Impact of implementing five-level triage system on patients outcomes and resource utilization in the emergency department of Alexandria main university hospital

References

• Considine J, LeVasseur SA, Charles A. Development of physiological discriminators for the Australasian triage scale. Accid Emerg Nurs. 2002 Oct;10(4):221–234. doi: 10.1016/S0965-2302(02)00156-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chmielewski NA, Tomkin T, Edelstein G. A systems approach to front-end redesign with rapid triage implementation. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2021 Jan-Mar 1;43(1):79–85. doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsieurs KG, Nolan JP, Bossaert LL, et al. ERC guidelines 2015 writing group. European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 1. Executive Summary Resuscit. 2015 Oct;95:1–80. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.015
   Google Scholar
• Thim T, Krarup NH, Grove EL, et al. Initial assessment and treatment with the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) approach. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:117–121. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S28478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollis G, Sprivulis P. Reliability of the National triage scale with changes in emergency department activity level. Emerg Med. 1996 Dec;8(4):231–234. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2026.1996.tb00278.x
   Google Scholar
• Wuerz R, Fernandes CM, Alarcon J. Inconsistency of emergency department triage. emergency department operations research working group. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Oct;32(4):431–435. doi: 10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70171-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers DA, Waller AE, Bowling JM, et al. Five-level triage system more effective than three-level in tertiary emergency department. J Emerg Nurs. 2002 Oct;28(5):395–400. doi: 10.1067/men.2002.127184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zachariasse JM, van der Hagen V, Seiger N, et al. Performance of triage systems in emergency care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019 May 28;9(5):e026471. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones M. NEWSDIG: the National Early warning score development and implementation group. Clin Med. 2012;12(6):501–503. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.12-6-501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2: standardizing the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. updated report of a working party. London: RCP, 2017. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge A, Hugman A, Varndell W, et al. A review of the quality assurance processes for the Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) and implications for future practice. Australas Emerg Nurs J. 2013 Feb;16(1):21–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 24.0) [Computer software]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Lam RPK, Kwok SL, Chaang VK, et al. Performance of a three-level triage scale in live triage encounters in an emergency department in Hong Kong. Int J Emerg Med. 2020 Jun 10;13(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s12245-020-00288-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ M, Grossmann F, Winter D, et al. Modern triage in the emergency department. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Dec;107(50):892–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulwahid MA, Booth A, Kuczawski M, et al. The impact of senior doctor assessment at triage on emergency department performance measures: systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Emerg med J. 2016;33(7):504–513. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2014-204388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeyaraman MM, Alder RN, Copstein L, et al. Impact of employing primary healthcare professionals in emergency department triage on patient flow outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022 Apr 20;12(4):e052850. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers JP, Lee FC. Avoiding prolonged waiting time during busy periods in the emergency department: is there a role for the senior emergency physician in triage? Eur J Emerg Med. 2006 Dec;13(6):342–348. doi: 10.1097/01.mej.0000224425.36444.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toloo GS, Aitken P, Crilly J, et al. Agreement between triage category and patient’s perception of priority in emergency departments. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016 Oct 18;24(1):126. doi: 10.1186/s13049-016-0316-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sember M, Donley C, Eggleston M. Implementation of a provider in triage and its effect on left without being seen rate at a community trauma center. Open Access Emerg Med. 2021 Mar 29;13:137–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine J, Kropman M, Kelly E, et al. Effect of emergency department fast track on emergency department length of stay: a case–control study. Emerg med J. 2008;25(12):815–819. doi: 10.1136/emj.2008.057919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleak H, Osborne SR, de Looze JWM, et al. Exploration of clinicians’ decision-making regarding transfer of patient care from the emergency department to a medical assessment unit: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2022 Feb 3;17(2):e0263235. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najafi Z, Abbaszadeh A, Zakeri H, et al. Determination of mis-triage in trauma patients: a systematic review. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2019 Oct;45(5):821–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sayed ZM, El-Zeny AB, Moustafa MS, et al. Comparison between Australasian triage scale and emergency severity index. Egyp J Surg. 2020;39(2):455–460. doi: 10.4103/ejs.ejs_1_20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlSerkal Y, AlBlooshi K, AlBlooshi S, et al. Triage Accuracy and Its Association with Patient Factors Using Emergency Severity Index: findings from United Arab Emirates. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020;12:427–434. DOI:10.2147/OAEM.S263805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi M, Heydari A, Mazlom R, et al. The reliability of the Australasian Triage Scale: a meta-analysis. World J Emerg Med. 2015;6(2):94–99. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2015.02.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee JT, Hsieh CC, Lin CH, et al. Prediction of hospitalization using artificial intelligence for urgent patients in the emergency department. Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 30;11(1):19472. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98961-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijani M, Abedi S, Karimi S, et al. Major challenges and barriers in clinical decision-making as perceived by emergency medical services personnel: a qualitative content analysis. BMC Emerg Med. 2021 Jan 19;21(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s12873-021-00408-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alharbi RJ, Shrestha S, Lewis V, et al. The effectiveness of trauma care systems at different stages of development in reducing mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Emerg Surg. 2021 38;16(1):1–12. doi: 10.1186/s13017-021-00381-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvig MD, Mogensen CB, Skjøt-Arkil H, et al. Chief complaints, underlying diagnoses, and mortality in adult, non-trauma emergency department visits: a population-based, multicenter cohort study. West J Emerg Med. 2022;23(6):855–863. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2022.9.56332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbaih AH, Elhadary GK, Elbahrawy MR, et al. Assessment of the patients’ outcomes after implementation of South African triage scale in emergency department. Egyp Chin J Traumatol. 2022 Mar;25(2):95–101. doi: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer AJ, Viccellio P, Thode HC, et al. Introduction of a stat laboratory reduces emergency department length of stay. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2008 Apr;15(4):324–328. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00065.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Kim J, Patzer RE, et al. Advanced diagnostic imaging utilization during emergency department visits in the United States: a predictive modeling study for emergency department triage. PLoS One. 2019 Apr 9;14(4):e0214905. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller M, Schechter CB, Hautz WE, et al. The development and validation of a resource consumption score of an emergency department consultation. PLoS One. 2021 Feb 19;16(2):e0247244. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ro YS, Shin SD, Song KJ, et al. Triage-based resource allocation and clinical treatment protocol on outcome and length of stay in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas. 2015 Aug;27(4):328–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder E, Johnston AN, Crilly J. Review article: systematic review of three key strategies designed to improve patient flow through the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas. 2015 Oct;27(5):394–404. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurkova I, Wolf L. Under-triage as a significant factor affecting transfer time between the emergency department and the intensive care unit. J Emerg Nurs. 2011 Sep;37(5):491–496. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2011.01.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr NM, Wessman BT, Bassin B, et al. Boarding of critically ill patients in the emergency department. Crit Care Med. 2020 Aug;48(8):1180–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar