The anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin upon the outcome of traumatic brain injury patients: A randomized-controlled double-blind clinical trial

References

• Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21(5):375–378. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200609000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulger EM, Nathens AB, Rivara FP, et al. Management of severe head injury: institutional variations in care and effect on outcome. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(8):1870–1876. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200208000-00033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao F, Linhartova L, Johnston AM, et al. Statins and sepsis. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100(3):288–298. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guasti L, Marino F, Cosentino M, et al. Prolonged statin-associated reduction in neutrophil reactive oxygen species and angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression: 1-year follow-up. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(9):1118–1126. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischetti F, Carretta R, Borotto G, et al. Fluvastatin treatment inhibits leucocyte adhesion and extravasation in models of complement-mediated acute inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;135(2):186–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02358.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter KL, Czosnyka M, Jalloh I, et al. Systemic, local, and imaging biomarkers of brain injury: more needed, and better use of those already established? Front Neurol. 2015;6:26. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2015.00026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Graaf RA. In vivo NMR spectroscopy: principles and techniques. John Wiley & Sons: 2019. doi:10.1002/9781119382461
   Google Scholar
• Marino S, Zei E, Battaglini M, et al. Acute metabolic brain changes following traumatic brain injury and their relevance to clinical severity and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(5):501–507. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.099796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condon B, Oluoch-Olunya D, Hadley D, et al. Early 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of acute head injury: four cases. J Neurotrauma. 1998;15(8):563–571. doi: 10.1089/neu.1998.15.563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Aguilar M, Tapia-Pérez JH, Sánchez-Rodríguez JJ, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on cytokines after traumatic head injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(3):669–675. doi: 10.3171/2012.12.JNS121084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naghibi T, Madani S, Mazloomzadeh S, et al. Simvastatin’s effects on survival and outcome in traumatic brain injury patients: a comparative study. Turk J Med Sci. 2016;46(1):1–5. doi: 10.3906/sag-1404-125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani F, Nassajian N, Tabatabaee K, et al. The effect of low-dose atorvastatin on inflammatory factors in patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Neurosci. 2020;7(4). doi: 10.5812/ans.106867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stovell MG, Yan J-L, Sleigh A, et al. Assessing metabolism and injury in acute human traumatic brain injury with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: current and future applications. Front Neurol. 2017;8:426. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2017.00426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett MR, Blamire AM, Corkill RG, et al. Early proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing brain correlates with outcome in patients following traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2000;123(10):2046–2054. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.10.2046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild J, Macmillan C, Wardlaw J, et al. 1H spectroscopic imaging of acute head injury—evidence of diffuse axonal injury. Magn Resonance Mate Phys, Biol Med. 1999;8(2):109–115. doi: 10.1007/BF02590527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman S, Brooks W, Jung R, et al. Quantitative proton MRS predicts outcome after traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 1999;52(7):1384–. doi: 10.1212/WNL.52.7.1384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohrevardi SM, Nasab FS, Mirjalili MR, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on delirium status of patients in the intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Med Sci. 2021;17(5):1423. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page VJ, Davis D, Zhao XB, et al. Statin use and risk of delirium in the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189(6):666–673. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1150OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morandi A, Hughes CG, Thompson JL, et al. Statins and delirium during critical illness: a multicenter, prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(8):1899. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariscalco G, Cottini M, Zanobini M, et al. Preoperative statin therapy is not associated with a decrease in the incidence of delirium after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(5):1439–1447. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallabhajosyula S, Kanmanthareddy A, Erwin PJ, et al. Role of statins in delirium prevention in critical ill and cardiac surgery patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2017;37:189–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semmler A, Okulla T, Sastre M, et al. Systemic inflammation induces apoptosis with variable vulnerability of different brain regions. J Chem Neuroanat. 2005;30(2–3):144–157. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2005.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacco A, Togo J, Spence K, et al. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors protect cortical neurons from excitotoxicity. J Neurosci. 2003;23(35):11104–11111. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-35-11104.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleiner J, Schaller G, Mittermayer F, et al. Simvastatin prevents vascular hyporeactivity during inflammation. Circulation. 2004;110(21):3349–3354. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000147774.90396.ED
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGown C, Brown N, Hellewell P, et al. Beneficial microvascular and anti-inflammatory effects of pravastatin during sepsis involve nitric oxide synthase III. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104(2):183–190. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sironi L, Cimino M, Guerrini U, et al. Treatment with statins after induction of focal ischemia in rats reduces the extent of brain damage. ATVB. 2003;23(2):322–327. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000044458.23905.3B
   Google Scholar
• Stêpieñ K, Tomaszewski M, Czuczwar Sa J. Neuroprotective properties of statins. Pharmacol Rep. 2005;57(5):561–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar