Mpox vaccination and treatment: a systematic review

References

• Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, et al. Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1257. doi: 10.3390/v12111257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the democratic republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(37):16262–16267. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005769107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titanji BK, Tegomoh B, Nematollahi S, et al. Monkeypox: a contemporary review for healthcare professionals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(7):ofac310. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(1):15–25. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00856-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao K-H, Guo M-Y, Lai Y, et al. Learning from the past: the history of human monkeypox and the atypical multi-country outbreak in 2022. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2022;25(4):333–338. [doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2302013.
   Google Scholar
• Guarducci G, Porchia BR, Lorenzini C, et al. Overview of case definitions and contact tracing indications in the 2022 monkeypox outbreak. Infez Med. 2022;31(1):13–19. doi: 10.53854/liim-3101-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Tosh PK. Prevention of monkeypox with vaccines: a rapid review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(12):e349–e358. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00574-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankuru SV, Kossol S, Hou W, et al. A game-theoretic model of monkeypox to assess vaccination strategies. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9272. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mpox Clinical Recognition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2022 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/clinical-recognition.html#:∼:text=Key%20Characteristics%20for%20Identifying%20Mpox&text=Lesions%20are%20firm%20or%20rubbery,areas%20or%20in%20the%20mouth.
   Google Scholar
• Amer FA, Hammad NM, Wegdan AA, et al. Growing shreds of evidence for monkeypox to be a sexually transmitted infection. Infez Med. 2022;30(3):323–327. doi: 10.53854/liim-3003-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rizk JG, Lippi G, Henry BM, et al. Correction to: prevention and treatment of monkeypox. Drugs. 2022;82(12):1343–1343. doi: 10.1007/s40265-022-01767-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Focosi D, Novazzi F, Baj A, et al. Monkeypox: an international epidemic. Rev Med Virol. 2022;32(6):e2392. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treatment Information for Healthcare Professionals: treatment Information for Healthcare Professionals. 2022; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html#anchor_1655488353796.
   Google Scholar
• Hutson C, Kondas A, Mauldin M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a potential smallpox therapeutic, brincidofovir, in a lethal monkeypox virus animal model. MSPHERE. 2021;6(1): e00927–e0020. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00126-21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash-Goldwasser S, Labuda SM, McCormick DW, et al. Ocular Monkeypox – United States, July-September 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(42):1343–1347. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7142e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanov DT, Slabakova YA, Argirova RM, et al. Antivirals for the treatment of monkeypox: utilization in the general and HIV-positive population and gaps for research. A short narrative review. Infez Med. 2023;31(2):186–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farahat RA, Sah R, El-Sakka AA, et al. Human monkeypox disease (MPX). Infez Med. 2022;30(3):372–391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenner F. Smallpox and its eradication. Vol. xvi. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988. p. 1460.
   Google Scholar
• Nalca A, Zumbrun EE. ACAM2000: the new smallpox vaccine for United States strategic national stockpile. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010;4:71–79. doi: 10.2147/dddt.s3687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paran N, Sutter G. Smallpox vaccines: new formulations and revised strategies for vaccination. Hum Vaccin. 2009;5(12):824–831. doi: 10.4161/hv.10295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidokoro M, Shida H. Vaccinia virus LC16m8 as a vaccine vector for clinical applications. Vaccines (Basel). 2014;2(4):755–771. doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040755.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy JS, Greenberg RN. IMVAMUNE: modified vaccinia Ankara strain as an attenuated smallpox vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccin. 2009;8(1):13–24. doi: 10.1586/14760584.8.1.13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Krempelhuber A, Vollmar J, Pokorny R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, dose-finding phase II study to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of the third generation smallpox vaccine candidate IMVAMUNE. Vaccine. 2010;28(5):1209–1216. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccination: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/interim-considerations/overview.html#:∼:text=When%20combined%20with%20other%20prevention,mpox%20for%20the%20general%20public.
   Google Scholar
• World Health O. Vaccines and immunization for monkeypox: interim guidance, 14 June 2022. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2022 Contract No.: WHO/MPX/Immunization/2022.1.
   Google Scholar
• Stickl H, Hochstein-Mintzel V, Mayr A, et al. MVA vaccination against smallpox: clinical tests with an attenuated live vaccinia virus strain (MVA) (author’s transl). Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1974;99(47):2386–2392. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1108143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr A, Stickl H, Muller HK, et al. The smallpox vaccination strain MVA: marker, genetic structure, experience gained with the parenteral vaccination and behavior in organisms with a debilitated defence mechanism (author’s transl). Zentralbl Bakteriol B. 1978;167(5-6):375–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Med. 2021;18(3):e1003583. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022359383. 2022
   Google Scholar
• Olsen RG, Blakeslee JR, Mathes L, Nakano J, et al. Preparation and evaluation of a noninfectious monkey pox virus vaccine. J Clin Microbiol. 1977;6(1):50–54. doi:10.1128/jcm.6.1.50-54.1977.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper JT, Wilhelmsen C, Zimmerman M, et al. Smallpox DNA vaccine protects nonhuman primates against lethal monkeypox. J Virol. 2004;78(9):4433–4443. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.9.4433-4443.2004.
   Google Scholar
• Edghill-Smitli YB, Whitehouse CA, Miller D, et al. Smallpox vaccine does not protect macaques with AIDS from a lethal monkeypox virus challenge. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(3):372–381. doi:10.1086/427265.
   Google Scholar
• Edghill-Smith Y, Golding H, Manischewitz J, et al. Smallpox vaccine-induced antibodies are necessary and sufficient for protection against monkeypox virus. Nat Med. 2005;11(7):740–747. doi: 10.1038/nm1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saijo M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, et al. LC16m8, a highly attenuated vaccinia virus vaccine lacking expression of the membrane protein B5R, protects monkeys from monkeypox. J Virol. 2006;80(11):5179–5188. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02642-05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogg C, Americo J, Lustig S, et al. Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses to recombinant proteins correlates with protection of mice and monkeys to orthopoxvirus challenges. Vaccine. 2007;25(15):2787–2799. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marriott K, Parkinson C, Morefield S, et al. Clonal vaccinia virus grown in cell culture fully protects monkeys from lethal monkeypox challenge. Vaccine. 2008;26(4):581–588. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl P, Americo J, Wyatt L, et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara provides durable protection against disease caused by an immunodeficiency virus as well as long-term immunity to an orthopoxvirus in a non-human primate. Virology. 2007;366(1):84–97. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigam P, Earl P, Americo J, et al. DNA/MVA HIV-1/AIDS vaccine elicits long-lived vaccinia virus-specific immunity and confers protection against a lethal monkeypox challenge. Virology. 2007;366(1):73–83. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl P, Americo J, Wyatt L, et al. Rapid protection in a monkeypox model by a single injection of a replication-deficient vaccinia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(31):10889–10894. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804985105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei H, Huang D, Fortman J, Wang R, et al. Coadministration of cidofovir and smallpox vaccine reduced vaccination side effects but interfered with vaccine-elicited immune responses and immunity to monkeypox. J Virol. 2009;83(2):1115–1125. doi:10.1128/jvi.00984-08.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper J, Ferro A, Golden J, et al. Molecular smallpox vaccine delivered by alphavirus replicons elicits protective immunity in mice and non-human primates. Vaccine. 2009;28(2):494–511. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz D, Sagartz J, Huso D, et al. Experimental infection of an african dormouse (graphiurus kelleni) with monkeypox virus. Virology. 2009;383(1):86–92. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielinski R, Smedley J, Perera P, et al. Smallpox vaccine with integrated IL-15 demonstrates enhanced in vivo viral clearance in immunodeficient mice and confers long term protection against a lethal monkeypox challenge in cynomolgus monkeys. Vaccine. 2010;28(43):7081–7091. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman GC, Xiao Y, Richardson-Harman N, et al. A protein-based smallpox vaccine protects non-human primates from a lethal monkeypox virus challenge. Vaccine. 2010;28(40):6627–6636. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabenow J, Buller RM, Schriewer J, et al. A mouse model of lethal infection for evaluating prophylactics and therapeutics against monkeypox virus. J Virol. 2010;84(8):3909–3920. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02012-09.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon S, Cecchinato V, Andresen V, et al. Smallpox vaccine safety is dependent on T cells and not B cells. J Infect Dis. 2011;203(8):1043–1053. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzler KL, Babas T, Rippeon A, et al. Attenuated NYCBH vaccinia virus deleted for the E3L gene confers partial protection against lethal monkeypox virus disease in cynomolgus macaques. Vaccine. 2011;29(52):9684–9690. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.135.
   Google Scholar
• Hirao LA, Draghia-Akli R, Prigge JT, et al. Multivalent smallpox DNA vaccine delivered by intradermal electroporation drives protective immunity in nonhuman primates against lethal monkeypox challenge. J Infect Dis. 2011;203(1):95–102. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq017.
   Google Scholar
• Keckler MC, Carroll DS, Gallardo-Romero NF, et al. Establishment of the black-tailed prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus) as a novel animal model for comparing smallpox vaccines administered preexposure in both high- and low-dose monkeypox virus challenges. J Virol. 2011;85(15):7683–7698. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02174-10.
   Google Scholar
• Golden J, Josleyn M, Mucker E, et al. Side-by-side comparison of gene-based smallpox vaccine with MVA in nonhuman primates. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42353. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch G, Graham V, Bewley K, et al. Assessment of the protective effect of imvamune and Acam2000 vaccines against aerosolized monkeypox virus in cynomolgus macaques. J Virol. 2013;87(14):7805–7815. doi: 10.1128/JVI.03481-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi V, Parker S, Jacca S, et al. BoHV-4-based vector single heterologous antigen delivery protects STAT1(-/-) mice from Monkeypoxvirus lethal challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(6):e0003850. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003850.
   Google Scholar
• Iizuka I, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, et al. A single vaccination of nonhuman primates with highly attenuated smallpox vaccine, LC16m8, provides long-term protection against monkeypox. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2017;70(4):408–415. doi: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2016.417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucker E, Wollen-Roberts S, Kimmel A, et al. Intranasal monkeypox marmoset model: prophylactic antibody treatment provides benefit against severe monkeypox virus disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(6):e0006581. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenner HA, Cho CT, Bolano C, Kamitsuka PS, et al. Monkey pox. IV. Modification of disease pattern by antilymphocytic sera. J Infect Dis. 1969;120(3):318–331. doi: 10.1093/infdis/120.3.318.
   Google Scholar
• Sbrana E, Jordan R, Hruby DE, et al. Efficacy of the antipoxvirus compound ST-246 for treatment of severe orthopoxvirus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76(4):768–773.
   Google Scholar
• Huggins J, Goff A, Hensley L, et al. Nonhuman primates are protected from smallpox virus or monkeypox virus challenges by the antiviral drug ST-246. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(6):2620–2625. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00021-09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan R, Goff A, Frimm A, et al. ST-246 antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate monkeypox model: determination of the minimal effective dose and human dose justification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(5):1817–1822. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01596-08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SK, Self J, Weiss S, et al. Effective antiviral treatment of systemic orthopoxvirus disease: ST-246 treatment of prairie dogs infected with monkeypox virus. J Virol. 2011;85(17):9176–9187. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02173-10.
   Google Scholar
• Berhanu A, Prigge J, Silvera P, et al. Treatment with the smallpox antiviral tecovirimat (ST-246) alone or in combination with ACAM2000 vaccination is effective as a postsymptomatic therapy for monkeypox virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(7):4296–4300. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00208-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo AT, Grosenbach DW, Brasel TL, et al. Effects of treatment delay on efficacy of tecovirimat following lethal aerosol monkeypox virus challenge in cynomolgus macaques. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(9):1490–1499. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy326.
   Google Scholar
• Grosenbach D, Honeychurch K, Rose E, et al. Oral tecovirimat for the treatment of smallpox. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(1):44–53. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo AT, Berhanu A, Bigger CB, et al. Co-administration of tecovirimat and ACAM2000™ in non-human primates: effect of tecovirimat treatment on ACAM2000 immunogenicity and efficacy versus lethal monkeypox virus challenge. Vaccine. 2020;38(3):644–654. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.049.
   Google Scholar
• Keckler MS, Salzer JS, Patel N, et al. IMVAMUNE((R)) and ACAM2000((R)) provide different protection against disease when administered postexposure in an intranasal monkeypox challenge prairie dog model. Vaccines. 2020;8(3):396. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ, van Amerongen G, Kondova I, et al. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara protects macaques against respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus. J Virol. 2005;79(12):7845–7851. doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.12.7845-7851.2005.
   Google Scholar
• Heraud JM, Edghill-Smith Y, Ayala V, et al. Subunit recombinant vaccine protects against monkeypox. J Immunol. 2006;177(4):2552–2564. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy J, Gurwith M, Dekker C, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of LC16m8, an attenuated smallpox vaccine in Vaccinia-Naive adults. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(9):1395–1402. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker S, D'Angelo J, Buller RM, et al. A human recombinant analogue to plasma-derived vaccinia immunoglobulin prophylactically and therapeutically protects against lethal orthopoxvirus challenge. Antiviral Res. 2021;195:105179. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner BM, Klassen L, Sloan A, et al. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of tecovirimat against a recently emerged 2022 monkeypox virus isolate. Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(673):eade7646. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade7646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karem KL, Reynolds M, Hughes C, et al. Monkeypox-induced immunity and failure of childhood smallpox vaccination to provide complete protection. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14(10):1318–1327. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00148-07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merad Y, Gaymard A, Cotte L, et al. Outcomes of post-exposure vaccination by modified vaccinia Ankara to prevent mpox (formerly monkeypox): a retrospective observational study in lyon, France, june to august 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(50):2200882. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.50.2200882.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Priyamvada L, Carson WC, Ortega E, et al. Serological responses to the MVA-based JYNNEOS monkeypox vaccine in a cohort of participants from the democratic republic of Congo. Vaccine. 2022;40(50):7321–7327. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar JL, Lewis NM, Houck K, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of mpox in persons who had previously received 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine and in unvaccinated persons - 29 U.S. Jurisdictions, may 22-September 3, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(5152):1610–1615. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm715152a2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Payne AB, Ray LC, Kugeler KJ, et al. Incidence of monkeypox among unvaccinated persons compared with persons receiving ≥1 JYNNEOS vaccine dose - 32 U.S. Jurisdictions, july 31-September 3, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(40):1278–1282. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7140e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne AB, Ray LC, Cole MM, et al. Reduced risk for mpox after receipt of 1 or 2 doses of JYNNEOS vaccine compared with risk among unvaccinated persons - 43 U.S. Jurisdictions, july 31-October 1, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(49):1560–1564. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7149a5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff Sagy Y, Zucker R, Hammerman A, et al. Real-world effectiveness of a single dose of mpox vaccine in males. Nat Med. 2023;29(3):748–752. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02229-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaeck LM, Lamers MM, Verstrepen BE, et al. Low levels of monkeypox virus-neutralizing antibodies after MVA-BN vaccination in healthy individuals. Nat Med. 2023;29(1):270–278. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02090-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobral-Costas TG, Escudero-Tornero R, Servera-Negre G, et al. Human monkeypox outbreak: epidemiological data and therapeutic potential of topical cidofovir in a prospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88(5):1074-1082. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.10.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Laughlin K, Tobolowsky FA, Elmor R, et al. Clinical use of tecovirimat (tpoxx) for treatment of monkeypox under an investigational new drug Protocol - United States, May-August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(37):1190–1195. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7137e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu EL, Osborn RL, Bertram CM, et al. Tecovirimat use in ambulatory and hospitalized patients with monkeypox virus infection. Sex Transm Dis. 2023;50(3):172–174. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, et al. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. doi: 10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hooijmans CR, Rovers MM, de Vries RB, et al. SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14(1):43. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne JAC, Savovic J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JBI. JBI bias tool 2023 Available from: https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools.
   Google Scholar
• Technologies S, National Institutes of H. Phase I Trial of an Investigational Small Pox Medication. 2008. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00728689
   Google Scholar
• Grosenbach DW, Jordan R, Hruby DE. Development of the small-molecule antiviral ST-246 as a smallpox therapeutic. Future Virol. 2011;6(5):653–671. doi: 10.2217/fvl.11.27.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease C, Prevention, Ministry of Public Health DRotC, Kinshasa School of Public H, Bavarian N. IMVAMUNE® Smallpox Vaccine in Adult Healthcare Personnel at Risk for Monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2022. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02977715
   Google Scholar
• Public Health E, Bavarian N. Cohort Study of Healthcare Workers Receiving Imvanex®. 2019. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03745131
   Google Scholar
• Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de P. Follow-up of People at Risk of Monkeypox Infection: a Prospective Cohort Study. 2023. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05438953
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of A, Infectious D. Trial to Evaluate the Immunogenicity of Dose Reduction Strategies of the MVA-BN Monkeypox Vaccine. 2023. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05512949
   Google Scholar
• Fundación Fls de Lucha Contra el Sida lEIylPdlSylC, Department of Health GdC, Hospital Vall dH, Hospital Clinic of B, Hospital Universitario 12 de O, Public Health Service of M. Break-through Infection Following Monkeypox vaccinatIon. 2023; https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05522296
   Google Scholar
• Institut P, Institut Pasteur de B. A One Health Study of Monkeypox Human Infection. 2023. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05058898
   Google Scholar
• Marina K. McGill university health Centre/research institute of the McGill University Health C, University Health Network T, Unity Health T, University of British C, network CCHT. Tecovirimat in Non-hospitalized Patients With Monkeypox. 2023. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05534165
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of A, Infectious D, Technologies S. Study of Tecovirimat for Human Monkeypox Virus. 2023. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05534984
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of A, Infectious D, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale. Kinshasa RDdC. Tecovirimat for Treatment of Monkeypox Virus. 2024. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05559099
   Google Scholar
• Fundación Fls de Lucha Contra el Sida lEIylPdlSylC, IrsiCaixa, Checkpoint BCN. Characterization of Vaccine-induced Responses Against Monkeypox (MoVIHvax) An Observational Prospective Cohort Study. 2023. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05562323
   Google Scholar
• Calmy A, Oswaldo Cruz F, Anrs EID, University Hospital G. Assessment of the Efficacy and Safety of Tecovirimat in Patients With Monkeypox Virus Disease. 2024. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05597735
   Google Scholar
• Institut P, Centre Médical de l‘Institut P. Clinical and Biological Aspects of the MONKEYPOX Disease. 2026. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05627713
   Google Scholar
• (UK) UoO. Antiviral treatment with tecovirimat for patients managed at home with monkeypox. 2022. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN17461766
   Google Scholar
• Health NYUL. New York City Observational Study of Mpox Immunity. 2023. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05654883
   Google Scholar
• Fine PE, Jezek Z, Grab B, et al. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17(3):643–650. doi: 10.1093/ije/17.3.643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelaal A, Reda A, Lashin BI, et al. Preventing the next pandemic: is live vaccine efficacious against monkeypox, or is there a need for killed virus and mRNA vaccines? Vaccines. 2022;10(9):1419. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10091419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faix DJ, Gordon DM, Perry LN, et al. Prospective safety surveillance study of ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine in deploying military personnel. Vaccine. 2020;38(46):7323–7330. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh SR, Wilck MB, Dominguez DJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of modified vaccinia Ankara in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a randomized, controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(12):1888–1897. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollmar J, Arndtz N, Eckl KM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of IMVAMUNE, a promising candidate as a third generation smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2006;24(12):2065–2070. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey SE, Newman FK, Kennedy JS, et al. Clinical and immunologic responses to multiple doses of IMVAMUNE (modified vaccinia Ankara) followed by dryvax challenge. Vaccine. 2007;25(51):8562–8573. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevention TCfDCa. Treatment Information for Healthcare Professionals for mpox: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rubio-Muniz CA, Montero-Menárguez J, López-Valle A, et al. Monkeypox: is topical cidofovir a good idea? Clin Exp Dermatol. 2023;48(2):132–134. doi: 10.1093/ced/llac038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey SE, Newman FK, Kennedy JS, et al. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of ACAM1000, ACAM2000 and dryvax in healthy vaccinia-naive adults. Vaccine. 2009;27(10):1637–1644. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevention TCfDCa. ACAM2000 Vaccine: CDC; 2022 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/interim-considerations/acam2000-vaccine.html.
   Google Scholar
• Prevention TCfDCa. JYNNEOS Vaccine: CDC; 2022 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/interim-considerations/jynneos-vaccine.html.
   Google Scholar