Use of psychoactive substances and alcohol during the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic: Croatian experience

References

• Binns C, Low WY, Kyung LM. The COVID-19 pandemic: public health and epidemiology. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2020;32(4):140–4. doi:10.1177/1010539520929223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torales J, O’Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;66(4):317–20. doi:10.1177/0020764020915212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(6):510–2. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2008017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margetić B, Peraica T, Stojanović K, Ivanec D. Predictors of emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic; a Croatian study. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;175:110691. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaami S, Marinelli E, Varì MR. New trends of substance abuse during COVID-19 pandemic: an international perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:700. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schifano F, Chiappini S, Corkery JM, Guirguis A. Abuse of prescription drugs in the context of novel psychoactive substances (NPS): a systematic review. Brain Sci. 2018;8(4):73–90. doi:10.3390/brainsci8040073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay D, Asmundson G. COVID-19 stress and substance use: current issues and future preparations. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;74:102274. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey MJ, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Biswas P, Chatterjee S, Dubey S. COVID-19 and addiction. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):817–23. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Li Y, Bao Y, Meng S, Sun Y, Schumann G, Kosten T, Strang J, Lu L, Shi J. Brief Report: Increased addictive internet and substance use behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Am J Addict. 2020;29(4):268–70. doi:10.1111/ajad.13066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Bao Y, Kosten T, Strang J, Shi J, Lu L. Editorial: Challenges to opioid use disorders during COVID-19. Am J Addict. 2020;29(3):174–5. doi:10.1111/ajad.13031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panno A, Carbone GA, Massullo C, Farina B, Imperatori C. COVID-19 related distress is associated with alcohol problems, social media and food addiction symptoms: insights from the Italian experience during the lockdown. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:577135. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.577135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarangi A, Mcmahon T, Gude J. Benzodiazepine misuse: an epidemic within a pandemic. Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15816. doi:10.7759/cureus.15816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avena NM, Simkus J, Lewandowski A, Gold MS, Potenza MN. Substance use disorders and behavioral addictions during the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19-related restrictions. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12(6):653674. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.653674
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sallie SN, Ritou V, Bowden-Jones H, Voon V. Assessing international alcohol consumption patterns during isolation from the COVID-19 pandemic using an online survey: highlighting negative emotionality mechanisms. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e044276. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 2021. European Drug Report 2021: Trends and Developments. Luxembourg (LU): Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2021_en.
   Google Scholar
• Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. 2022. Coronavirus resource center. Retrieved from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/region/croatia.
   Google Scholar
• Štimac Grbić D, Glavak Tkalić R. 2020. Uporaba sredstava ovisnosti u općoj populaciji Republike Hrvatske: 2019. i analiza trendova uporabe 2011–2019. [Abuse of addictive substances in the general population of the Republic of Croatia in 2019]. Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo and Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar. Retrieved from https://www.hzjz.hr/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Publikacija_GPS_HZJZ.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–91. doi:10.3758/bf03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA. 1984;252(14):1905–7. doi:10.1001/jama.252.14.1905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhalla S, Kopec JA. The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies. Clin Invest Med. 2007;30(1):33–41. doi:10.25011/cim.v30i1.447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41(3):209–18. doi:10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilberg NJ, Weiss DS, Horowitz MJ. Impact of Event Scale: a cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1982;50(3):407–14. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.50.3.407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyregrov A, Kuterovac G, Barath A. Factor analysis of the impact of event scale with children in war. Scand J Psychol. 1996;37(4):339–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00667.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361–70. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52(2):69–77. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovačić Petrović Z, Repovečki S. Učestalost anksioznih i depresivnih simptoma kod obiteljskih i profesionalnih njegovatelja koji skrbe o oboljelima od Alzheimerove bolesti. (Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in family and professional caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease). Socijalna Psihijatrija. 2016;44(2):93–104.
   Google Scholar
• Lei PW, Wu Q. Estimation in structural equation modeling. In: Hoyle RH, editor. Handbook of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press; 2012. p. 164–80.
   Google Scholar
• Little TD, Jorgensen TD, Lang KM, Moore EW. On the joys of missing data. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39(2):151–62. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Eq Modeling. 1999;6(1):1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• JASP Team. 2021. JASP [software]. Ver.0.15. Retrieved from https://jasp-stats.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Kline RB. 2011. Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huber PJ. Robust statistics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. 2007. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler PM, Bonett DG. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychol Bull. 1980;88(3):588–606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemperer EM, West JC, Peasley-Miklus C, Villanti AC. Change in tobacco and electronic cigarette use and motivation to quit in response to COVID-19. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(9):1662–3. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbe CO, Ngobese SP. COVID-19 lockdown and the tobacco product ban in South Africa. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18:39. doi:10.18332/tid/120938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden J, Darke S, Hall W, Hickman M, Holmes J, Humphreys K, Neale J, Tucker J, West R. Mitigating and learning from the impact of COVID-19 infection on addictive disorders. Addiction. 2020;115(6):1007–10. doi:10.1111/add.15080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groshkova T, Stoian T, Cunningham A, Griffiths P, Singleton N, Sedefov R. Will the current COVID-19 pandemic impact on long-term cannabis buying practices? J Addict Med. 2020;14(4):e13–0. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei L, Huang X, Zhang S, Yang J, Yang L, Xu M. Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in Southwestern China. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e924609. doi:10.12659/MSM.924609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, McIntyre RS, Choo FN, Tran B, Ho R, Sharma VK, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:40–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Sanguino C, Ausín B, Castellanos MÁ, Saiz J, López-Gómez A, Ugidos C, Muñoz M. Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:172–6. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, Roma P. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. IJERPH. 2020;17(9):3165. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, Ballard C, Christensen H, Cohen Silver R, Everall I, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):547–60. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm J, Kilian C, Ferreira-Borges C, Jernigan D, Monteiro M, Parry CDH, Sanchez ZM, Manthey J. Alcohol use in times of the COVID 19: Implications for monitoring and policy. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020;39(4):301–4. doi:10.1111/dar.13074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, Bouaziz B, Bentlage E, How D, Ahmed M, On Behalf of the ECLB-COVID19 Consortium, et al. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1583. doi:10.3390/nu12061583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchetti M, Lee JH, Aschwanden D, Sesker A, Strickhouser JE, Terracciano A, Sutin AR. The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. Am Psychol. 2020;75(7):897–908. doi:10.1037/amp0000690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulsey J, Mellis A, Kelly B. 2020. COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Patients, Families and Individuals in Recovery from Substance Use Disorders. Addiction Policy Forum. Retrieved from https://www.addictionpolicy.org/post/covid-19-pandemic-impact-on-patients-families-individuals-in-recovery-fromsubstance-use-disorder.
   Google Scholar
• Becker HC. Influence of stress associated with chronic alcohol exposure on drinking. Neuropharmacology. 2017;122:115–26. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng HG, Shidhaye R, Charlson F, Deng F, Lyngdoh T, Chen S, Nanda S, Lacroix K, Baxter A, Whiteford H. Social correlates of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in China and India: a review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(9):882–99. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30166-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motyka MA, Al-Imam A. Representations of psychoactive drugs’ use in mass culture and their impact on audiences. IJERPH. 2021;18(11):6000. doi:10.3390/ijerph18116000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Vélez NA, Tiburcio M, Natera Rey G, Villatoro Velázquez JA, Arroyo-Belmonte M, Sánchez-Hernández GY, Fernández-Torres M. Psychoactive substance use and its relationship to stress, emotional state, depressive symptomatology, and perceived threat during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. Front Public Health. 2021;9:709410. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.709410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(2):e100213. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander AC, Ward KD. Understanding postdisaster substance use and psychological distress using concepts from the self-medication hypothesis and social ­cognitive theory. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2018;50(2):177–86. doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1397304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews D, Nonnecke B, Preece J. Electronic survey methodology: a case study in reaching hard to involve internet users. Int J Hum Comput Interact. 2003;16(2):185–210. doi:10.1207/S15327590IJHC1602_04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun GW, Trumbo CW. Comparative response to a survey executed by post, e-mail, & web form. J Comput Mediated Commun. 2006;6(1):0. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00112.x
   Google Scholar
• Wright KB. Researching Internet-based populations: advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. J Comput Mediat Commun. 2006;10(3). doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00259.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remillard ML, Mazor KM, Cutrona SL, Gurwitz JH, Tjia J. Systematic review of the use of online questionnaires of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(4):696–705. doi:10.1111/jgs.12747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscanell NL, Guadagno RE. Make new friends or keep the old: gender and personality differences in social networking use. Comput Hum Behav. 2012;28(1):107–112. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbrough AM, Guadagno RE, Muscanell NL, Dill J. Gender differences in mediated communication: women connect more than do men. Comput Hum Behav. 2013;29(3):896–900. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalili P, Nadimi AE, Baradaran HR, Janani L, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rajabi Z, Rahmani A, Hojati Z, Khalagi K, Motevalian SA. Validity of self-reported substance use: research setting versus primary health care setting. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2021;16(1):66. doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00398-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokunaga SR, Rains AS. Review and meta-analysis examining conceptual and operational definitions of problematic internet use. Hum Commun Res. 2016;42(2):165–199. doi:10.1111/hcre.12075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar