Dietary effects of Sanacore® GM on productive performance, immune-antioxidative status, cytokines, and resistance of European sea bass to Vibrio alginolyticus infection

References

• Abdel Rahman, A. N., G. E. Elshopakey, A. Behairy, D. E. Altohamy, A. I. Ahmed, K. Y. Farroh, M. Alkafafy, S. A. Shahin, and R. E. Ibrahim. 2022a. Chitosan-Ocimum basilicum nanocomposite as a dietary additive in Oreochromis niloticus: Effects on immune-antioxidant response, head kidney gene expression, intestinal architecture, and growth. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 128:425–35. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel Rahman, A., M. Hassanin, and M. ElHady. 2019. Growth performance, haematology and intestinal histo-morphology of Nile tilapia fed on Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaf powder at different concentrations. Aquaculture Research 50 (11):3211–22. doi:10.1111/are.14276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel Rahman, A., H. Van Doan, H. M. Elsheshtawy, A. Dawood, S. M. R. Salem, N. I. Sheraiba, S. R. Masoud, N. S. Abdelnaeim, T. Khamis, M. Alkafafy, et al. 2022b. Dietary Salvia officinalis leaves enhances antioxidant-immune-capacity, resistance to Aeromonas sobria challenge, and growth of Cyprinus carpio. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 127:340–48. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Tawwab, M., T. A. M. Abo Selema, M. M. Abotaleb, R. H. Khalil, N. M. Sabry, A. M. Soliman, and E. A. A. Eldessouki. 2023. Effects of a commercial feed additive (SANACORE® GM) on immune-antioxidant profile and resistance of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Annals of Animal Science 23 (1):185–93. doi:10.2478/aoas-2022-0053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Tawwab, M., T. A. M. Abo Selema, A. M. Soliman, S. H. H. Shady, and R. H. Khalil. 2022. Effects of a commercial feed additive (Sanacore® GM) on water quality, productive performance and blood profile of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Research 53 (17):6310–23. doi:10.1111/are.16103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Tawwab, M., M. N. Monier, A. M. Abdelrhman, and M. A. O. Dawood. 2020. Effect of dietary multi-stimulants blend supplementation on performance, digestive enzymes, and antioxidants biomarkers of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. and its resistance to ammonia toxicity. Aquaculture 528:735529. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Tawwab, M., H. A. Mounes, S. H. Shady, and K. M. Ahmed. 2021. Effects of yucca, Yucca schidigera, extract and/or yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as water additives on growth, biochemical, and antioxidants/oxidant biomarkers of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 533:736122. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Tawwab, M., and M. Wafeek. 2017. Fluctuations in water temperature affected waterborne cadmium toxicity: Hematology, anaerobic glucose pathway, and oxidative stress status of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture 477:106–11. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology 105:121–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amend, D. F. 1981. Potency testing of fish vaccines. Fish Biologics: Serodiagnostics and Vaccines 49:447–54.
   Google Scholar
• Bartosz, G. 2003. Total antioxidant capacity. Advances in Clinical Chemistry 37:219–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhuvaneshwaran, T., P. Philominal, G. Sanjay, N. Jayakumar, and B. Ahilan. 2020. Phytobiotics and their role in enhancing the fish against the diseases. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 35 (1–4):55–65.
   Google Scholar
• Biller-Takahashi, J. D., and E. C. Urbinati. 2014. Fish immunology. The modification and manipulation of the innate immune system: Brazilian studies. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 86 (3):1483–95. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201420130159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botelho, R. G., C. A. Christofoletti, J. E. Correia, Y. Ansoar, R. A. Olinda, and V. L. Tornisielo. 2015. Genotoxic responses of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to florfenicol and oxytetracycline. Chemosphere 132:206–12. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, C. E. 1984. Water quality in warm water fishponds. Auburn, AL, USA: Auburn University Agriculture Experimental Station.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B. A. 1988. Routine hematology procedures. In Hematology. Principles and procedures, ed. B. A. Brown, 7–122. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Leo and Fabiger.
   Google Scholar
• Caipang, C. M. A., C. C. Lazaro, M. F. Brinchmann, and V. Kiron. 2012. Transcription of selected immune-related genes in spleen cells of cod, Gadus morhua following incubation with alginic acid and β-glucan. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 416-417:202–07. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.12.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury, T. G., and D. Kamilya. 2019. Paraprobiotics: An aquaculture perspective. Reviews in Aquaculture 11 (4):1258–70. doi:10.1111/raq.12290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costas, B., L. E. Conceição, J. Dias, B. Novoa, A. Figueras, and A. Afonso. 2011. Dietary arginine and repeated handling increase disease resistance and modulate innate immune mechanisms of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 31:838–47. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawood, M. A. O., S. Koshio, and M. Á. Esteban. 2018. Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture 10 (4):950–74. doi:10.1111/raq.12209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dytham, C. 2011. Choosing and using statistics: A biologist ’s guide. London, UK: Blackwell Science.
   Google Scholar
• El-Kady, A. A., F. I. Magouz, S. A. Mahmoud, and M. M. Abdel-Rahim. 2022. The effects of some commercial probiotics as water additive on water quality, fish performance, blood biochemical parameters, expression of growth and immune-related genes, and histology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 546:737249. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, A. E. 1990. Lysozyme assay. In Techniques in fish immunology, ed. J. S. Stolen, D. P. Fletcher, B. S. Anderson, and B. S. Robertson, 101–03. Fair Haven, NJ, USA: SOS Publication.
   Google Scholar
• El-Saadony, M. T., M. Alagawany, A. K. Patra, I. Kar, R. Tiwari, M. A. O. Dawood, K. Dhama, and H. M. R. Abdel-Latif. 2021. The functionality of probiotics in aquaculture: An overview. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 117:36–52. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elumalai, P., A. Kurian, S. Lakshmi, C. Faggio, M. A. Esteban, and E. Ringø. 2021. Herbal Immunomodulators in Aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 29 (1):33–57. doi:10.1080/23308249.2020.1779651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. 2022. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022. Rome, Italy: Towards Blue Transformation. FAO. doi:10.4060/cc0461en.
   Google Scholar
• Farrag, F. H., F. F. Khalil, M. M. Refaey, A. A. El-Shebly, and A. M. Behery. 2019. Effect of different levels of Aqua-Max Plus® on growth performance, feed efficiency and physiological responses of the mono-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L. 1758). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 23 (3):291–301. doi:10.21608/ejabf.2019.53625.
   Google Scholar
• Favero, L. M., W. G. Nuez-Ortí, M.-M. Isern-Subich, and U. P. Pereira. 2020. Use of a functional feed additive to reduce mortality from franciselosis and streptococcosis. Aquafeed: Advances in Processing & Formulation 12 (1):23–26.
   Google Scholar
• Foysal, M. J., M. Alam, A. Q. Kawser, F. Hasan, M. M. Rahman, C. Y. Tay, M. S. H. Prodhan, and S. K. Gupta. 2020. Meta-omics technologies reveals beneficiary effects of Lactobacillus plantarum as dietary supplements on gut microbiota, immune response and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 520:734974. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, R. 1964. Colorimetric determination of total protein. Clinical chemistry. New York, USA: Harperand Row Publ.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, M. A., F. Kokou, O. Palenzuela, G. Pyrenis, and G. Rigos. 2020. Experimental infection model with the bivalvulid Enteromyxum leei (Myxidiidae) in the sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo (Sparidae), and evaluation of the antiparasitic efficacy of a functional diet. Folia parasitologica 67:024. doi:10.14411/fp.2020.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseinifar, S. H., Y.-Z. Sun, Z. Zhou, H. Van Doan, S. J. Davies, and R. Harikrishnan. 2020. Boosting immune function and disease biocontrol through environment-friendly and sustainable approaches in finfish aquaculture: Herbal therapy scenarios. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 28 (3):303–21. doi:10.1080/23308249.2020.1731420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseinifar, S. H., M. Yousefi, H. Van Doan, G. Ashouri, G. Gioacchini, F. Maradonna, and O. Carnevali. 2021. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in fish: The implications of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotics. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 29 (2):198–217. doi:10.1080/23308249.2020.1795616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseini, S. M., S. K. Gupta, M. Yousefi, E. V. Kulikov, S. G. Drukovsky, A. K. Petrov, A. Taheri Mirghaed, S. H. Hoseinifar, and H. Van Doan. 2022. Mitigation of transportation stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, by dietary administration of turmeric. Aquaculture 546:737380. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseini, S. M., and R. Tarkhani. 2013. Effect of short‐term treatment with potassium permanganate on stress markers and blood biochemistry in goldfish Carassius auratus. Aquaculture Research 44 (6):869–75. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03091.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseini, S. M., and M. Yousefi. 2019. Beneficial effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract on oxytetracycline‐induced stress response, immunosuppression, oxidative stress and enzymatic changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Nutrition 25 (2):298–309. doi:10.1111/anu.12853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseini, S. M., M. Yousefi, S. H. Hoseinifar, and H. Van Doan. 2019. Cytokines’ gene expression, humoral immune and biochemical responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758) to transportation density and recovery in brackish water. Aquaculture 504:13–21. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.01.049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrubec, T. C., and S. A. Smith. 2010. Hematology of fishes. In Schalm ’s veterinary hematology, ed. D. J. Weiss and K. J. Wardrop, 994–1003. 6th ed. Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kalatzis, P. G., M. M. Isern-Subich, and W. G. Nuez-Ortí. 2022. Functional feed additive for gut integrity and protection against the intestinal myxosporean endoparasite Enteromyxum leei. Aquafeed: Advances in Processing & Formulation 14 (3):15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Kawahara, E., T. Ueda, and S. Nomura. 1991. In vitro phagocytic activity of white-spotted char blood cells after injection with Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products. Fish Pathology 26 (4):213–14. doi:10.3147/jsfp.26.213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kord, M. I., S. Maulu, T. M. Srour, E. A. Omar, A. A. Farag, A. A. M. Nour, O. J. Hasimuna, M. Abdel-Tawwab, and H. S. Khalil. 2022. Impacts of water additives on water quality, production efficiency, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and immunological responses of Nile tilapia fingerlings under a zero-water-exchange system. Aquaculture 547:737503. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, D. R. 2001. Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (8):656–66. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00060-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnadottir, B. 2006. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 20 (2):137–51. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magouz, F. I., M. A. O. Dawood, M. F. I. Salem, M. El-Ghandour, H. Van Doan, and A. A. I. Mohamed. 2020. The role of a digestive enhancer in improving the growth performance, digestive enzymes activity, and health condition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under suboptimal temperature. Aquaculture 526:735388. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCord, J. M., and I. Fridovich. 1969. Superoxide dismutase: An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). Journal of Biological Chemistry 244 (22):6049–55. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63504-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, R. K., D. K. Granner, P. A. Mayes, and V. W. Rodwell. 2003. Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 26th ed 818. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, C., and K. Y. H. Gin. 2019. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance dissemination in aquatic systems. Water 11 (1):1–7. doi:10.3390/w11010071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noguchi, T., D. F. Hwang, O. Arakawa, H. Sugita, Y. Deguchi, Y. Shida, and K. Hashimoto. 1987. Vibrio alginolyticus, a tetrodotoxin-producing bacterium, in the intestines of the fish Fugu vermicularis vermicularis. Marine Biology 94 (4):625–30. doi:10.1007/BF00431409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa, H., N. Ohishi, and K. Yagi. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry 95 (2):351–58. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada, Y., N. J. Klein, and J. Pierro. 1999. Neutrophil dysfunction: The cellular mechanisms of impaired immunity during total parenteral nutrition in infancy. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 34 (2):242–45. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(99)90182-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palenzuela, O., R. Del Pozo, M. C. Piazzon, M. M. Isern-Subich, and S. Ceulemans, P. P. Coutteau, and A. Sitjà-Bobadilla. 2020. Effect of a functional feed additive on mitigation of experimentally induced gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata enteromyxosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 138:111–20. doi:10.3354/dao03453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazzon, M. C., F. Naya-Català, G. V. Pereira, I. Estensoro, R. Del Pozo, J. A. Calduch-Giner, W. G. Nuez-Ortín, O. Palenzuela, A. Sitjà-Bobadilla, J. Dias, et al. 2022. A novel fish meal-free diet formulation supports proper growth and does not impair intestinal parasite susceptibility in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) with a reshape of gut microbiota and tissue-specific gene expression patterns. Aquaculture 558:738362. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragab, R. H., M. Y. Elgendy, N. M. Sabry, M. S. Sharaf, M. M. Attia, R. M. S. Korany, M. Abdelsalam, A. S. Eltahan, E. A. Eldessouki, G. O. El-Demerdash, et al. 2022. Mass kills in hatchery-reared European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) triggered by concomitant infections of Amyloodinium ocellatum and Vibrio alginolyticus. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine. 10(1):33–45. doi:10.1080/23144599.2022.2070346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitman, S., and S. Frankel. 1957. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 28 (1):56–63. doi:10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Cerpa, S., K. Maisey, F. Reyes-Lpez, D. Toro-Ascuy, A. Mara, and M. Imarai. 2012. Fish cytokines and immune response. New Advances and Contributions to Fish Biology Internet. Nov 21. doi: 10.5772/53504.
   Google Scholar
• Rimoldi, S., S. Torrecillas, D. Montero, E. Gini, A. Makol, V. Valdenegro, M. Izquierdo, G. Terova, and J. J. Loor. 2020. Assessment of dietary supplementation with galactomannan oligosaccharides and phytogenics on gut microbiota of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) fed low fishmeal and fish oil based diet. PloS One 15 (4):e0231494. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rzeuski, R., D. Chlubek, and Z. Machoy. 1998. Interactions between fluoride and biological free radical reactions. Fluoride 31:43–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäperclaus, W., H. Kulow, and K. Schreckenbach. 1992. Fish disease. Rotterdam, the Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
   Google Scholar
• Schmittgen, T. D., and K. J. Livak. 2008. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C T method. Nature Protocols 3 (6):1101. doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secombes, C. J., L. J. Hardie, and G. Daniels. 1996. Cytokines in fish: An update. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 6 (4):291–304. doi:10.1006/fsim.1996.0030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siwicki, A., and D. Anderson. 1993. Nonspecific defense mechanisms assay in fish: II. Potential killing activity of neutrophils and macrophages, lysozyme activity in serum and organs and total immunoglobulin level in serum. In Fish disease diagnosis and prevention methods, ed. A. Siwicki, D. Anderson, and J. Waluga, 105–12. Olsztyn, Poland: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Rybactwa Srodladowego.
