The State of Diversity in Criminal Justice Higher Education: An Analysis of Curricula in Criminal Justice Bachelor’s Degree Programs

References

• Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (2005, 2021). Quality standards for college/university criminal justice/criminology baccalaureate degree programs. Greenbelt, MD: ACJS National Office. Accessed at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.acjs.org/resource/resmgr/files/baccalaureate_degree_standar.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, T. L., & Hummer, D. C. (1994). Has a decade made a difference?’ Attitudes of male criminal justice majors towards female police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 5(2), 229–239. doi:10.1080/10511259400083231
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. (1993). Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice. Review of Research in Education, 19, 3–49. doi:10.2307/1167339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. (2019). An introduction to multicultural education (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Barak, G., Leighton, P., & Cotton, A. (2018). Class, race, gender, and crime: The social realities of justice in America (5th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Cannon, K. D. (2005). Ain’t no faggot gonna rob me!’: Anti-gay attitudes of criminal justice undergraduate majors. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 16(2), 226–243. doi:10.1080/10511250500081874
   Google Scholar
• Cannon, K. D., & Dirks-Linhorst, P. A. (2006). How will they understand if we don’t teach them? The status of criminal justice education on gay and lesbian issues. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 17(2), 262–278. doi:10.1080/10511250600866174
   Google Scholar
• Denson, N., & Bowman, N. A. (2017). Do diversity courses make a difference? A critical examination of college diversity coursework and student outcomes. In Paulsen M. (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 32, pp. 35–84). Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48983-4_2
   Google Scholar
• Denson, N., Bowman, N. A., Ovenden, G., Culver, K. C., & Holmes, J. M. (2021). Do diversity courses improve college student outcomes? A meta-analysis. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 14(4), 544–556. doi:10.1037/dhe0000189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eigenberg, H. M., & min Park, S. (2016). Marginalization and invisibility of women of color: A content analysis of race and gender images in introductory criminal justice and criminology texts. Race and Justice, 6(3), 257–279. doi:10.1177/2153368715600223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falco, D. L., & Martin, J. S. (2012). Examining punitiveness: Assessing views toward the punishment of offenders among criminology and non-criminology students. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 23(2), 205–232. doi:10.1080/10511253.2011.631931
   Google Scholar
• Finckenauer, J. O. (2005). The quest for quality in criminal justice education. Justice Quarterly, 22(4), 413–426. doi:10.1080/07418820500364635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbidon, S. L., Greene, H. T., & Young, V. D. (2002). African American classics in criminology and criminal justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Golden, K. (1981). Women as patrol officers: A study of attitudes. Police Studies, 4(1), 29–33.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, H. T., Gabbidon, S. L., & Ebersole, M. (2001). A multi-faceted analysis of the African American presence in juvenile delinquency textbooks published between 1997 and 2000. Journal of Crime and Justice, 24(2), 87–101. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2001.9721136
   Google Scholar
• Hart Research Associates (2016). Recent trends in general education design, learning outcomes, and teaching approaches: Key findings from a survey among administrators at AAC&U member institutions. American Association of Colleges and Universities. Accessed at: https://www.aacu.org/sites/default/files/files/LEAP/2015_Survey_Report2_GEtrends.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. D., & Henderson, H. (2022). Criminal justice students’ perceptions and awareness of racism and discrimination. Race and Justice, Advance Online Publication, 12(2), 252–275. doi:10.1177/2153368719873024
   Google Scholar
• Kim, B., & Santiago, H. (2020). Rape myth acceptance among prospective criminal justice professionals. Women & Criminal Justice, 30(6), 462–479. doi:10.1080/08974454.2019.1664969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn, S., Ridener, R. J., & Scott, P. W. (2018). Do criminology classes make a difference? Changes in perceptions of punishment over time. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 29(1), 1–17. doi:10.1080/10511253.2017.1330963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, E. G. (2004). Assessing the crime and punishment views of criminal justice majors: How different are they from other majors? Criminal Justice Studies, 17(3), 245–257. doi:10.1080/1478601042000281097
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Moore, B., Jenkins, M., Jiang, S., & Clarke, A. (2008). The death penalty attitudes of criminal justice students: Are they different from other students? Criminal Justice Studies, 21(2), 193–212. doi:10.1080/14786010802160044
   Google Scholar
• Martin, F. A. (2014). The coverage of American Indians and Alaskan natives in criminal justice and criminology introductory textbooks. Critical Criminology, 22(2), 237–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, H. A., & Kim, B. (2012). Curriculum implications of anti-gay attitudes among undergraduate criminal justice majors. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 23(2), 148–173. doi:10.1080/10511253.2011.604337
   Google Scholar
• Nelson Laird, T. F., Engberg, M. E., & Hurtado, S. (2005). Modeling accentuation effects: Enrolling in a diversity course and the importance of social action engagement. The Journal of Higher Education, 76(4), 448–476. doi:10.1080/00221546.2005.11772292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattern, R., & Way, L. B. (2011). White men only?: A nationwide examination of diversity courses in the criminal justice discipline. Race, Gender & Class, 18(1-2), 345–359.
   Google Scholar
• Paradies, Y. (2016). Whither anti-racism? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(1), 1–15. doi:10.1080/01419870.2016.1096410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., Kim, J. L., Park, H., Kim, Y., & Cuadrado, M. (2021). Social constructions of racial images in introductory criminal justice and criminology textbooks: A content analysis. Race Ethnicity and Education, 24(6), 842–855. doi:10.1080/13613324.2018.1538122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey, C., & Robinson, L. O. (2015). The President’s task force on 21st century policing. Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Standards.
   Google Scholar
• Reaves, B. A. (2015). Local police departments, 2013: Personnel, policies, and practices. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Ridener, R., & Kuehn, S. (2017). College education, major, or criminology classes? An examination of what drives students’ level of punitiveness. Criminal Justice Studies, 30(1), 1–16. doi:10.1080/1478601X.2016.1269325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senna, J. J. (1974). Criminal justice higher education – its growth and directions. Crime & Delinquency, 20(4), 389–397. doi:10.1177/001112877402000406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sever, B., & Grillo, M. (2016). Do our books reinforce criminal justice stereotypes? An analysis of the images in introductory criminal justice textbooks. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 27(1), 53–75. doi:10.1080/10511253.2015.1078387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley, T. O., Waid, C. A., & Dobbs, R. R. (2011). The influence of criminal justice major on punitive attitudes. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 22(4), 526–545. doi:10.1080/10511253.2011.556132
   Google Scholar
• Southerland, M. D. (1991). Criminal justice curricula in the United States: An examination of baccalaureate programs, 1988-1989. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 2(1), 45–68. [CrossRef][10.1080/10511259100082281]
   Google Scholar
• Stacey, M. (2018). Diversity course effectiveness among criminal justice students. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 29(3), 436–455. doi:10.1080/10511253.2017.1409781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. M., Brewster, M. P., Grugan, S. T., Miller, L. M., & Mapp-Matthews, S. M. (2019). Criminal justice students’ attitudes toward LGBTQ individuals and LGBTQ police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 30(2), 165–192. doi:10.1080/10511253.2018.1456555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, K. B., Giacopassi, D., & Vandiver, M. (2006). Ignoring the past: Coverage of slavery and slave patrols in criminal justice texts. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 17(1), 181–195. doi:10.1080/10511250500335627
   Google Scholar
• Unnever, J. D., Gabbidon, S. L., & Chouhy, C. (2019). Building a Black criminology (Volume 24: Race, Theory, and Crime. Advances in Criminological Theory). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education (2019). Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Ventura, L. A., Lambert, E. G., Bryant, M. & Pasupuleti, S. (2004). Differences in attitudes toward gays and lesbians among criminal justice and non-criminal justice majors. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 28 (2), 165–180.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, S., & Brown, M. (1995). A pale reflection of reality: The neglect of racial and ethnic minorities in introductory criminal justice textbooks. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 6(1), 61–83. doi:10.1080/10511259500083331
   Google Scholar
• Wesley, A., Dunlap, J., & Russell, P. G. (2021). Moving from words to action: The influence of racial justice statements on campus equity efforts. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. Accessed at: https://www.naspa.org/report/moving-from-words-to-action-the-influence-of-racial-justice-statements-on-campus-equity-efforts
   Google Scholar