Avatars with child sexual abuse (vs. no abuse) scenarios elicit different emotional reactions

References

• Antfolk, J., Karlsson, M., Bäckström, A., & Santtila, P. (2012). Disgust elicited by third-party incest: The roles of biological relatedness, co-residence, and family relationship. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ask, K., & Granhag, P. A. (2007). Hot cognition in investigative judgments: The differential influence of anger and sadness. Law and Human Behavior, 31(6), 537–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9075-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzopardi, C., Eirich, R., Rash, C. L., MacDonald, S., & Madigan, S. (2019). A meta-analysis of the prevalence of child sexual abuse disclosure in forensic settings. Child Abuse & Neglect, 93, 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottoms, B. L. (1993). Individual differences in perceptions of child sexual assault victims. In G. S. Goodman & B. L. Bottoms (Eds.), Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony (pp. 229–261). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carrera, P., & Oceja, L. (2007). Drawing mixed emotions: Sequential or simultaneous experiences? Cognition and Emotion, 21(2), 422–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600557904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles, J., & Mudaly, N. (2010). Staying safe: Strategies for qualitative child abuse researchers. Child Abuse Review: Journal of the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1080
   Google Scholar
• Cromer, L. D., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2010). Child sexual abuse myths: Attitudes, beliefs, and individual differences. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(6), 618–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.522493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diemer, J., Alpers, G. W., Peperkorn, H. M., Shiban, Y., & Mühlberger, A. (2015). The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: A review of research in virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolinski, D., & Odachowska, E. (2018). Beware when danger on the road has passed. The state of relief impairs a driver’s ability to avoid accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 115, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dror, I. (2020). Cognitive and human factors in expert decision making: Six fallacies and eight sources of bias. Analytical Chemistry, 92(12), 7998–8004. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskine, K. J., Kacinik, N. A., & Prinz, J. J. (2011). A bad taste in the mouth: Gustatory disgust influences moral judgment. Psychological Science, 22(3), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611398497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando, J. W., Kashima, Y., & Laham, S. M. (2014). Multiple emotions: A person-centered approach to the relationship between intergroup emotion and action orientation. Emotion, 14(4), 722–732. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gewehr, E., Merschhemke, M., Volbert, R., Santtila, P., & Pülschen, S. (2021). Items of the unpublished self- report questionnaire. Cognitions and Emotions about Child Sexual Abuse (CE-CSA). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uszm8
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, G. S., & Melinder, A. (2007). Child witness research and forensic interviews of young children: A review. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532506X156620
   Google Scholar
• Haginoya, S., Yamamoto, S., Pompedda, F., Naka, M., Antfolk, J, & Santtila, P. (2020). Online simulation training of child sexual abuse interviews with feedback improves interview quality in Japanese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haginoya, S., Yamamoto, S., & Santtila, P. (2021). The combination of feedback and modeling in online simulation training of child sexual abuse interviews improves interview quality in clinical psychologists. Child Abuse and Neglect, 115, 105013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartnagel, T. F., & Templeton, L. J. (2012). Emotions about crime and attitudes to punishment. Punishment & Society, 14(4), 452–474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474512452519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoemann, K., Gendron, M., & Barrett, L. F. (2017). Mixed emotions in the predictive brain. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 15, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutcherson, C. A., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The moral emotions: A social–functionalist account of anger, disgust, and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(4), 719–737. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (1997). Emotions and facial expressions: A perspective from differential emotions theory. In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernández-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 57–77). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659911.005
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. (2009). Anger about crime and support for punitive criminal justice policies. Punishment & Society, 11(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474508098132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). Variants of uncertainty. Cognition, 11(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(82)90023-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, C., Paddon, M. J., & Barnetz, Z. (2016). Emotional language used by victims of alleged sexual abuse during forensic investigation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(3), 243–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1137666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkman, J., Santtila, P., Drzewiecki, T., & Sandnabba, K. N. (2008). Failing to keep it simple: Language use in child sexual abuse interviews with 3-8-year-old children. Psychology, Crime and Law, 14(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160701368438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovaleva, M. N. (2021). The conative function of constructions expressing surprise in Swedish, English and Russian. Theoretical and Applied Lingvistics, 7(1), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_1_86_95
   Google Scholar
• Kresanov, P., Kotler, J., Seto, M., Lieberman, D., Santtila, P. (2018). Intergenerational incest aversion: Selfreported sexual arousal and disgust to hypothetical sexual contact with family members. Evolution and Human Behavior, 39(6), 664–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumhuber, E. G., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). Affect bursts: Dynamic patterns of facial expression. Emotion, 11(4), 825–841. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E. (2016). Difficulties translating research on forensic interview practices to practitioners: Finding water, leading horses, but can we get them to drink? American Psychologist, 71(8), 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Esplin, P. W., & Horowitz, D. (2007). A structured forensic interview protocol improves the quality and informativeness of investigative interviews with children: A review of research using the NICHD investigative interview protocol. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(11–12), 1201–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., & Esplin, P. W. (1998). Conducting investigative interviews of alleged sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(8), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00056-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludick, M., & Figley, C. R. (2017). Toward a mechanism for secondary trauma induction and reduction: Reimagining a theory of secondary traumatic stress. Traumatology, 23(1), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000096
   Google Scholar
• Magnusson, M., Joleby, M., Luke, T. J., Ask, K., & Sakrisvold, M. L. (2021). Swedish and Norwegian police interviewers’ goals, tactics, and emotions when interviewing suspects of child sexual abuse. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 606774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.606774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melinder, A., Brennen, T., Husby, M. F., & Vassend, O. (2020). Personality, confirmation bias, and forensic interviewing performance. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(5), 961–971. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamad Ali, A. Z., & Hamdan, M. N. (2017). The effects of talking-head with various realism levels on students’ emotions in learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(3), 429–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633116672057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortillaro, M., Meuleman, B., & Scherer, K. R. (2015). Automated recognition of emotion appraisals. In J. Vallverdu (Ed.), Handbook of research on synthesizing human emotion in intelligent systems and robotics (pp. 338–351). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7278-9.ch016
   Google Scholar
• Nen, S., Astbury, J., Subhi, N., Alavi, K., Lukman, Z. M., Sarnon, N., Fauziah, I., Hoesni, S. M., & Mohamad, M. S. (2011). The impact of vicarious trauma on professionals involved in child sexual abuse cases (CSA). Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 19, 147–155.
   Google Scholar
• Noromies, A. K. (2019). The effects of a live versus an automated interviewer on the emotional engagement of interviewees and their perceived empathy of the interviewer.[Master`s thesis, Åbo Akademi University]. https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/173305
   Google Scholar
• Oxburgh, G., Williamson, T., & Ost, J. (2006). Police officers’ use of emotional language during child sexual abuse investigations. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 3(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.41
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, M. D., Greenblatt, A. M., Hickman, R. L., Rice, H. M., Thomas, T. L., & Clochesy, J. M. (2016). Assessing the critical parameters of eSMART-MH: A promising avatar-based digital therapeutic intervention to reduce depressive symptoms. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 52(3), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto, M. D., Hickman, R. L., Clochesy, J., & Buchner, M. (2013). Avatar-based depression self-management technology: Promising approach to improve depressive symptoms among young adults. Applied Nursing Research, 26(1), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2012.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompedda, F. (2018). Training in investigative interviews of children: Serious gaming paired with feedback improves interview quality. Åbo Akademi University.
   Google Scholar
• Pompedda, F., Palu, A., Kask, K., Schiff, K., Soveri, A., Antfolk, J., & Santtila, P. (2020). Transfer of simulated interview training effects into interviews with children exposed to a mock event. Nordic Psychology, 73(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2020.1788417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompedda, F., Zappalà, A., & Santtila P. (2015). Simulations of child sexual abuse interviews using avatars paired with feedback improves interview quality. Psychology, Crime & Law, 21(1), 28–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2014.915323
   Google Scholar
• Pompedda, F., Antfolk, J., Zappalà, A., & Santtila P. (2017). A combination of outcome and process feedback enhances performance in simulations of child sexual abuse interviews using avatars. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01474
   Google Scholar
• Powell, M. B., Fisher, R. P., & Hughes-Scholes, C. H. (2008). The effect of intra- versus post-interview feedback during simulated practice interviews about child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(2), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambrano, D., Masip, J., & Blandón-Gitlin, I. (2021). How emotions affect judgement and decision making in an interrogation scenario. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 26(1), 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santtila, P., Korkman, J., & Sandnabba, K. N. (2004). Effects of interview phase, repeated interviewing, presence of a support person, and anatomically detailed dolls on child sexual abuse interviews. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316021000044365
   Google Scholar
• Santtila, P., Zappalà, A., & Pompedda, F. (2012). EIT® (Version 1.0) [Computer software]. Åbo Akademi University.
   Google Scholar
• Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G., & Jordan, A. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1096–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208317771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, A. (2020). Factors influencing the quality of juvenile testimony: A systematic analysis of qualitative research literature. Social work, 18(2), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.13165/SD-20-18-2-06
   Google Scholar
• Šilinskas, G., & Žukauskienė, R. (2004). Correlates of subjective well-being in male sample. Psichologija 30, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.15388/Psichol.2004.4347
   Google Scholar
• Stoltenborgh, M., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoresen, C., Lønnum, K., Melinder, A., & Magnussen, S. (2009). Forensic interviews with children in CSA cases: A large-sample study of Norwegian police interviews. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(7), 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visel, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Blasbalg, U. (2019). Facilitating the expression of emotions by alleged victims of child abuse during investigative interviews using the revised NICHD protocol. Child Maltreatment, 24(3), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519831382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wouters, P., Van Nimwegen, C., Van Oostendorp, H., & Van Der Spek, E. D. (2013). A meta-analysis of the cognitive and motivational effects of serious games. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Segal, A., Pompedda, F., Haginoya, S., & Santtila, P. (2022). Confirmation bias in simulated CSA interviews: How abuse assumption influences interviewing and decision-making processes? Legal and Criminological Psychology, 00, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12213
   Google Scholar