Spotlight on El-Zahrawi, Father of Modern Surgery: Reflections on His Impact on Contemporary Medicine and the Need for Greater Medical Education on Pivotal Figures in Medicine

References

• American Association of Medical Colleges. Cultural competence education for medical students; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Seeleman C, Suurmond J, Stronks K. Cultural competence: a conceptual framework for teaching and learning. Med Educ. 2009;43(3):229–237. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03269.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogra N, Reitmanova S, Carter-Pokras O. Twelve tips for teaching diversity and embedding it in the medical curriculum. Med Teach. 2009;31(11):990–993. doi:10.3109/01421590902960326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen J, Norredam M, Dogra N, Essink-Bot ML, Suurmond J, Krasnik A. Enhancing cultural competence in medical education. Int J Med Educ. 2017;8:28–30. doi:10.5116/ijme.587a.0333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazar M, Kendall K, Day L, Nazar H. Decolonising medical curricula through diversity education: lessons from students. Med Teach. 2015;37(4):385–393. doi:10.3109/0142159x.2014.947938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie P, Wilkes R. Representations of race and skin tone in medical textbook imagery. Soc Sci Med. 2018;202:38–42. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokugamage AU, Ahillan T, Pathberiya SDC. Decolonising ideas of healing in medical education. J Med Ethics. 2020;46(4):265–272. doi:10.1136/medethics-2019-105866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airhihenbuwa CO. Health and culture: Beyond the Western paradigm. Nursing Standard 1995;9(42):54.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison M. A global perspective: reframing the history of health, medicine, and disease. Bull Hist Med. 2015;89(4):639–689. doi:10.1353/bhm.2015.0116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbaki Y, Todorova E, Hagan P. Diversifying the medical curriculum as part of the wider decolonising effort: a proposed framework and self-assessment resource toolbox. Clin Teach. 2021;18(5):459–466. doi:10.1111/tct.13408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renima A, Tiliouine H, Estes R. The Islamic Golden Age: a story of the triumph of the Islamic Civilization. State Soc Prog Islamic Soc. 2016;9(25-52):25–52. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_2.
   Google Scholar
• Hajar R. The air of history part III: The golden age in Arab Islamic medicine an introduction. Heart Views. 2013;14(1):43–46. doi:10.4103/1995-705X.107125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chavoushi SH, Ghabili K, Kazemi A, et al. Surgery for gynecomastia in the Islamic Golden Age: Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD). ISRN Surg. 2012;2012:934965. doi:10.5402/2012/934965.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nouri-Vaskeh M, Mostafavi S, Alizadeh H, Kazemi A. Albucasis: pioneer of the modern anorectal surgery. J Coloproctol. 2020;40(04):435–439. doi:10.1016/j.jcol.2020.05.016.
   Google Scholar
• Cambra LMA, Abulcasis A-Z. The surgeon Of Al-Andalus. Eur Sci J. 2016;12(10):240–247. doi:10.19044/esj.2016.v12n10p%25p.
   Google Scholar
• Amr SS, Tbakhi A. Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi (Albucasis): pioneer of modern surgery. Ann Saudi Med. 2007;27(3):220–221. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2007.220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslan AO, Benek S, Dıramalı FD, Dıramalı M, Tonyalı F. Albucasis: founder of Catgut. Acta Med Anatol. 2014;2(3):103–104. doi:10.15824/actamedica.23085.
   Google Scholar
• Nabri IA. El Zahrawi (936-1013 AD), the father of operative surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1983;65(2):132–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Halim RE, Altwaijiri AS, Elfaqih SR, Mitwalli AH. Extraction of urinary bladder stone as described by Abul-Qasim Khalaf Ibn Abbas Alzahrawi (Albucasis) (325-404 H, 930-1013 AD). A translation of original text and a commentary. Saudi Med J. 2003;24(12):1283–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehdizadeh A. Cataract surgery in Albucasis manuscript. Iran J Ophthalmol. 2012;24(1):75–76.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Mehrotra S. Is catgut really obsolete? Experience with buried subcuticular catgut sutures in operative wounds. Med J Armed Forces India. 2002;58(3):217–220. doi:10.1016/s0377-1237(02)80133-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shedlock J, Sims RH, Kubilius RK. Promoting and teaching the history of medicine in a medical school curriculum. J Med Libr Assoc. 2012;100(2):138–141. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.99.100.2.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell JD. An elective course in medical history. Acad Med. 1991;66(11):668–669. doi:10.1097/00001888-199111000-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton JL. The importance of the study of the history of medicine. Health Libr Rev. 1987;4(3):139–140. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2532.1987.430139.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar