkit. Guidance Note for Humanitarian Practitioners.”
  • JIPS. 2019. “Methodology for Urban Profiling.”
  • Kurmanaev, A., and J. Otis. 2016. “Water Shortage Cripples Venezuela.” The Wall Street Journal. April 3.
  • Levesque, J.-F., M. F. Harris, and G. Russell. 2013. “Patient-Centred Access to Health Care: Conceptualising Access at the Interface of Health Systems and Populations.” International Journal for Equity in Health 12 (1): 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-18.
  • Long, G. 2022. “Venezuela’s Environmental Crisis: ‘the Beginning of a Wave of Destruction’.” Financial Times. January 16.
  • Lund, J. 2020. “Systems Engineering Knowledge and Skills for Water and Environmental Problems.” Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems 37 (4): 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286608.2020.1850701.
  • Lusverti, C. 2021. Venezuela: Lack of Access to Safe Water Aggravates the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Commission of Jurists.
  • Matheus, A. 2022. “Hustling for Gas, Electricity, and Water: A Postcard from a Maracaibo in Meltdown.” The New Humanitarian, June 9.
  • Matti, C., J. Martin Corvillo, I. Vivas Lalinde, B. Juan Agullo, E. Stamate, G. Avella, and A. Bauer. 2020. “Challenge-Led System Mapping. A Knowledge Management Approach.” https://transitionshub.climate-kic.org/.
  • Meadows, D. 2009. Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Edited by D. Wright. Earthscan.
  • MIT, & GW. 2021a. “Applying System Mapping Techniques to Resilience: Conducting a Rapid System Assessment.”
  • MIT, & GW. 2021b. “Applying System Mapping to Collaboration, Learning, and Adaptation: Karamoja Market System Mapping Outbrief.” https://humanitarian.mit.edu/project/feed-the-future-uganda-market-.
  • Muggah, R., L. Brasil, and M. Margolis. 2022. “The Climate Crisis and Displacement in Venezuela.”
  • Nagar, S. 2021. “Venezuela’s Environmental Collapse: A Harbinger of Health and Environmental Harm.” Harvard International Review, August 18.
  • NIC, & Arup. 2020. “System Mapping for UK Infrastructure: Systems Decision Making.”
  • Omidyar Group. 2017. “Systems Practice Workbook.”
  • OVSP. 2022. “Percepción ciudadana de los servicios públicos: resultados de encuesta de usuarios de feche abril - mayo 2022.”
  • Parraga, M., and M. Guanipa. 2022. “Power, Gas Supply Disruptions Slam Venezuela’s Oil Exports in July.” Reuters, August 2.
  • Penfold, M. A., and A. F. Lowenthal Fellow. 2021. “How to Reconstruct Venezuela: Political Conflict, Weak State Capacities, and Social Violence.”
  • Penn, A., and P. Barbrook-Johnson. 2021. “Participatory Systems Mapping: A Practical Guide.”
  • Penn, A., and P. Barbrook-Johnson. 2022. “How to Design a Participatory Systems Mapping process.” https://www.cecan.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/PSM%20Workshop%20method.pdf.
  • Pietrosemoli, L., and C. Rodríguez-Monroy. 2019. “The Venezuelan Energy Crisis: Renewable Energies in the Transition Towards Sustainability.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 105: 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.014.
  • Plan Pais. 2020a. “Agua y Saneamiento: Recuperar el servicio de agua.”
  • Plan Pais. 2020b. “Electricidad ¿Cómo vamos a resolver el colapso eléctrico de Venezuela.”
  • Quinn, J., T. Zelený, R. Subramaniam, and V. Bencko. 2017. “Public Health Crisis in War and Conflict - Health Security in Aggregate.” Central European Journal of Public Health 25 (1): 72–76. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4455.
  • Ramalingam, Ben, Harry Jones, T. Reba, and J. Young. 2008. Exploring the Science of Complexity: Ideas and Implications for Development and Humanitarian Efforts. London: Overseas Development Institute.
  • Reid, K. 2022. “Venezuela Crisis: Facts, FAQs, and how to Help.” World Vision, January 12.
  • Rendon, M. 2019, March 14. Venezuela’s Man-Made Power Outage. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
  • Rendon, M., M. Schneider, and A. Kohan. 2019. “Unraveling the Water Crisis in Venezuela.”
  • Rivero, D., and Y. Liu. 2020. “Venezuela’s Orinoco Mining Arc: A Literature Review of Environmental Impacts.” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 10 (2). https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.02.2020.p9812.
  • Romero, T., and M. Guanipa. 2022. “Gasoline Queues Return in Venezuela as Refineries Fail to Produce.” Reuters, December 9.
  • Russell, T., C. Blair, J. Goentzel, T. Downing, F. Wetmore, and M. Wiseman. 2021. “System Pathways Mapping Toolkit.” https://humanitarian.mit.edu/.
  • Sabatini, C., and W. Patterson. 2021. “Reforming Venezuela’s Electricity Sector: Options and Priorities for Rebuilding a Collapsed System.”
  • Sequera, V. 2018. “Venezuelans Report big Weight Losses in 2017 as Hunger Hits.” Reuters, February 21.
  • SOSOrinoco. 2022. “The Role of Cyanidation Plants in the Gold Mining Business under the Orinoco Mining Arc Policy.”
  • Stroh, D. P. 2015. Systems Thinking for Social Change: A Practical Guide to Solving Complex Problems, Avoiding Unintended Consequences, and Achieving Last Results. Chelsea Green Publishing.
  • Taylor, L. 2022. “Deforestation in Venezuela Surges as Gold Miners Ransack the Amazon.” New Scientist, December 9.
  • Thacker, S., R. Pant, and J. W. Hall. 2017. “System-of-systems Formulation and Disruption Analysis for Multi-Scale Critical National Infrastructures.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 167: 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2017.04.023.
  • Tillet, W., J. Trevor, D. DeArmey, and J. Schillinger. 2020. “Applying WASH Systems Approaches in Fragile Contexts: A Discussion Paper.”
  • Ullah Bhat, S., and U. Qayoom. 2022. “Implications of Sewage Discharge on Freshwater Ecosystems.” In Sewage - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100770.
  • UNICEF. 2019a. “Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Quality Framework: A Tool to Identify Potential Barriers to Accessing Services in Humanitarian Settings.”
  • UNICEF. 2019b. Water Under Fire Volume 1: Emergencies, Development and Peace in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Contexts. New York: UNICEF.
  • UNICEF. 2020. “Review of the WASH Bottleneck Analysis Tool (BAT): Improving the WASH BAT as a Tool for Planning and Partnering for Sustainability.”
  • Waack, A., M. Ranabothu, and V. Vattipally. 2023. “Mercury Poisoning from Artisanal Gold Mining Equipment.” Radiology Case Reports 18 (2): 607–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2022.10.099.
  • WFP. 2019. “Venezuela Food Security Assessment.”
  • World Bank. 2021. Venezuela Climatology. Climate Change Knowledge Portal.
  • World Bank. 2022. Venezuela – Extreme Precipitation Events. Climate Change Knowledge Portal.
  • Young, S. L. 2021. “Viewpoint: The Measurement of Water Access and Use is Key for More Effective Food and Nutrition Policy.” Food Policy 104: 102138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102138.