   Google Scholar
• Uribe, C., H. Folch, R. Enríquez, and G. Moran. 2011. Innate and adaptive immunity in teleost fish: A review. Veterinarni Medicina 56 (10):486–503. doi:10.17221/3294-VETMED.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandeputte, M., P. A. Gagnaire, and F. Allal. 2019. The European sea bass: A key marine fish model in the wild and in aquaculture. Animal Genetics 50 (3):195–206. doi:10.1111/age.12779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Doan, H., S. H. Hoseinifar, E. Ringø, M. Á. Esteban, M. Dadar, M. A. O. Dawood, and C. Faggio. 2020. Host-associated probiotics: A key factor in sustainable aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 28 (1):16–42. doi:10.1080/23308249.2019.1643288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kampen, E. J., and W. G. Zijlstra. 1961. Recommendations for haemoglobinometry in human blood. British Journal of Haematology 13:71.
   Google Scholar
• Verlhac, V., and J. Gabaudan. 1997. The effect of vitamin C on fish health. In Roche technical bulletin, 30. Basel, Switzerland: Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, J. E., H. J. Schreier, L. Lanska, and M. S. Hale. 2017. The rising tide of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: Sources, sinks and solutions. Marine Drugs 15 (6):158. doi:10.3390/md15060158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegertjes, G. F., R. J. M. Stet, H. K. Parmentier, and W. B. Van Muiswinkel. 1996. Immunogenetics of disease resistance in fish; a comparable approach. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 20 (6):365–81. doi:10.1016/S0145-305X(96)00032-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotton, I. D., and H. Freeman. 1982. Microanalysis in medical biochemistry. New York, USA: Churchill.
   Google Scholar
• Yarahmadi, P., H. K. Miandare, S. Fayaz, and C. M. A. Caipang. 2016. Increased stocking density causes changes in expression of selected stress-and immune-related genes, humoral innate immune parameters and stress responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 48:43–53. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, S., E. Yilmaz, M. A. O. Dawood, E. Ringø, E. Ahmadifar, and H. M. R. Abdel-Latif. 2022. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics used to control vibriosis in fish: A review. Aquaculture 547:737514. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yossa, R., and M. Verdegem. 2015. Misuse of multiple comparison tests and underuse of contrast procedures in aquaculture publications. Aquaculture 437:344–50. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousefi, M., S. M. Hoseini, B. Abtahi, Y. A. Vatnikov, E. V. Kulikov, and N. Y. Rodionova1. 2022. Effects of dietary methanolic extract of hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis, on growth performance, hepatic antioxidant, humoral and intestinal immunity, and intestinal bacteria of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Front Mar Science 2022:9–2022. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.1026651.
   Google Scholar
• Yousefi, M., S. M. Hoseini, E. V. Kulikov, N. V. Babichev, M. V. Bolshakova, M. I. Shopinskaya, R. V. Rogov, A. N. Zharov. 2023. Effects of dietary pomegranate peel supplementation on growth performance and biochemical responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to chronic crowding stress. Aquaculture Reports 30:101532. doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousefi, M., S. M. Hoseini, Y. A. Vatnikov, A. A. Nikishov, and E. V. Kulikov. 2018. Thymol as a new anesthetic in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Efficacy and physiological effects in comparison with eugenol. Aquaculture 495:376–83. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zargar, A., A. T. Mirghaed, S. S. Mirzargar, M. Ghelichpour, M. Yousefi, and S. M. Hoseini. 2020. Dietary ginger administration attenuates oxidative stress and immunosuppression caused by oxytetracycline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research 51 (10):4215–24. doi:10.1111/are.14763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., S. Rahimnejad, Y.-R. Wang, K. Lu, K. Song, L. Wang, and K. Mai. 2018. Substituting fish meal with soybean meal in diets for Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus): Effects on growth, digestive enzymes activity, gut histology, and expression of gut inflammatory and transporter genes. Aquaculture 483:173–82. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Župan, I., S. Tkalčić, T. Šaric, R. Čož-Rakovac, I. Strunjak-Perović, N. Topić-Popović, M. Kardum, D. Kanski, B. B. Ljubić, V. Matijatko et al. 2015. Supplementation with imuno-2865® in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758): Effects on hematological and antioxidant parameters. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 47(1):590–94. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar