Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder are Distinguished Mainly by Differences in Neurodevelopment

References

• Altshuler , L.L. , Bartzokis , G. , Grieder , T. , Curran , J. and Mintz , J. 1998 . "Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , 55 : 663 – 664 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand , A. , Verhoeff , P. , Seneca , N. , Zoghbi , S.S. , Seibyl , J.P. , Charney , D.S. and Innis , R.B. 2000 . "Brain SPECT imaging of amphetamine induced dopamine release in euthymic bipolar patients" . Am. J. Psychiatry , 157 (7) : 1108 – 1114 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreasen , N.J.C. and Powers , P.S. 1974 . "Overinclusive thinking in mania and schizophrenia" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 125 : 452 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasson , N.C. , Flaum , M. , Swayze , V. 2nd , O'Leary , D.S. , Alliger , R. , Cohen , G. , Ehrhardt , J. and Yuh , W.T. 1993 . Am. J. Psychiatry , 150 (1) : 130 – 134 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asarnow , R.F. and MacCrimmon , D.J. 1981 . "Span of apprehension deficits during the post psychotic stages of schizophrenia" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , 38 : 1006 – 1011 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter , L.R. 1989 . "Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , 46 : 243 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearden , C.E. , Hoffman , K.M. and Cannon , T.D. 2001 . "The neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a critical review" . Bipolar Disorder , 3 (3) : 106 – 150 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bebbington , P. , Wilkins , S. , Jones , P. , Foerster , A. , Murray , R. , Toone , B. and Lewis , S. 1993 . "Life events and psychosis: initial results from the Camberwell collaborative psychosis study" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 162 : 72 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambilla , P. , Harenski , K. , Nicoletti , M. , Mallinger , A.G. , Frank , E. , Kupter , D.J. , Keshaven , M.S. and Soares , J.C. 2001 . "Are amygdala volumes abnormal in bipolar disorder patients?" . Biol. Psychiatry , 49 : 85 540
   Google Scholar
• Bramon , E. and Sham , P. 2001 . "The common genetic liability between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review" . Curr. Psychiatry Rep. , 3 (4)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brockington , I.F. , Kendell , R.E. , Kellett , J.M. , Curry , S.H. and Wainwright , S. 1998 . "Trials of lithium, chlorpromazine and amitriptylline in schizophrenic patients" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 133 Aug : 162 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Buka , S.L. and Fan , A.P. 1999 . "Association of prenatal and perinatal complications with subsequent bipolar disorder and schizophrenia" . Schizophr. Res. , 38 : 113 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Cannon , M. , Jones , P. , Gilvarry , C. , Rifkin , L. , McKenzie , K. , Foerster , A. and Murray , R.M. 1997 . "Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities and differences" . Am. J. Psychiatry , 154 : 1544 – 1550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon , M. , Walsh , E. , Hollis , C. , Kargin , M. , Taylor , E. , Murray , R.M. and Jones , P.B. 2001 . "Predictors of later schizophrenia among attendees at a child psychiatry department" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 178 : 420 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon , M. , Caspi , A. , Moffitt , T.E. , Harrington , H.L. , Taylor , A. , Murray , R.M. and Poulton , R. 2002 . "Evidence for early, specific, pan-developmental impairment in schizophreniform disorder: Results from a longitudinal birth cohort" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , 59 : 449 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon , M. , Murray , R.M. and Jones , P. 2002 . "Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: past, present and future" . Am. J. Psychiatry , 159 : 1080 – 1092 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardno , A.G. , Marshall , E.J. , Coid , B. , Macdonald , A.M. , Ribchester , T.R. , Davies , N.J. , Venturi , P. , Jones , L.A. , Lewis , S.W. , Sham , P.C. , Gottesman , I.I. , Farmer , A.E. , McGuffin , P. , Reveley , A.M. and Murray , R.M. 1999 . "Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series" . Arch. Gen Psychiatry , 56 : 162 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffman , J.A. , Bornstein , R.A. , Olson , S.C. , Schwarzkopf , S.B. and Nasrallah , H.A. 1990 . "Cognitive impairment and cerebral structure by MRI in bipolar disorder" . Biol. Psychiatry , 27 : 1188 – 1196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David , A.S. , Malmberg , A. , Brabdt , L. , Allebeck , P. and Lewis , G. 1997 . "IQ and risk for schizophrenia: a population based cohort study" . Psychol. Med. , 27 : 1311 – 1323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Done , J.D. , Johnstone , E.C. , Frith , C.D. , Golding , J. , Shepherd , P.M. and Crow , T.J. 1991 . "Complications of pregnancy and delivery in relation to psychosis in adult life: data from British perinatal mortality survey sample" . Br. Med. J. , 302 : 1576 – 1580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan , M.F. , Goldberg , T.E. , Kolachana , B.S. , Callicott , J.H. , Mazzanti , C.M. , Straub , R.E. , Goldman , D. and Weinberger , D.R. 2001 . "Effect of COMT Val 08/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia" . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , 98 (12) : 6917 – 6922 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elkis , H. , Friedman , L. , Wise , A. and Meltzer , H.Y. 1995 . "Meta-analysis of studies of ventricular enlargement and cortical sulcal prominence in mood disorders. Comparisons with controls or patients with schizophrenia" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , 52 : 735 – 746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier , I.N. , Stanton , B.R. , Kelly , T.P. and Scott , J. 1999 . "Neuropsychological function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 175 : 246 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedes , J.R. and Lawrie , S.M. 1995 . "Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: a meta analysis" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 167 : 786 – 793 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geddes , J.R. , Verdoux , H. , Takei , N. , Lawrie , S.M. , Bovet , P. , Eagles , J.M. , Heun , R. , McCreadie , R.G. , McNiel , T.F. , O'Callaghan , E. , Stober , G. , Willinger , U. and Murray , R.M. 1999 . "Schizophrenia and complications of pregnancy and labour: an individual patient data meta-analysis" . Schizophrenia Bull. , 25 : 413 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaemi , S.N. 2001 . "New treatments for bipolar disorder: the role of atypical neuroleptic agents" . J. Clin. Psychiatry , 61 (Suppl. 14) : 33 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilvarry , C. , Noriyoshi , T. , Russell , A. , Rushe , T. , Hemsley , D. and Murray , R.M. 2000 . "Premorbid IQ in patients with functional psychosis and their first degree relatives" . Schizophrenia Res. , 41 (3) : 417 – 429 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg , T.E. 1999 . "Some fairly obvious distinctions between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder" . Schizophrenia Res. , 39 (2) : 127 – 132 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg , T.E. , Gold , J.M. Greenberg , R. 1993 . "Contrasts between patients with affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia on a neuropsychological test battery" . Am. J. Psychiatry , 150 : 1355 – 1362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , I. , Persaud , R. , Ron , M.A. , Baker , G. and Murray , R.M. 1994 . "Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls" . Psychol. Med. , 24 : 689 – 699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser , P.H. , Altshuler , L.L. , Berrettini , W. , DeLisi , L.E. , Gelernter , J. and Post , R.M. 1989 . "Temporal lobe measurement in primary affective disorder by magnetic resonance imaging" . J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. , 1 : 128 – 134 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinrichs , R.W. and Zakzanis , K.K. 1998 . "Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence" . Neuropsychol. , 12 (3) : 426 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirayasu , Y. , Shenton , M.E. , Salisbury , D.F. , Dickey , C.C. , Fischer , I.A. , Mazzoni , I.A. , Kisler , T. , Arakaki , H. , Kwon , J.S. , Anderson , J.E. , Yurglen-Todd , D. , Tohen , M. and McCarley , R.W. 1998 . "Lower left temporal lobe MRI volumes in patients with first episode schizophrenia compared with psychotic patients with first episode affective disorder and normal subjects" . Am. J. Psychiatry , 155 : 1384 – 1391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman , C.M. , Sparen , P. , Takei , N. , Murray , R.M. and Cnattingius , S. 1999 . "Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and reactive psychosis of early onset: case control study" . Br. Med. J. , 318 : 421 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson , D. and Silverstone , T. 1986 . "Dextroamphetamine-induced arousal in human subjects as a model for mania" . Psychol. Med. , 16 : 323 – 329 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnstone , E.C. , Crow , T.J. , Frith , C.D. and Owens , D.G. 1988 . "The Northwick Park 'functional' psychosis study: diagnosis and treatment response" . Lancet , 2 (8603) : 119 – 125 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , P.B. and Done , D.J. 1997 . "From birth to onset: a developmental perspective of schizophrenia in two national birth cohorts" ” . In Neurodevelopment and Adult Psychopathology , Edited by: Kershavan , M.S. and Murray , R.M. 119 – 136 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , P.B. , Rodgers , B. , Murray , R.M. and Marmot , M.G. 1994 . "Childhood developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort" . Lancet , 334 : 1398 – 1402 .
   Google Scholar
• Kendell , R.E. and Gourlay , J. 1970 . "The clinical distinction between schizophrenia and affective psychosis" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 117 : 261 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney , D.K. , Yurgelun-Todd , D.A. , Levy , D.L. , Medoff , D. , Lajonchere , C.M. and Radford-Paregol , M. 1993 . "Obstetrical complications in patients with bipolar disorder and their siblings" . Psychiatry Res. , 48 : 47 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney , D.K. , Yurglen-Todd , D.A. , Tohen , M. and Tramer , S. 1998 . "Pre- and perinatal complications and risk for bipolar disorder: a retrospective study" . J Affect Disorder , 50 : 117 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraepelin , E. 1896 . Psychiatrie, ein Lehrbuch fur Studierende und Artze , Leipzig : Barth .
   Google Scholar
• Laruelle , M. , Abi-Dargham , A. , Van Dyck , C.H. , Gil , R. , D'Souza , C.D. , Erdos , J. , McCance , E. , Rosenblatt , W. , Fingado , C. , Zoghbi , S.S. , Baldwin , R.M. , Seibyl , J.P. , Krystal , J.H. , Charney , D.S. and Innis , R.B. 1996 . "Single photon emission computerised tomography imaging of amphetamine induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects" . Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA , 93 : 9235 – 9240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrie , S.M. and Abukmeil , S.S. 1998 . "Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 172 : 110 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , K.F. , Rosenbloom , M.J. , Faustman , W.O. , Sullivan , E.V. and Pfefferbaum , A. 1999 . "Cortical grey matter deficient in patients with bipolar disorder" . Schizophr. Res. , 40 : 219 – 227 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason . 1956 . J. Consult. Psychol. , 20 : 297 – 300 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy , D.L. , Brodie , H.K. , Goodwin , F.K. and Bunney , W.E. Jr . 1971 . "Regular induction of hypomania by l -dopa in 'bipolar' manic-depressive patients" . Nature , 229 (5280) : 135 – 136 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy , F.C. , Sahakian , B.J. , Rubinszter , J.S. , Michael , A. , Rogers , R.D. , Robbins , T.W. and Paykel , E.S. 1999 . "Emotional bias and inhibitory control function in mania and depression" . Psychol. Med. , 29 : 1307 – 1321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , M.D. , Saykin , A.J. , Flashman , L.A. and Riordan , H.J. 1998 . "Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analytic study" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , 33 : 433 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearlson , G.D. , Barta , P.E. , Powers , R.E. , Menon , R.R. , Richards , S.S. , Aylward , E.H. , Federman , E.B. , Chase , G.A. , Petty , R.G. and Tien , A.Y. 1997 . "Ziskind-Somerfield Research Award 1996. Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia verses bipolar disorder" . Biol. Psychiatry , 41 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persuad , R. , Russow , H. , Harvey , I. , Lewis , S.W. , Ron , M. , Murray , R.M. and du Boulay , G. 1997 . "Focal signal hyperintensities in schizophrenia" . Schizophr. Res. , 27 (1) : 55 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Post , R.M. 1999 . "Comparative pharmacology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia" . Schizophr. Res. , 39 (2) : 153 – 158 . Discussion 163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potash , Willour V.C. , Chui , Y.F. , Simpson , S.G. , Mackinnon , D.F. , Pearlson , G.D. , DePaulo , J.R. Jr and McInnis , M.G. 2001 . "The familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder pedigrees" . Am. J. Psychiatry , 158 : 1258 – 1264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin, Nosarti C. and Murray, R.M. "The neurodevelopmental consequences of very preterm birth" (sumitted for publication).
   Google Scholar
• Roy , P.D. , Zipursky , R.B. , Saint-cyr , J.A. , Bury , A. , Langevin , R. and Seeman , M.V. 1998 . "Temporal horn enlargement is present in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder" . Biol. Psychiatry , 44 : 418 – 422 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin , E. 1995 . "Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders: IV. Comparison of depression and mania" . Psychiatry Res. , 61 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacheim , H.A. , Probovnik , I. and Apter , S. 1999 . "Regional blood flow in affective disorders: relation to phenomenology and effects of treatment" ” . In Cerebral Dynamics Laterality and Psychopathology , Edited by: Takahashi . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Semwal , P. , Prasad , S. , Bhatia , T. , Deshpande , S.N. , Wood , J. , Nimgaonkar , V.L. and Thelma , B.K. 2001 . "Family based association studies of monoaminergic gen polymorphisms among North Indians with schizophrenia" . Mol. Psychiatry , 6 (2) : 220 – 224 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silfverskiold , P. and Risberg , J. 1989 . "Regional cerebral blood flow in depression and mania" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , 46 : 253 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares , J.C. and Mann , J.J. 1997 . "The anatomy of mood disorders--review of structural imaging studies" . Biol. Psychiatry , 41 : 86 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , A. , Rifkin , L. , Amess , P. , Kirkbride , V. , Townsend , J. and Murray , R.M. 1999 . "Brain structure and neurocognitive and behavioural function in adolescents who were born very preterm" . Lancet , 353 : 1653 – 1657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll , A.L. , Renshaw , P.F. , Yurgelun-Todd , D.A. and Cohen , B.M. 2000 . "Neuroimaging in bipolar disorder: what have we learned?" . Biol. Psychiatry , 48 (6) : 505 – 517 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stratowski , S.M. , Delbello , M.P. , Sax , K.W. , Zimmerman , M.E. , Shear , P.K. , Hawkins , J.M. and Larson , E.R. 1999 . "Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder" . 56 : 254 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Swayze , V.W. 2nd , Andreasen , N.C. , Alliger , R.J. , Yuh , W.T. and Ehrhardt , J.C. 1992 . "Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study" . Biol. Psychiatry , 31 (3) : 221 – 240 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweeny , J. , Kmiec , J. and Kupfer , D. 2000 . "Neuropsychologic impairments in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders on the CANTAB neurocognitive battery" . Biol. Psychiatry , 48 : 674 – 685 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takei , N. , O'Callaghan , E. , Sham , P. , Glover , G. , Tamura , A. and Murray , R. 1992 . "Seasonality of admission in the psychoses: effect of diagnosis, sex, and age at onset" . Br. J. Psychiatry , 161 : 506 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tham , A. , Engelbrektson , K. , Mathe , A.A. , Johnson , L. , Olsson , E. and Aberg-Wistedt , A. 1997 . "Impaired neuropsychological performance in euthymic patients with recurring mood disorders" . J. Clin. Psychiatry , 38 : 26 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Valles , V. , Van Os , J. , Guillamat , R. , Gutierrez , B. , Campillo , M. and Gento , P. 1999 . "Increased morbid risk for schizophrenia in families of in-patients with bipolar disorder" . Schizophr. Res. , 42 : 83 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Gorp , W.G. , Altshuler , L. , Theberge , D.C. , Wilkins , J. and Dixon , W. 1998 . "Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients with and without prior alcohol dependence" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , 55 : 41 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Os , J. , Fahy , T.A. , Jones , P. , Harvey , I. , Sham , P. , Lewis , S. , Bebbington , P. , Toone , B. , Williams , M. and Murray , R. 1996 . "Psychopathological syndromes in the functional psychoses: associations with course and outcome" . Psychol. Med. , 26 : 161 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Os , J. , Jones , P. , Lewis , G. , Wadsworth , M. and Murray , R. 1997 . "Developmental precursors to affective illness in a general population birth cohort" . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , 54 (7) : 625 – 631 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Os , J. , Jones , P. , Sham , P. , Bebbington , P. and Murray , R.M. 1998 . "Neurodevelopmental and social risk factors across the continuum of psychoses" . Soc. Psychiatry Epidemiol. , 33 : 596 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Os , J. , Gilvarry , C. , Bale , R. , Van Horn , E. , Tattan , T. , White , I. and Murray , R. 1999 . "A comparison of the utility of dimensional and categorical representations of psychosis. UK700 Group" . Psychol. Med. , 29 (3) : 595 – 606 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ventura , J. , Neuchterlein , K. , Lukoff , D. and Hardesty , J. 1989 . "A prospective study of stressful life events in schizophrenic relapse" . J. Abnormal Psychol. , 98 : 407 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdoux , H. and Bourgeouis , M. 1993 . "A comparative study of obstetric history in schizophrenics, bipolar patients and normal subjects" . Schizophr. Res. , 9 : 67 – 69 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward , K.E. , Friedman , L. , Wise , A. and Schulz , S.C. 1996 . "Meta-analysis of brain and cranial size in schizophrenia" . Schizophr. Res. , 22 : 197 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. , Spurlock , G. Holmans , P. 1998 . "A meta-analysis and transmission disequilibrium study of association between the dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia" . Mol. Psychiatry , 3 (2) : 141 – 149 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong , J. Paper presented at the Australian Schizophrenia Research Meeting . October 2000 , Lorne.
   Google Scholar
• Wright , I.C. , Rabe-Hesketh , S. , Woodruff , P.W. , David , A.S. , Murray , R.M. and Bullmore , E.T. 2000 . "Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia" . Am. J. Psychiatry , 157 (1) : 16 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar