“The Subject Matter Should Be an Adequate Trigger Warning”: How and Why Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Use (and Don’t Use) Trigger Warnings

References

• American Association of University Professors. (2014). On trigger warnings. https://www.aaup.org/report/trigger-warnings.
   Google Scholar
• Boysen, G. A. (2017). Evidence-based answers to questions about trigger warnings for clinically-based distress: A review for teachers. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 3(2), 163–177. doi:10.1037/stl0000084
   Google Scholar
• Boysen, G. A., Isaacs, R. A., Tretter, L., & Markowski, S. (2021). Trigger warning efficacy: The impact of warnings on affect, attitudes, and learning. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 7(1), 39–52. doi:10.1037/stl0000150
   Google Scholar
• Boysen, G. A., & Prieto, L. R. (2018). Trigger warnings in Psychology: Psychology teachers’ perspectives and practices. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 4(1), 16–26. doi:10.1037/stl0000105
   Google Scholar
• Boysen, G. A., Wells, A. M., & Dawson, K. J. (2016). Instructors’ use of trigger warnings and behavior warnings in Abnormal Psychology. Teaching of Psychology, 43(4), 334–339. doi:10.1177/0098628316662766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch, K. A., & Richards, T. N. (2015). Research on teaching sensitive topics: A review of the challenges and opportunities for enhancing the classroom experience. In R. M. Hayes, K. Luther, & S. Caringella (Eds.), Teaching criminology at the intersection: A how-to guide for teaching about gender, race, class and sexuality (pp. 28–46). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce, M. J., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., & Hoffmann, H. (2021). Students’ psychophysiological reactivity to trigger warnings. Current Psychology. doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01895-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugeja, M. (2021). Updating the trigger warning in contentious times. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2021/08/25/why-trigger-warnings-are-needed-now-much-more-ever-opinion
   Google Scholar
• Byron, K. (2017). From infantilizing to world making: Safe spaces and trigger warnings on campus. Family Relations, 66(1), 116–125. doi:10.1111/fare.12233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, B., & Manning, J. (2018). Trigger warnings, safe spaces, and the language of victimhood. In B. Campbell & J. Manning (Eds.), The rise of victimhood culture: Microaggressions, safe spaces, and the new culture wars (pp. 71–104). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Association of University Teachers. (2015). Trigger warnings CAUT policy statement. https://www.caut.ca/about-us/caut-policy/lists/caut-policy-statements/trigger-warnings.
   Google Scholar
• Cares, A. C., Madero Hernandez, A., Growette Bostaph, L., & Fisher, B. S. (2021). For or against? Criminal justice and criminology faculty attitudes toward trigger warnings. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 32(3), 302–322. doi:10.1080/10511253.2021.1958884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. doi:10.1177/001316446002000104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw, E., & de Heer, W. (2002). Trends in household survey nonresponse: A longitudinal and international comparison. In R. M. Groves, D. A. Dillman, J. L. Eltinge, & R. J. A. Little (Eds.), Survey nonresponse (pp. 41–54). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, J. (2016). Dear class of 2020 student. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Essig, L. (2014). Trigger warnings trigger me. http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2014/03/10/trigger-warnings-trigger-me/
   Google Scholar
• French, D. (2015). Trigger warnings: Dumbing down the campus. http://www.nationalreview.com/article/419929/trigger-warnings-dumbing-down-campus-david-french
   Google Scholar
• George, E., & Hovey, A. (2020). Deciphering the trigger warning debate: A qualitative analysis of online comments. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(7), 825–841. doi:10.1080/13562517.2019.1603142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, R. M., Floyd, J., Fowler, J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. L., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2009). Survey methodology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon, A. (2015). The trigger warning myth. The New Republic, 52–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helkenberg, D. L. (2017). Teaching disruptive literature in precarious times: A case study from Library and Information Science. In E. J. M. Knox (Ed.), Trigger warnings: History, theory, context (pp. 239–256). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. (2018). Jeff Sessions laughs and echos 'lock her up’ chant with conservative high schoolers. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/24/us/politics/jeff-sessions-lock-her-up-hillary-clinton.html?smprod=nytcore-ipad&smid=nytcore-ipad-share
   Google Scholar
• Jones, B. M. (2017). Writing policy about trigger warnings: The experience of the American Association of University Professors and the American Library Association. In E. J. M. Knox (Ed.), Trigger warnings: History, theory, context (pp. 123–149). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Kamenetz, A. (2016). Half of professors in NPR Ed Survey have used 'trigger warnings’. NPR.org. http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/09/07/492979242/half-of-professors-in-npr-ed-survey-have-used-trigger-warnings
   Google Scholar
• Khalid, A., & Snyder, J. A. (2021). The data is in - Trigger warnings don’t work. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-data-is-in-trigger-warnings-dont-work?cid=gen_sign_in
   Google Scholar
• Kimble, M., Flack, W., Koide, J., Bennion, K., Brenneman, M., & Meyersburg, C. (2021). Student reactions to traumatic material in literature: Implications for trigger warnings. PloS One, 16(3), e0247579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kritikos, K. C. (2016). Thoughts on trigger warnings: Spoiler alerts at best and censorship at worst? Journal of Information Ethics, 25(2), 14–15.
   Google Scholar
• Kyrola, K. (2018). Negotiating vulnerability in the trigger warning debates. In A. Koivunen, K. Kyrola, & I. Ryberg (Eds.), The power of vulnerability: Mobilising affect in feminist, queer and anti-racist media cultures (pp. 29–50). Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laguardia, F., Michalsen, V., & Rider-Milkovich, H. (2017). Trigger warnings: From panic to data. Journal of Legal Education, 66(4), 882–903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart, E. A. (2016). Why trigger warnings are beneficial, perhaps even necessary. First Amendment Studies, 50(2), 59–69. doi:10.1080/21689725.2016.1232623
   Google Scholar
• Lothian, A. (2016). Choose not to warn: Trigger warnings and content notes from fan culture to feminist pedagogy. Feminist Studies, 42(3), 743–756. doi:10.1353/fem.2016.0043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukianoff, G., & Haidt, J. (2015). The coddling of the American mind. The Atlantic, 316(2), 42–52. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/
   Google Scholar
• McNally, R. J. (2016). If you need a trigger warning, you need P.T.S.D treatment. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/09/13/do-trigger-warnings-work/if-you-need-a-trigger-warning-you-need-ptsd-treatment
   Google Scholar
• National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAC). (2015). Report: What’s all this about trigger warnings? New York, NY: National Coalition against Censorship.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, E. (2016). It just seems like the right thing to do. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/09/13/do-trigger-warnings-work/it-just-seems-like-the-right-thing-to-do
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, B., Inghram, C. S., Meadows, P., Saunders, A., & Stadler, C. (2016). The bubble-wrapped student: Are trigger warnings necessary in higher education? Southeast Journal of Educational Administration, 16(2).
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, H. A., & Roberts, L. (2021). Medical educators’ views and experiences of trigger warnings in teaching sensitive content. Medical Education, 55(11), 1273–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, E. (2022). Ron DeSantis faces Florida lawsuit over Anti-Woke Law. Newsweek.com. https://www.newsweek.com/ron-desantis-sued-stop-woke-act-university-south-florida-1740552
   Google Scholar
• Peltz, M. (2014). College’s trigger warning proposal incites media backlash. The Oberlin Review. https://oberlinreview.org/5485/news/colleges-trigger-warning-proposal-incites-media-backlash/
   Google Scholar
• Sessions, J. (2018). Remarks (as prepared for delivery) to Turning Point USA's high school leadership summit. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-jeff-sessions-delivers-remarks-turning-point-usas-high-school-leadership
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, L. G., & Kulbaga, T. A. (2018). Trigger warnings as respect for student boundaries in university classrooms. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy, 15(1), 106–122. doi:10.1080/15505170.2018.1438936
   Google Scholar
• Storla, K. (2017). Beyond trigger warnings: Handling traumatic topics in classroom discussion. In E. J. M. Knox (Ed.), Trigger warnings (pp. 190–199). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Stringer, R. (2016). Reflection from the field: Trigger warnings in university teaching. Women’s Studies Journal, 30(2), 62–66.
   Google Scholar
• Tolman, E. (2017). Adapting trigger warnings in the Introduction to Women’s Studies course: A case study. In E. J. M. Knox (Ed.), Trigger warnings: History, theory, context (pp. 200–208). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Washick, B. (2017). An "app" for that: The case against the "equal access" argument for trigger warnings. In E. J. M. Knox (Ed.), Trigger warnings: History, theory, context (pp. 88–122). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Will, G. F. (2018). Trigger warning: An embarrassing fragility on college campuses. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-cult-of-fragility-on-college-campuses/2018/09/12/1368b146-b5e7-11e8-a2c5-3187f427e253_story.html?utm_term=.a81eb9d049fa
   Google Scholar