Psychedelic Science of Spirituality and Religion: An Attachment-Informed Agenda Proposal

References

• Aday, J. S., Davis, A. K., Mitzkovitz, C. M., Bloesch, E. K., & Davoli, C. C. (2021). Predicting reactions to psychedelic drugs: A systematic review of states and traits related to acute drug effects. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen, K. A., Carhart‐harris, R., Nutt, D. J., & Erritzoe, D. (2021). Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern‐era clinical studies. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badiner, A., & Grey, A. (Eds.). (2015). Zig zag zen: Buddhism and psychedelics. Synergetic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2009). The first 10,000 adult attachment interviews: Distributions of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups. Attachment & Human Development, 11(3), 223–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730902814762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow, D. H. (2010). Negative effects from psychological treatments: A perspective. The American Psychologist, 65(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, F. S., Bradstreet, M. P., Leoutsakos, J. M. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2016). The challenging experience questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1279–1295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116678781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beliveau, V., Ganz, M., Feng, L., Ozenne, B., Højgaard, L., Fisher, P. M., Svarer, C., Greve, D. N., & Knudsen, G. M. (2017). A high-resolution in vivo Atlas of the human brain’s serotonin system. The Journal of Neuroscience, 37(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2830-16.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belser, A. B., Agin-Liebes, G., Swift, T. C., Terrana, S., Devenot, N., Friedman, H. L., Guss, J., Bossis, A., & Ross, S. (2017). Patient experiences of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(4), 354–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817706884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosmans, G., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Vervliet, B., Verhees, M. W., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020). A learning theory of attachment: Unraveling the black box of attachment development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 113, 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosmans, G., Waters, T. E. A., Finet, C., de Winter, S., Hermans, D., & Olino, T. M. (2019). Trust development as an expectancy-learning process: Testing contingency effects. PLoS ONE, 14(12), e0225934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2 separation anxiety and anger. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1 attachment (2nd ed.). Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Breeksema, J. J., Niemeijer, A. R., Krediet, E., Vermetten, E., & Schoevers, R. A. (2020). Psychedelic treatments for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of patient experiences in qualitative studies. CNS Drugs, 34(9), 925–946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00748-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Brivio, P., Sbrini, G., Riva, M. A., & Calabrese, F. (2020). Acute stress induces cognitive improvement in the novel object recognition task by transiently modulating BDNF in the prefrontal cortex of male rats. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 40(6), 1037–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-020-00793-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, A., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Pivotal mental states. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 319–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120959637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruhn, J. G., De Smet, P. A. G. M., El-Seedi, H. R., & Beck, O. (2002). Stigma of mental illness in Mescaline use for 5700 years. The Lancet, 359(9320), 1866. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08701-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., Cherniak, A. D., Gruneau-Brulin, J., Mikulincer, M., Östlind, S., & Granqvist, P. (in press). In M. van Elk & D. B. Yaden (Eds.), Oxford handbook of psychedelic, religious, spiritual, and mystical experiences. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., & Watts, R. (2018). Psychedelics and connectedness. Psychopharmacology, 235(2), 547–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4701-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., Friston, K. J., & Barker, E. L. (2019). REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 71(3), 316–344. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., Branchi, I., & Kaelen, M. (2018). Psychedelics and the essential importance of context. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 725–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherniak, A. D., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Granqvist, P. (2021). Attachment theory and religion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A. (2015). Surfing uncertainty: Prediction, action, and the embodied mind. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, E. B., Kimball, C. N., Aten, J. D., Andrews, B., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Granqvist, P., & Park, C. L. (2019). Religious meaning making and attachment in a disaster context: A longitudinal qualitative study of flood survivors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(5), 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1519592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duschinsky, R. (2020). Cornerstones of attachment research. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Exline, J. J. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. In K. I. Pargament (Ed.-in-Chief), J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Assoc. Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1, pp. 459–475). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. A., Nielsen, J. A., King, J. B., Dai, L., Giangrasso, D. M., Holman, R., Korenberg, J. R., & Anderson, J. S. (2018). Reward, salience, and attentional networks are activated by religious experience in devout Mormons. Social neuroscience, 13(1), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2016.1257437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogg, C., Michaels, T. I., de la Salle, S., Jahn, Z. W., & Williams, M. T. (2021). Ethnoracial health disparities and the ethnopsychopharmacology of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(5), 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forstmann, M., Yudkin, D. A., Prosser, A. M., Heller, S. M., & Crockett, M. J. (2020). Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(5), 2338–2346. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918477117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 132–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.132
   Google Scholar
• Fraley, R. C., Vicary, A. M., Brumbaugh, C. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2011). Patterns of stability in adult attachment: An empirical test of two models of continuity and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(5), 974–992. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gashi, L., Sandberg, S., & Pedersen, W. (2021). Making “bad trips” good: How users of psychedelics narratively transform challenging trips into valuable experiences. International Journal of Drug Policy, 87, 102997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, T. L., Magsamen, S., Sandu, C. C., Lin, S., Roebuck, G. M., Shi, K. M., & Barrett, F. S. (2022). Effects of setting on psychedelic experiences, therapies, and outcomes: A rapid scoping review of the literature. Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35138585. Springer.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Granqvist, P. (2020). Attachment in religion and spirituality: A wider view. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., Fransson, M., & Hagekull, B. (2009). Disorganized attachment, absorption, and new age spirituality: A mediational model. Attachment & Human Development, 11(4), 385–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730903016995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., Fredrikson, M., Unge, P., Hagenfeldt, A., Valind, S., Larhammar, D., & Larsson, M. (2005). Sensed presence and mystical experiences are predicted by suggestibility, not by the application of transcranial weak complex magnetic fields. Neuroscience letters, 379(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., & Hagekull, B. (2001). Seeking security in the new age: On attachment and emotional compensation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(3), 527–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., Hagekull, B., & Ivarsson, T. (2012). Disorganized attachment promotes mystical experiences via a propensity for alterations in consciousness (absorption). The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22(3), 180–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2012.670012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2004). Religious conversion and perceived childhood attachment: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Psychology of Religion, 14(4), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1404_1
   Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2016). Attachment and religious representations and behavior. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 856–878). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., Mikulincer, M., Gewirtz, V., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Experimental findings on God as an attachment figure: Normative processes and moderating effects of internal working models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 804–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, Y., Mikulincer, M., Granqvist, P., & Shaver, P. R. (2021). Apostasy and conversion: Attachment orientations and individual differences in the process of religious change. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 13(4), 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Jesse, R., MacLean, K. A., Barrett, F.S., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, K. A. (2018). Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006). Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology, 187(3), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Predicting responses to psychedelics: A prospective study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R., & Gurel, L. (2012). A study of ayahuasca use in North America. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.703100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartogsohn, I. (2016). Set and setting, psychedelics and the placebo response: An extra-pharmacological perspective on psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1259–1267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116677852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, J. A. (2003). Role of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor in learning. Learning & Memory, 10(5), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.60803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward, R. D., & Krause, N. (2014). Religion, mental health and well-being: Social aspects. In V. Saroglou (Ed.), Religion, personality, and social behavior (pp. 255–280). Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Healy, C. J. (2021). The acute effects of classic psychedelics on memory in humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 238(3), 639–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks, P. S. (2018). Awe: A putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. International Review of Psychiatry, 30(4), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1474185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse, E., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1999). Propensities towards absorption are related to lapses in the monitoring of reasoning or discourse during the adult attachment interview: A preliminary investigation. Attachment & human development, 1(1), 67–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616739900134031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilgard, E. R. (1986). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action (2nd ed.). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Holze, F., Avedisian, I., Varghese, N., Eckert, A., & Liechti, M. E. (2021). Role of the 5-HT2A receptor in acute effects of LSD on empathy and circulating oxytocin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 711255. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.711255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood, R. W., Jr., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2018). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (5th ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (pp. 25–69). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. W., Hendricks, P. S., Barrett, F. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2019). Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 197, 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., & Griffiths, R. R. (2008). Human hallucinogen research: Guidelines for safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), 603–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108093587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball, C., Cook, K., Boyatzis, C., & Leonard, K. (2013). Meaning making in emerging adults’ faith narratives. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 32(3), 221–233.
   Google Scholar
• Kočárová, R., Horáček, J., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2021). Does psychedelic therapy have a transdiagnostic action and prophylactic potential? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 661233. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.661233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. G. (2018). Religion and mental health: Research and clinical applications. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kudoh, A., Takahira, Y., Katagai, H., & Takazawa, T. (2002). Small-dose ketamine improves the postoperative state of depressed patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 95(1), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200207000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafrance, A., Loizaga-Velder, A., Fletcher, J., Renelli, M., Files, N., & Tupper, K. W. (2017). Nourishing the spirit: Exploratory research on ayahuasca experiences along the continuum of recovery from eating disorders. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 49(5), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1361559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepow, L., Morishita, H., & Yehuda, R. (2021). Critical period plasticity as a framework for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Frontiers in neuroscience, 15, 710004. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.710004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letheby, C. (2021). Philosophy of psychedelics. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, K. N., Kivity, Y., Johnson, B. N., & Gooch, C. V. (2018). Adult attachment as a predictor and moderator of psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 1996–2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, M., Verbeke, W., Ein-Dor, T., & Vrtička, P. (2020). A functional neuro-anatomical model of human attachment (NAMA): Insights from first-and second-person social neuroscience. Cortex, 126, 281–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J., Davis, A. K., & Lancelotta, R. (2020). A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(4), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2011). Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), 1453–1461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111420188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, M., Goldwyn, R., & Hesse, E. (2003). Adult attachment scoring and classification system [Unpublished manuscript]. University of California at Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1), 66–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121–160). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Margolin, M., & Hartman, S. (2021, April 23). Jews, Christians, and Muslims are reclaiming ancient psychedelic practices, and that could help with legalization. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/psychedelics-religion-entheogens-1160408/
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M. (1997). Adult attachment style and information processing: Individual differences in curiosity and cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 1217–1230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., Dolev, T., & Shaver, P. R. (2004). Attachment-related strategies during thought suppression: Ironic rebounds and vulnerable self-representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 940–956. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Berant, E. (2013). An attachment perspective on therapeutic processes and outcomes. Journal of Personality, 81(6), 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00806.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024515519160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, J. M., Bogenschutz, M., Lilienstein, A., Harrison, C., Kleiman, S., Parker-Guilbert, K., Ot’alora, G., Garas, W., Paleos, C., Gorman, I., Nicholas, C., Mithoefer, M., Carlin, S., Poulter, B., Mithoefer, A., Quevedo, S., Wells, G., Klaire, S. S., van der Kolk, B. … Doblin, R. (2021). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nature medicine, 27(6), 1025–1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnane, K. S. (2019). Serotonin 2A receptors are a stress response system: Implications for post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavioural Pharmacology, 30(2 and 3–Spec Issue), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0000000000000459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, R., Kettner, H., Zeifman, R., Giribaldi, B., Kartner, L., Martell, J., Read, T., Murphy-Beiner, A., Baker-Jones, M., Nutt, D., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2022). Therapeutic alliance and rapport modulate responses to psilocybin assisted therapy for depression. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.788155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak, S., & Johnson, M. W. (2021). Psychedelics and psychotherapy. Pharmacopsychiatry, 54(4), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1312-7297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NIDA. (2019, April 22). Hallucinogens DrugFacts. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens
   Google Scholar
• Noorani, T., Garcia-Romeu, A., Swift, T. C., Griffiths, R. R., & Johnson, M. W. (2018). Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 756–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obegi, J. H., & Berant, E. (Eds.). (2010). Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults. Guilford press.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, D. E. (2021). The subjective effects of psychedelics may not be necessary for their enduring therapeutic effects. ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science, 4(2), 563–567. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otto, R. (1925). The idea of the holy. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paloutzian, R. F., & Park, C. L. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I., & Exline, J. J. (2022). Working with spiritual struggles in psychotherapy: From research to practice. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pirutinsky, S., Cherniak, A. D., & Rosmarin, D. H. (2020). Implicit and explicit attitudes towards God and life satisfaction. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(4), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Idialu-Ikato, K., Kaelen, M., Watts, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2019). Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: Validation of the emotional breakthrough inventory. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(9), 1076–1087. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119855974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, L., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 974. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosmarin, D. H. (2018). Spirituality, religion, and cognitive-behavioral therapy: A guide for clinicians. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sahdra, B. K., & Shaver, P. R. (2013). Comparing attachment theory and Buddhist psychology. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(4), 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.795821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjoedt, U., Stødkilde Jørgensen, H., Geertz, A. W., & Roepstorff, A. (2009). Highly religious participants recruit areas of social cognition in personal prayer. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 4(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsn050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, C. A., Davis, E. B., George, K., Cuthbert, A. D., Zahl, B. P., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., & and Aten, J. D. (2019). Measures of God representations: Theoretical framework and critical review. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 13(3), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Sahdra, B. K., & Gross, J. T. (2017). Attachment security as a foundation for kindness toward self and others. In K. W. Brown & M. R. Leary (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hypo-egoic phenomena (pp. 223–242). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stace, W. T. (1960). Mysticism and philosophy. St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stauffer, C. S., Anderson, B. T., Ortigo, K. M., & Woolley, J. (2021). Psilocybin-assisted group therapy and attachment: Observed reduction in attachment anxiety and influences of attachment insecurity on the psilocybin experience. ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science, 4(2), 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stovall McClough, K. C., & Dozier, M. (2016). Attachment states of mind and psychopathology in adulthood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 715–738). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strickland, J. C., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Johnson, M. W. (2021). Set and setting: A randomized study of different musical genres in supporting psychedelic therapy. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2), 472–478. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tai, S. J., Nielson, E. M., Lennard-Jones, M., Johanna Ajantaival, R. L., Winzer, R., Richards, W. A., Reinholdt, F., Richards, B. D., Gasser, P., & Malievskaia, E. (2021). Development and evaluation of a therapist training program for psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression in clinical research. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 586682. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.586682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talia, A., Miller-Bottome, M., & Daniel, S. I. F. (2017). Assessing attachment in psychotherapy: Validation of the Patient Attachment Coding System (PACS). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellegen, A., & Atkinson, G. (1974). Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (“absorption”), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83(3), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, P., & Jaque, S. V. (2014). Unresolved mourning, supernatural beliefs and dissociation: A mediation analysis. Attachment & Human Development, 16(5), 499–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.926945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A. (2021). Whitewashing psychedelics: Racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 28(3), 211–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Letheby, C., Roseman, L., Rosas, F. E., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Psychedelics alter metaphysical beliefs. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, R., Day, C., Krzanowski, J., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2017). Patients’ accounts of increased “connectedness” and “acceptance” after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(5), 520–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817709585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, R., Kettner, H., Geerts, D., Gandy, S., Kartner, L., Mertens, L., Timmermann, C., Nour, M. M., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R., & Roseman, L. (2022). The watts connectedness scale: A new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world. Psychopharmacology, 239(11), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, B., Miller, J. D., Carter, N. T., & Campbell, K. W. (2021). Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84746-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, B. R. (2018). Field experiments in religion: A dream whose time has come. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 57(2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaden, D. B., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021). The subjective effects of psychedelics are necessary for their enduring therapeutic effects. ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science, 4(2), 568–572. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yaden, D. B., Haidt, J., Hood, R. W., Vago, D. R., & Newberg, A. B. (2017). The varieties of self-transcendent experience. Review of General Psychology, 21(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeifman, R. J., Spriggs, M. J., Kettner, H., Lyons, T., Rosas, F., Mediano, P. A., Erritzoe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2022). From Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics (REBUS) to Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics (REBAS): Preliminary development of the RElaxed Beliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q). PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w8j6t
   Google Scholar
• Zeifman, R. J., & Wagner, A. C. (2020). Exploring the case for research on incorporating psychedelics within interventions for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 15, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar