Intrathecal levo-bupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine for inguinal hernia repairs in ex-preterm infants: A double blinded randomized prospective study

References

• Blackmon LR, Batton DG, Bell EF, et al. Age terminology during the perinatal period. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1362–1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass HC, Costarino AT, Stayer SA, et al. Outcomes for extremely premature infants Anesthesia & Analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2015;120(6):1337–1351. doi: https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000000705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt ML. Pediatric hernias. Surgical Clinic North Am. 2008;88(1):27–43. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2007.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuratani N. The cutting edge of neonatal anesthesia: the tide of history is changing. J Anesth. 2015;29(1):1–3. doi: 10.1007/s00540-014-1817-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houck CS, Vinson AE. Anesthetic considerations for surgery in newborns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017;102(4):359–363. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun LS, Li G, Miller TL, et al. (The Pediatric Anesthesia Neuro Development Assessment (PANDA) study group): association between a single General Anesthesia exposure before age 36 months and neurocognitive outcomes in later childhood. JAMA. 2016;315(21):2312–2320. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.6967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang SJ. Neonatal anesthesia: How we manage our most vulnerable patients. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015;68(5):434–441. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2015.68.5.434
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J CC, Zaslavsky A, J DJ, et al. Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants after inguinal herniorrhaphy. A combined analysis. Anesthesiology. 1995;82(4):809–822. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199504000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Hady H, Nasef N, Shabaan AE, et al. Caffeine therapy in preterm infants. World J Clin Pediatr. 2015;4(4):81–93. doi: 10.5409/2Fwjcp.v4.i4.81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abu-Shaweesh JM, Martin RJ. Caffeine use in the neonatal intensive care unit. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;22(5):342–7. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2017.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakoor Z, Makooie AA, Joudi Z, et al. The effect of venous caffeine on the prevention of apnea of prematurity in the very preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit of Shahid Motahhari Hospital, Urmia, during a year. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2019;10(1):16–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/japtr.JAPTR_334_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abajian JC, Mellish RW, Browne AF, et al. Spinal anesthesia for surgery in the high-risk infant. Anesth Analg. 1984;63(3):359–62. doi: 10.1213/00000539-198403000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frumiento C, Abajian JC, Vane DW. Spinal anesthesia for preterm infants undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Arch Surg. 2000;135(4):445–451. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.135.4.445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunter J. Benefit and risks of local anesthetics in infants and children. Paediatr Drugs. 2002;4(10):649–72. doi: 10.2165/00128072-200204100-00003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosenberg AT, Cronje L, Thomas J, et al. Ropivacaine plasma levels and postoperative analgesia in neonates and infants during 48–72h continuous epidural infusion following major surgery. Pediatr Anesth. 2003;13:851–852.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor R, Eyres R, Chalkiadis GA. Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25%, in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy. Pediatr Anesth. 2003;13(2):114–121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.01036.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American society of anesthesiologists task force on preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017;126(3):376–93. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean CW, Cayabyab R, Noori S, et al. Cerebral circulation and hypotension in the premature infant diagnosis and treatment. Neuro. 2008;2012:3–26.
   Google Scholar
• Bromage PR. A comparison of the hydrochloride and carbon dioxide salts of lidocaine and prilocaine in epidural analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1965;9(s16):55–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1965.tb00523.x
   Google Scholar
• Stevens B, Johnston C, Petryshen P, et al. Premature infant pain profile: development and initial validation. Clin J Pain. 1996 Mar;12(1):13–22. doi:
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster AC, McKishnie JD, Kenyon CF, et al. Spinal anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in high-risk neonates. Can J Anaesth. 1991;38(3):281–6. doi: 10.1007/BF03007615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malviya S, Swartz J, Lerman J. Are all preterm infants younger than 60 weeks post conceptual age at risk for post anesthetic apnea? Anesthesiology. 1993 Jun;78(6):1076–1081. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199306000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardsley H, Gristwood R, Baker H, et al. A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of levobupivacaine and rac-bupivacaine following intravenous administration to healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;46(3):245–9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00775.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohi S, Naito H, Takahashi T. Age-related changes in blood pressure and duration of motor block in spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1979;50(4):319–323. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197904000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberlander TF, Berde CB, Lam KH, et al. Infants tolerate spinal anesthesia with minimal overall autonomic changes: analysis of heart rate variability in former premature infants undergoing hernia repair. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(1):20–27. doi: 10.1213/00000539-199501000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet M-P, Larousse E, Asehnoune K, et al. Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine decreases cerebral blood flow in former preterm infants. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1280–1283. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000108962.37210.69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkman Z, Hoppenstein D, Litmanowitz I. La rachianesthésie chez 62 enfants prématurés, anciens prématurés ou jeunes enfants — aspects techniques et pièges. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49(3):262–269. doi: 10.1007/BF03020525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frawley GP, Farrell T, Smith S. Levo-bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in neonates: a dose range finding study. Pediatr Anesth. 2004;6(10):838–844. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2004.01364.x
   Google Scholar
• Kokki H, Ylönen P, Heikkinen M, et al. Levobupivacaine for pediatric spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2004;4:64–7. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000093309.75358.30
   Google Scholar
• Davidson AJ, Morton NS, Arnup SJ, et al. Apnea after awake-regional and general anesthesia in infants: the general anesthesia compared to spinal anesthesia (GAS) study: comparing apnea and neurodevelopmental outcomes, a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2015;123(1):38–54. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar