Curbing Bribe-Giving in Malaysia: The Role of Attitudes and Parents

References

• Abbink, K., Freidin, E., Gangadharan, L., & Moro, R. (2018). The effect of social norms on bribe offers. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 34(3), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewy015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agerberg, M. (2019). The curse of knowledge? Education, corruption, and politics. Political Behavior, 41(2), 369–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9455-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality and behaviour (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Alatas, H. A. (1991). Corruption: It’s nature, causes, and functions. S. Abdul Majeed.
   Google Scholar
• Altenburger, M. (2017). The effect of injunctive social norms and dissent on budget reporting honesty. Journal of International Accounting Research, 16(2), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.2308/jiar-51744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amelia, N., Rahmania, T., Dewi, M. S. (2020). Description of ethical perception about corruption measures in youth who have parents with corruption behavior. In Conference: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Religion and Mental Health (pp. 129–138). https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-9-2019.2293463
   Google Scholar
• Ariely, D., Kamenica, E., & Prelec, D. (2013). The honest truth about dishonesty: How we lie to everyone–especially ourselves. Harper Perennial.
   Google Scholar
• Ariyabuddhiphongs, V., & Hongladarom, C. (2014). Bribe taking acceptability and bribe payment among Thai organizational employees: The mediating effect of reciprocity obligation. International Perspectives in Psychology, 3(3), 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000018
   Google Scholar
• Babin, B. J., Griffin, M., & Hair, J. F. (2016). Heresies and sacred cows in scholarly marketing publications. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3133–3138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benk, S., Yüzbaşı, B., & McGee, R. (2017). Confidence in government and attitudes toward bribery: A country-cluster analysis of demographic and religiosity perspectives. Religions, 8(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8010008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124189017003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budiman, A., Roan, A., & Callan, V. (2013). Rationalizing ideologies, social identities and corruption among civil servants in Indonesia during the Suharto era. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1451-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, W. (2008). Malaysia in 2007: High corruption and low opposition. Asian Survey, 48(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2008.48.1.47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanier, C., Deroche, T., & Woodman, T. (2013). Theory of planned behaviour and road violations: The moderating influence of perceived behavioural control. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 18, 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2012.12.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, E. C., & Kerr, N. N. (2017). An insider–outsider theory of popular tolerance for corrupt politicians. Governance, 30(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W., Gopal, A., & Salisbury, W. D. (1997). Advancing the theory of adaptive structuration: The development of a scale to measure faithfulness of appropriation. Information Systems Research, 8(4), 342–367. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.8.4.342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crozier, A. J., & Taylor, K. L. (2019). An exploratory study examining the interactive effect of descriptive norm and image appeal messages on adults’ physical activity intentions: A test of deviation regulation theory. Journal of Health Communication, 24(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1593553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Anda, E. M. (2018). Empirical research to integrate national culture in the design of lean systems (pp. 1–148). TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5045
   Google Scholar
• DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed., Vol. 26). SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Durairaja, S., Saat, G., Kamaluddin, M., Munesveran, N., Azmi, A., & Jia, L. (2019). Corruption in Malaysia: A review. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 12(24), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i24/143798
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior. The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: A comparison of four procedures. Internet Research, 29(3), 430–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(7), 1–77. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407
   Google Scholar
• Gorsira, M., Denkers, A., & Huisman, W. (2018). Both sides of the coin: Motives for corruption among public officials and business employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(1), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3219-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greppin, C., Carlsson, B., Wolfberg, A., & Ufere, N. (2017). How expatriates work in dangerous environments of pervasive corruption. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research, 5(4), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-07-2017-0030
   Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez, J. G., Gil Angel, G. A., & Saiz Alvarez, J. M. (2017). A cognitive, emotional and behavioral assessment of Colombian entrepreneurs attitudes toward corruption. Universidad & Empresa, 19(33), 9–51. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/empresa/a.4682
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hübler, O., Koch, M., Menkhoff, L., & Schmidt, U. (2021). Corruption and cheating: Evidence from rural Thailand. World Development, 145, 105526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isa, S., & Abdullah, Z. (2021). Intention for bribery among university students: The mediating role of personal norms. Global Goals, Local Actions: Looking Back and Moving Forward, 1(12), 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Jacob, S., & Ouimet, M. (2017). Association between perceived level of autonomy and perceived behavioural control over resolving ethical dilemmas: A large N cross-sectional survey of Canadian civil servants. Revue Gouvernance, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.7202/1038871ar
   Google Scholar
• Kam, C. S., Hue, M. T., & Cheung, H. Y. (2018). Academic dishonesty among Hong Kong secondary school students: Application of theory of planned behaviour. Educational Psychology, 38(7), 945–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1454588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapeli, N. S., & Mohamed, N. (2015). Insight of anti-corruption initiatives in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 31, 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01197-1
   Google Scholar
• Kapeli, N. S., & Mohamed, N. (2019). Battling corruption in Malaysia: What can be learned? Journal of Financial Crime, 26(2), 549–555. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-04-2018-0044
   Google Scholar
• Kobis, N., Troost, M., Brandt, C., & Soraperra, I. (2019). Social norms of corruption in the field – Social nudges on posters can help to reduce bribery. Behavioural Public Policy, 6(4), 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Köbis, N. C., van Prooijen, J.-W., Righetti, F., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2015). “Who doesn’t?”—The impact of descriptive norms on corruption. PLOS One, 10(6), e0131830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan, T., & Hong, Y.-Y. (2017). Norm, gender, and bribe-giving: Insights from a behavioral game. PLOS One, 12(12), e0189995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legros, S., & Cislaghi, B. (2020). Mapping the social-norms literature: An overview of reviews. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619866455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, M. Z. (2017). [Factors related to intention to stop pornography viewing among Malaysian youth Facebook users] [Master’s thesis repository]. Universiti Putra Malaysia. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/70427/
   Google Scholar
• Malay Mail (2017, July 19). Survey finds one in every three students thinks corruption is okay. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2017/07/19/survey-finds-one-in-every-three-students-thinks-corruption-is-okay/1424607
   Google Scholar
• Mangafic, J., & Veselinovic, L. (2020). The determinants of corruption at the individual level: Evidence from Bosnia-Herzegovina. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 3492–3508. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1723426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEachan, R., Taylor, N., Harrison, R., Lawton, R., Gardner, P., & Conner, M. (2016). Meta-analysis of the reasoned action approach (RAA) to understanding health behaviors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(4), 592–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9798-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medley-Rath, S., & Morgan, R. (2022). Gaining confidence, experience, and knowledge as researchers among undergraduate sociology students. Teaching Sociology, 50(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X211033638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengzhen, L., Berezina, E., Wan Jaafar, W. M., Mohd Khir, A., & Hamsan, H. H. (2021). Five important considerations for the development of anti-corruption education in Malaysia for young people. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11), 2583–2596. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i11/11777
   Google Scholar
• Menozzi, D., Sogari, G., & Mora, C. (2015). Explaining vegetable consumption among young adults: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Nutrients, 7(9), 7633–7650. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldovan, A., & Van de Walle, S. (2013). Gifts or bribes?: Attitudes on informal payments in Romanian health care. Public Integrity, 15(4), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922150404
   Google Scholar
• Möller, D. M. (2018). Assessment of the willingness to pay and determinants influencing the large consumers’ perspectives regarding the supply of premium green electricity in South Africa. Stellenbosch University Library.
   Google Scholar
• Muhamad, N., & Gani, N. A. (2020). A decade of corruption studies in Malaysia. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(2), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-07-2019-0099
   Google Scholar
• Münscher, S., Donat, M., & Ucar, G. K. (2020). Students’ personal belief in a just world, well-being, and academic cheating: A cross-national study. Social Justice Research, 33(4), 428–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-020-00356-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussel, P., Gatzka, T., & Hewig, J. (2018). Situational judgment tests as an alternative measure for personality assessment. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 34(5), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazmi, S., & Rahim, M. A. (2016). The reporting on the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1mdb) crisis and implication on efficacy of economic and financial news reporting in Malaysia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 3(10), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.310.2242
   Google Scholar
• Newcomb, T. M. (1967). Persistence and change: Bennington College and its students after 25 years. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ngui, Y., Wright, T. (2016, January 26). Malaysia says Saudis gave Prime Minister Najib Razak a $681 million ‘donation’. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysias-attorney-general-najib-razak-received-681-million-personal-donation-from-saudi-royals-1453780909
   Google Scholar
• Nießen, D., Partsch, M. V., Kemper, C. J., & Rammstedt, B. (2019). An English-language adaptation of the social desirability–Gamma short scale (KSE-G). Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42409-018-0005-1
   Google Scholar
• Othman, Z., Shafie, R., & Abdul Hamid, F. Z. (2014). Corruption – Why do they do it? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164, 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.074
   Google Scholar
• Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117452
   Google Scholar
• Peiffer, C., & Rose, R. (2018). Why are the poor more vulnerable to bribery in Africa? The institutional effects of services. The Journal of Development Studies, 54(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1257121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozsgai-Alvarez, J. (2015). Low-level corruption tolerance: An “action-based” approach for Peru and Latin America. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(2), 99–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X1500700204
   Google Scholar
• Rabl, T., & Kühlmann, T. M. (2008). Understanding corruption in organizations: Development and empirical assessment of an action model. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(2), 477–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9898-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reno, R. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kallgren, C. A. (1993). The transsituational influence of social norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(1), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds-Tylus, T., Quick, B. L., & Lukacena, K. M. (2019). An application of the reasoned action approach to bystander intervention for sexual assault. Health Communication, 34(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, D. C. (2017). Thinking about bribery: Neuroscience, moral cognition and the psychology of bribery. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316450765
   Google Scholar
• Rosid, A., Evans, C., & Tran-Nam, B. (2018). Perceptions of corruption and tax noncompliance behaviour: Policy implications for developing countries. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 54(1), 25–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1364349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruel, E., Wagner, W. E. III, & Gillespie, B. J. (2016). The practice of survey research – Theory and applications. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sanyal, R. (2005). Determinants of bribery in international business: The cultural and economic factors. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(1–2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3406-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satar, A. (2021, September 18). Penalty for corruption should be more severe. The Star. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2021/09/18/penalty-for-corruption-should-be-more-severe
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekaran, R. (2020, March 11). 12 cops brought to court over alleged bribery. The Star. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/11/12-cops-brought-to-court-over-alleged-bribery
   Google Scholar
• Simpser, A. (2020). The culture of corruption across generations: An empirical study of bribery attitudes and behavior. The Journal of Politics, 82(4), 1373–1389. https://doi.org/10.1086/708501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. (2018). The development of a situational judgment test to assess collegiate judgment: A pilot study. Public Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences, 326, 1–94. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss/326?utm_source=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcehsdiss%2F326&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
   Google Scholar
• Tagoe, I. (2017). Cutting corners: Students’ perceived academic corruption at universities in Accra.
   Google Scholar
• Tripathi, A. P. (2019). Development and validation of situation judgment test to measure moral disengagement. Psyber News, 9(1), 7–19. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:psn&volume=9&issue=1&article=001
   Google Scholar
• Truex, R. (2011). Corruption, attitudes, and education: survey evidence from Nepal. World Development, 39(7), 1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nation (2021). Goal 16 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved February 25, 2022, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal16
   Google Scholar
• Urbach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2010). Structural equation modeling in information systems research using partial least squares. Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application, 11(2), 5–40. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. (2021). The role of perceived susceptibility and collectivist values in support for using social distancing to prevent COVID-19 in the United States. Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion, 2(2), 268–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/26320770211015434
   Google Scholar
• Yusif, S., Abdul, H.-B., Jeffrey, S., & Derek Ong, L. T. (2020). PLS-SEM path analysis to determine the predictive relevance of e-Health readiness assessment model. Health and Technology, 10(6), 1497–1513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12553-020-00484-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yzer, M. (2012). Perceived behavioral control in reasoned action theory: A dual-aspect interpretation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 640(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211423500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaloznaya, M. (2014). The social psychology of corruption: Why it does not exist and why it should. Sociology Compass, 8(2), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12120
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, H. H., Zhang, H., & Xu, Y. (2019). Effects of perceived descriptive norms on corrupt intention: The mediating role of moral disengagement. International Journal of Psychology, 54(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar