Studying Close Entity Encounters of the Psychedelic Kind: Insights from the Cognitive Evolutionary Science of Religion

References

• Aday, J. S., Davis, A. K., Mitzkovitz, C. M., Bloesch, E. K., & Davoli, C. C. (2021). Predicting reactions to psychedelic drugs: A systematic review of states and traits related to acute drug effects. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alcorta, C. S., & Sosis, R. (2013). Ritual, religion and violence: An evolutionary perspective. In M. Juergensmeyer, M. Kitts, & M. Jerryson (Eds.), The oxford handbook of religion and violence (pp. 571–596). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Atran, S. (2002). In gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Avalos, H. (2013). Religion and scarcity: A new theory for the role of religion in violence. In M. Juergensmeyer, M. Kitts, & M. Jerryson (Eds.), The oxford handbook of religion and violence (pp. 554–570). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, J. (2002). Dumb gods, petitionary prayer and the cognitive science of religion. In I. Pyysiainen & V. Anttonen (Eds.), Current approaches in the cognitive science of religion (pp. 93–109). Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, F. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2018). Classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences: phenomenology and neural correlates. In A. Halberstadt, F. Vollenweider, & D. Nichols (Eds.), Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (pp. 393–430). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/7854_2017_474
   Google Scholar
• Beheim, B., Atkinson, Q. D., Bulbulia, J., Gervais, W., Gray, R. D., Henrich, J., Lang, M., Monroe, M. W., Muthukrishna, M., Norenzayan, A., Purzycki, B. G., Shariff, A., Slingerland, E., Spicer, R., & Willard, A. K. (2021). Treatment of missing data determined conclusions regarding moralizing gods. Nature, 595(7866), E29–E34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03655-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, P. (1994). The naturalness of religious ideas: A cognitive theory of religion (1st ed.). University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer, P. (2002). Religion explained: The evolutionary origins of religious thought (Reprint ed.). Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer, P. (2020). Informal religious activity outside hegemonic religions: Wild traditions and their relevance to evolutionary models. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 10(4), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2019.1678518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, P. (2021). Deriving features of religions in the wild. Human Nature, 32(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-021-09394-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breeksema, J. J., & van Elk, M. (2021). Working with weirdness: A response to moving past mysticism in psychedelic science. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(4), 1471–1474. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brouwer, A., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Pivotal mental states. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 319–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120959637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulbulia, J. (2012). Spreading order: Religion, cooperative niche construction, and risky coordination problems. Biology & Philosophy, 27(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-011-9295-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Chialvo, D. R., & Nutt, D. (2014). The entropic brain: A theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Goodwin, G. M. (2017). The therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs: Past, present, and future. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(11), 2105–2113. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2019). REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 71(3), 316–344. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo, F., Sigman, M., Slezak, D. F., Ashton, P., Fitzgerald, L., Stroud, J., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Natural speech algorithm applied to baseline interview data can predict which patients will respond to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 230, 84–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. K., Clifton, J. M., Weaver, E. G., Hurwitz, E. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2020). Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled N, N-dimethyltryptamine: Phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(9), 1008–1020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120916143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diallo, S., Wildman, W. J., Shults, F. L., & Tolk, A. (Eds.). (2019). Human simulation: Perspectives, insights, and applications. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Doblin, R. E., Christiansen, M., Jerome, L., & Burge, B. (2019). The past and future of psychedelic science: An introduction to this issue. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, A., Ponté, L., Jerome, L., & Doblin, R. (2014). History and future of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2014.877321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortier, M. E. (2019). The evolutionary neuroanthropology of consciousness exploring the diversity of conscious states across cultures. ALIUS, 45(3), 45–97. doi:10.34700/krg3-zk35
   Google Scholar
• Franek, J. (2020). Naturalism and protectionism in the study of religions. Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, H. A. (2015). Alpha god: The psychology of religious violence and oppression. Prometheus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Glausser, W. (2021). Psychedelic drugs and atheism: Debunking the myths. Religions, 12(8), 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12080614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore, R., Lemos, C., Shults, F. L., & Wildman, W. J. (2018). Forecasting changes in religiosity and existential security with an agent-based model. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 21(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.3596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006). Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology, 187(3), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., Johnson, M. W., McCann, U. D., & Jesse, R. (2008). Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108094300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2011). Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: Immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology, 218(4), 649–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Jesse, R., MacLean, K. A., Barrett, F. S., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2018). Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Hurwitz, E. S., Davis, A. K., Johnson, M. W., & Jesse, R. (2019). Survey of subjective” God encounter experiences”: Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT. PloS One, 14(4), e0214377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie, S. (1980). A cognitive theory of religion. Current Anthropology, 21(2), 181–203. https://doi.org/10.1086/202429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie, S. (1993). Faces in the clouds: A new theory of religion. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. D. P., Blumstein, D. T., Fowler, J. H., & Haselton, M. G. (2013). The evolution of error: Error management, cognitive constraints, and adaptive decision-making biases. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28(8), 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. W. (2018). Psychiatry might need some psychedelic therapy. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. W., Hendricks, P. S., Barrett, F. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2019). Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 197, 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. W. (2020). Consciousness, religion, and gurus: Pitfalls of psychedelic medicine. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2), 578–581. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kettner, H., Gandy, S., Haijen, E. C., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2019). From egoism to ecoism: Psychedelics increase nature relatedness in a state-mediated and context-dependent manner. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 5147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundt, R. (2015). Contemporary evolutionary theories of culture and the study of religion. Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, J. E., & Shults, F. L. (2018). Cognition, culture, and social simulation. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(5), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, M., Purzycki, B. G., Apicella, C. L., Atkinson, Q. D., Bolyanatz, A., Cohen, E., Handley, C., Kundtová Klocová, E., Lesorogol, C., & Mathew, S. (2019). Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1898), 20190202. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlitz, N., Dyck, E., Scheidegger, M., & Repantis, D. (2021). Moral psychopharmacology needs moral inquiry: The case of psychedelics. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(August), 1104. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680064
   Google Scholar
• Lanman, J. A., & Buhrmester, M. D. (2015). Religious actions speak louder than words: Exposure to credibility-enhancing displays predicts theism. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2015.1117011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, E. T., & McCauley, R. N. (1993). Rethinking religion: Connecting cognition and culture. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lebedev, A. V., Lövdén, M., Rosenthal, G., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2015). Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin. Human Brain Mapping, 36(8), 3137–3153. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leptourgos, P., Fortier-Davy, M., Carhart-Harris, R., Corlett, P. R., Dupuis, D., Halberstadt, A. L., Kometer, M., Kozakova, E., Larøi, F., & Noorani, T. N. (2020). Hallucinations under psychedelics and in the schizophrenia spectrum: An interdisciplinary and multiscale comparison. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(6), 1396–1408. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Healey, E., Laukkonen, R., & van Elk, M. (2021). Future directions for clinical psychedelic research: The relaxed symptom network. https://psyarxiv.com/q3ymd/
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Williams, J. D. (2002). The mind in the cave: Consciousness and the origins of art. Thames & Hudson.
   Google Scholar
• Lindeman, M., Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M., & Lipsanen, J. (2015). Ontological confusions but not mentalizing abilities predict religious belief, paranormal belief, and belief in supernatural purpose. Cognition, 134, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhrmann, T. M., Weisman, K., Aulino, F., Brahinsky, J. D., Dulin, J. C., Dzokoto, V. A., Legare, C. H., Lifshitz, M., Ng, E., & Ross-Zehnder, N. (2021). Sensing the presence of gods and spirits across cultures and faiths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(5), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016649118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutkajtis, A. (2020). Entity encounters and the therapeutic effect of the psychedelic mystical experience. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(3), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016649118
   Google Scholar
• MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2011). Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), 1453–1461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111420188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A., Gervais, W. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2012). Mentalizing deficits constrain belief in a personal god. PLoS ONE, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A. (2013). Big gods: How religion transformed cooperation and conflict (1 ed.). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nour, M. M., Evans, L., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2017). Psychedelics, personality and political perspectives. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 49(3), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace, B. A., & Devenot, N. (2021). Right-wing psychedelia: Case studies in cultural plasticity and political pluripotency. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(December), 1–21. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185
   Google Scholar
• Pollan, M. (2019). How to change your mind: What the new science of psychedelics teaches us about consciousness, dying, addiction, depression, and transcendence. Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Purzycki, B. G., Henrich, J., Apicella, C., Atkinson, Q. D., Baimel, A., Cohen, E., McNamara, R. A., Willard, A. K., Xygalatas, D., & Norenzayan, A. (2018). The evolution of religion and morality: A synthesis of ethnographic and experimental evidence from eight societies. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 8(2), 101–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2016.1267027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Révész, D., Ona, G., Rossi, G. N., Rocha, J. M., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á., & Bouso, J. C. (2021). Cross-sectional associations between lifetime use of psychedelic drugs and psychometric measures during the COVID-19 confinement: A transcultural study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Arce, J. M., & Winkelman, M. J. (2021). Psychedelics, sociality, and human evolution. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–26. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russ, S. L., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Maruyama, G., & Elliott, M. S. (2019). States and traits related to the quality and consequences of psychedelic experiences. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(1), 1. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cns0000169
   Google Scholar
• Safron, A. (2020). On the varieties of conscious experiences: Altered beliefs under psychedelics (ALBUS). PsyArXiv. November, 30. https://psyarxiv.com/zqh4b/
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, J. W., & Zijlmans, J. (2021). Moving past mysticism in psychedelic science. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(3), 1253–1255. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00097
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanz, C., Pallavicini, C., Carrillo, F., Zamberlan, F., Sigman, M., Mota, N., Copelli, M., Ribeiro, S., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2021). The entropic tongue: Disorganization of natural language under LSD. Consciousness and Cognition, 87, 103070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2020.103070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L. (2014a). Iconoclastic theology: Gilles Deleuze and the secretion of atheism. Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L. (2014b). Theology after the birth of god: Atheist conceptions in cognition and culture. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L. (2015). How to survive the anthropocene: Adaptive atheism and the evolution of homo deiparensis. Religions, 6(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel6020724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L. (2018). Practicing safe sects: Religious reproduction in scientific and philosophical perspective. Brill Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., Gore, R., Wildman, W. J., Lynch, C., Lane, J. E., & Toft, M. (2018). A generative model of the mutual escalation of anxiety between religious groups. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 21(4), 1–25. doi:10.18564/jasss.3840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., Wildman, W. J., Lane, J. E., Lynch, C., & Diallo, S. (2018). Multiple axialities: A computational model of the axial age. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(4), 537–564. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., & Wildman, W. J. (2018). Simulating religious entanglement and social investment in the Neolithic. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Religion, history and place in the origin of settled life (pp. 33–63). University of Colorado Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., Lane, J. E., Diallo, S., Lynch, C., Wildman, W. J., & Gore, R. (2018a). Modeling terror management theory: Computer simulations of the impact of mortality salience on religiosity. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 8(1), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2016.1238846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., Gore, R., Lemos, C., & Wildman, W. J. (2018b). Why do the godless prosper? Modeling the cognitive and coalitional mechanisms that promote atheism. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 10(3), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L. (2019). Computer modeling in philosophy of religion. Open Philosophy, 2, 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2019-0011
   Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., & Wildman, W. J. (2019). Ethics, computer simulation, and the future of humanity. In S. Y. Diallo, W. J. Wildman, F. L. Shults, & A. Tolk (Eds.), Human simulation: Perspectives, insights and applications (pp. 21–40). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L. (2020). Toxic theisms? New strategies for prebunking religious belief-behavior complexes. Journal of Cognitive Historiography, 5(2), 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jch.38074
   Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., & Wildman, W. J. (2020). Human simulation and sustainability: Ontological, epistemological, and ethical reflections. Sustainability, 12(23), 10039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., Wildman, W. J., Taves, A., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2020). What do religion scholars really want? Scholarly values in the scientific study of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 59(1), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L. (2021). Simulating secularities: Challenges and opportunities in the computational science of (Non)religion. Secularism and Nonreligion, 10(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.154
   Google Scholar
• Shults, F. L., Wildman, W. J., Toft, M. D., & Danielson, A. (2021). Artificial societies in the anthropocene: Challenges and opportunities for modeling climate, conflict, and cooperation. Proceedings of the winter simulation conference, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, M. (2018). The cultural evolution of shamanism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X17001893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweat, N. W., Bates, L. W., & Hendricks, P. S. (2016). The associations of naturalistic classic psychedelic use, mystical experience, and creative problem solving. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 48(5), 344–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2016.1234090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Letheby, C., Roseman, L., Rosas, F. E., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Psychedelics alter metaphysical beliefs. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremlin, T. (2010). Minds and gods. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. H., Maryanski, A., Petersen, A. K., & Geertz, A. W. (2017). The emergence and evolution of religion: By means of natural selection (1st ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• van Mulukom, V., Patterson, R. E., & van Elk, M. (2020). Broadening your mind to include others: The relationship between serotonergic psychedelic experiences and maladaptive narcissism. Psychopharmacology, 237(9), 2725–2737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05568-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, J., Greenhill, S. J., Atkinson, Q. D., Currie, T. E., Bulbulia, J., & Gray, R. D. (2015). Broad supernatural punishment but not moralizing high gods precede the evolution of political complexity in Austronesia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 282(1804), 20142556. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020). A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health: An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cns0000237
   Google Scholar
• Whitehouse, H., Francois, P., Savage, P. E., Currie, T. E., Feeney, K. C., Cioni, E., Purcell, R., Ross, R. M., Larson, J., & Baines, J. (2019). Complex societies precede moralizing gods throughout world history. Nature, 568(7751), 226–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1043-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehouse, H., François, P., Savage, P. E., Currie, T. E., Feeney, K. C., Cioni, E., Purcell, R., Ross, R. M., Larson, J., & Baines, J. (2021). Retraction note: Complex societies precede moralizing gods throughout world history. Nature, 595(7866), 320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03656-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildman, W. J., Shults, F. L., Diallo, S. Y., Gore, R., & Lane, J. E. (2020). Post-Supernaturalist cultures: There and back again. Secularism & Nonreligion.
   Google Scholar
• Wildman, W. J., & Shults, F. L. (n.d.). The methodological naturalism and methodological secularism scale: Shedding new light on scholarship in religion. Under Review.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. (2002a). Shamanic universals and evolutionary psychology. Journal of Ritual Studies, 16(2), 63–76. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44364143
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. (2002b). Shamanism as neurotheology and evolutionary psychology. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(12), 1875–1887. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764202045012010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. (2010). Shamanism: A biopsychosocial paradigm of consciousness and healing. ABC-CLIO.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. (2013). Shamanism and psychedelics: A biogenetic structuralist paradigm of ecopsychology. European Journal of Ecopsychology, 4, 90–115.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M., & Baker, J. R. (2015). Supernatural as natural: A biocultural approach to religion. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. (2015). Shamanism as a biogenetic structural paradigm for humans’ evolved social psychology. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(4), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. J. (2017). The mechanisms of psychedelic visionary experiences: Hypotheses from evolutionary psychology. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. J. (2018). An ontology of psychedelic entity experiences in evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 2(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2018.002
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. (2019a). Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(2), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. J. (2019b). The supernatural as innate cognitive operators. In P. F. Craffert, J. R. Baker, & M. J. Winkelman (Eds.), The supernatural after the neuro-turn (pp. 89–106). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. J. (2021). The evolved psychology of psychedelic set and setting: Inferences regarding the roles of shamanism and entheogenic ecopsychology. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.619890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wlodarski, R., & Pearce, E. (2016). The god allusion: Individual variation in agency detection, mentalizing and schizotypy and their association with religious beliefs and behaviors. Human Nature, 27(2), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-016-9256-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood, C., Diallo, S., Gore, R., & Lynch, C. J. (2018). Trance, dissociation, and shamanism: A cross-cultural model. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(5), 508–536. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xygalatas, D., Kotherová, S., Maňo, P., Kundt, R., Cigán, J., Klocová, E. K., & Lang, M. (2017). Big gods in small places: The random allocation game in Mauritius. Religion, Brain and Behavior, 8(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2016.1267033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaden, D. B., Le Nguyen, K. D., Kern, M. L., Belser, A. B., Eichstaedt, J. C., Iwry, J., Smith, M. E., Wintering, N. A., Hood, R. W., Jr, & Newberg, A. B. (2017). Of roots and fruits: A comparison of psychedelic and nonpsychedelic mystical experiences. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(4), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167816674625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaden, D. B., Yaden, M. E., & Griffiths, R. R. (2020). Psychedelics in psychiatry—Keeping the renaissance from going off the rails. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(5), 469–470. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaden, D. B., & Griffiths, R. R. (2020). The subjective effects of psychedelics are necessary for their enduring therapeutic effects. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2), 568–572. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yaden, D. B., Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R., Doss, M. K., Garcia-Romeu, A., Nayak, S., Gukasyan, N., Mathur, B. N., & Barrett, F. S. (2021). Psychedelics and consciousness: Distinctions, demarcations, and opportunities. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(8), 026. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar