279
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

‘Essential for the soul’?: leisure as a flashpoint during COVID-19 lockdowns in Ontario, Canada

Pages 167-186 | Received 08 Oct 2021, Accepted 16 Mar 2022, Published online: 28 Mar 2022

References

  • Abrams, Courtney B., Karen Albright, and Aaron Panofsky. 2004. “Contesting the New York Community: From liminality to the ‘new formal’ in the wake of September 11.” City and Community 3 (3): 189–220.
  • Ahearn, Victoria. 2021. “Juno Awards Producers Work Around COVID Challenges.” The Hamilton Spectator, 5 June.
  • Allison, Lincoln. 1998. “Sport and Civil Society.” Political Studies 46 (4): 709–726.
  • Bail, Christopher A. 2012. “The Fringe Effect: Civil Society Organizations and the Evolution of Media Discourse about Islam Since the September 11th Attacks.” American Sociological Review 77 (5): 855–879.
  • Bammel, Gene, and Lei Lane Burrus-Bammel. 1996. Leisure & Human Behavior. 3rd ed. Madison: Brown & Benchmark.
  • Benzie, Robert. 2021. “‘Immediately Reopen Outdoor Activities’: Sports Associations Urge Ford to Let the People Play.” The Toronto Star, 18 May.
  • Best, Joel. 1990. Threatened Children: Rhetoric and Concerns about Child-Victims. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Birrell, Susan. 1981. “Sport as Ritual: Interpretations from Durkheim to Goffman.” Social Forces 60 (2): 354–376.
  • Blackshaw, Tony. 2010. Leisure. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Blei, David M., Andrew Y. Ng, and Michael I. Jordan. 2003. “Latent Dirichlet Allocation.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 3: 993–1022.
  • Bockrath, Joseph. 2009. “Pornoshops or Similar Places Disseminating Obscene Materials as Nuisance.” American Law Reports 58: 1134.
  • Brown, Robert S. 2004. “Sport and Healing America.” Society 42 (1): 37–41.
  • Bryson, Mark. 2021. “Vaccine Eligibility Leads to High Hopes at Waterloo and Laurier for Return of University Sports.” Waterloo Region Record, 19 May.
  • Burch, William. 1965. “The Play World of Camping: Research into the Social Meaning of Outdoor Recreation.” American Journal of Sociology 70 (5): 604–612.
  • Caldwell, Linda L. 2005. “Leisure and Health: Why is Leisure Therapeutic?” British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 33 (1): 7–26.
  • Canadian Women & Sport. 2021. The Pandemic Impact on Girls in Sport. Toronto, ON: Canadian Women & Sport.
  • Carr, Neil. 2017. “Re-thinking the Relation Between Leisure and Freedom.” Annals of Leisure Research 20 (2): 137–151.
  • Cottingham, Marci D. 2012. “Interaction Ritual Theory and Sports Fans: Emotion, Symbols, and Solidarity.” Sociology of Sport Journal 29 (2): 168–185.
  • D’Amato, Luisa. 2021. “A Child Can't Play with a Friend at Home, but an Illegal Rally is OK?” Waterloo Region Record, April 21.
  • DiCenzo, Daniel. 2021. “When This is Over, Don’t Forget to Support Small Businesses.” The Hamilton Spectator, 7 June.
  • DiManno, Rosie. 2021a. “Take Us Out to the Ball Game – pPlease!” The Toronto Star, 15 May.
  • DiManno, Rosie. 2021b. “The Pandemic is Ebbing, and Life’s Gradual Return to Normal is Seen in Joyous Patio Gatherings.” The Toronto Star, 11 June.
  • Draaisma, Muriel. 2021. “Ontario Will No Longer Give AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine as 1st Dose Due to Blood Clots.” CBC News, May 11. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-update-astrazeneca-vaccine-1.6022545.
  • Drabek, Thomas E. 1986. Human System Responses to Disaster. New York: Springer.
  • Dumazedier, Joffre. 1974. “Leisure and the Social System.” In Concepts of Leisure: Philosophical Implication, edited by James Frederick Murphy, 129–144. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Durkheim, Émile. 1915. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: Free Press.
  • Elias, Norbert, and Eric Dunning. 2008. Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilising Process. Dublin: University College Dublin Press.
  • Ewing, Lori. 2021. “Canadian High School Athletes Face Hurdles.” The Hamilton Spectator, 15 May.
  • Fain, Gerald. 1991. “Moral Leisure.” In Leisure and Ethics: Reflections on the Philosophy of Leisure, edited by Gerald Fain, 7–30. Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
  • Fairclough, Norman. 1992. “Discourse and Text: Linguistic and Intertextual Analysis within Discourse Analysis.” Discourse and Society 3 (2): 193–217.
  • Fairclough, Norman. 2013. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. New York: Routledge.
  • Ferguson, Rob, and Robert Benzie. 2021. “Stages of Relief.” The Toronto Star, 21 May.
  • Foster, Liam, and Kate Woodthorpe. 2012. “A Golden Silence? Acts of Remembrance and Commemoration at U.K. Football Games.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 36 (1): 50–67.
  • Foucault, Michel. 1997. The Politics of Truth. Translated and edited by Sylvère Lotringer and Lysa Hochroth. New York: Semiotext(e).
  • Fox, Jon E. 2006. “Consuming the nation: holidays, sports, and the production of collective belonging.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (2): 217–236.
  • Fricker, Karen. 2021. “Why Are Film and TV Productions Allowed to Go On and Theatre Groups Can’t Even Rehearse? Arts Coalition Asks the Ford Government.” The Toronto Star, 31 May.
  • Friesen, Joe, Andrea Woo, Kelly Grant, and Bill Curry. 2021. “Ontario Lowers Age for AstraZeneca, Revises Some COVID-19 Lockdown Measures Amid Public Outrage.” The Globe and Mail, April 19.
  • Fromm, Erich. 1961. Marx’s Concept of Man. New York: Frederick Ungar.
  • Giulianotti, Richard, Hannu Itkonen, Arto Nevala, and Anna-Katriina Salmikangas. 2017. “Sport and Civil Society in the Nordic Region.” Sport in Society 22 (4): 540–554.
  • Glaser, Barney, and Anselm Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Inquiry. New York: Aldine.
  • Government of Canada. 2020. Vulnerable Populations and COVID-19. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/diseases-maladies/vulnerable-populations-covid-19/vulnerable-eng.pdf.
  • Guinto, Maria Luisa M., and Ian Lawrence N. Logan. 2021. “Harnessing the Power of Sport for Disaster Recovery.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2021.1922493.
  • Hamilton Spectator, The. 2021. “April 19: Hamilton Targeted by Conservatives, No Police State, Church OK but Not Golf and Other Letters to the Editor.” The Hamilton Spectator, April 19.
  • Harris, Fredric C. 2006. “It takes a tragedy to arouse them: Collective memory and collective action during the civil rights movement.” Social Movement Studies 5 (1): 19–43.
  • Hawdon, James, and John Ryan. 2011. “Social Relations That Generate and Sustain Solidarity After a Mass Tragedy.” Social Forces 89 (4): 1363–1384.
  • Hill, Jeff. 2002. Sport, Leisure & Culture in Twentieth Century Britain. London: Red Globe Books.
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1992. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iwasaki, Yoshi, and Roger C. Mannell. 2000. “Hierarchical Dimensions of Leisure Stress-Coping.” Leisure Sciences 22 (3): 163–181.
  • Jenkins, Emily K., Corey McAuliffe, Saima Hirani, Chris Richardson, Kimberly C. Thomson, Liza McGuinness, Jonathan Morris, Antonis Kousoulis, and Anne Gadermann. 2021. “A Portrait of the Early and Differential Mental Health Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada: Findings from the First Wave of a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey.” Preventive Medicine 145: 106333.
  • Keenan, Edward. 2021. “Playoffs Lift Spirits of Pandemic-Weary Even if We’re Stuck Watching at Home.” The Toronto Star, 26 May.
  • Kelly, John R. 1996. Leisure. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Kennedy, Liam, Derek Silva, Madelaine Coelho, and William Cipolli. 2019. “‘We are all Broncos’: Hockey, Tragedy, and the Formation of Canadian Identity.” Sociology of Sport Journal 36 (3): 189–202.
  • Kiritchenko, S., X. Zhu, and S. M. Mohammad. 2014. “Sentiment Analysis of Short Informal Texts.” Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 50 (1): 723–762.
  • Kopun, Francine. 2021. “‘Where is the Light at End of Tunnel?’” The Toronto Star, 15 May.
  • Kunz, Valeria. 2009. “Sport as a Post-Disaster Psychosocial Intervention in Bam, Iran.” Sport in Society 12 (9): 1147–1157.
  • Labbe, Ronald, and Jonathan Lurie. 2003. The Slaughterhouse Cases: Regulation, Reconstruction and the Fourteenth Amendment. New Orleans: University of Louisiana Press.
  • Lackey, Nancy Qwynne, Deborah A. Tysor, G. David McNay, Leah Joyner, Kensey H. Baker, and Camilla Hodge. 2021. “Mental Health Benefits of Nature-Based Recreation: A Systematic Review.” Annals of Leisure Research 24 (3): 379–393.
  • Levitt, Howard. 2021. “As Workplaces Reopen, the Lawsuits Will Begin.” National Post, 22 May.
  • Lüschen, Günther, William Cockerham, and Gerhard Kunz. 1996. “The Sociocultural Context of Sport and Health: Problems of Causal Relations and Structural Interdependence.” Sociology of Sport Journal 13 (2): 197–213.
  • Lyon, David. 2020. “Cellphone Tracking Might Help Stamp Out COVID-19. But at what cost?” Ottawa Citizen, 6 April. https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/lyon-cellphone-tracking-might-help-stamp-out-covid-19-but-at-what-cost/wcm/a58e9d06-1709-4152-8ec3-ea57cc9d5d0d/.
  • Magdalinski, Tara, and Timothy Chandler. 2002. “With God on Their Side: An Introduction.” In With God on their Side: Sport in the Service of Religion, edited by Tara Magdalinski, and Timothy Chandler, 1–19. London: Routledge.
  • Magnet, Shoshana. 2011. When Biometrics Fail: Gender, Race, and the Technology of Identity. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Mansfield, Louise. 2021. “Leisure and Health – Critical Commentary.” Annals of Leisure Research 24 (3): 283–294.
  • Massey, Doreen. 2005. For Space. London: Sage.
  • McDonald, Mary G. 2005. “Imagining Benevolence, Masculinity and Nation: Tragedy, Sport and the Transnational Marketplace.” In Sport and Corporate Nationalisms, edited by Michael L. Silk, Daid L. Andrews, and C. L. Cole, 127–142. New York: Berg.
  • McGinn, Dave. 2021. “Overnight Campers Stare Down Another Lost Summer.” The Globe and Mail, 15 May.
  • McGran, Kevin. 2021. “‘A Sign of Progress for Our Country.’ With Fans at Leafs-Habs Game, it Felt Like a Pivotal Moment in Canada’s Battle Against COVID-19.” The Toronto Star, 29 May.
  • McKay, Garry. 2021. Owners Left Staggered by Ford's Wild Hook. The Hamilton Spectator, April 23.
  • Mellor, Philip A., and Chris Shilling. 2014. Sociology of the Sacred: Religion, Embodiment and Social Change. London: Sage.
  • Michael, Akrit. 2021. “Lockdown Should Stay but Some Outdoor Recreation like Golf Should be Allowed, Doctors’ Group Says.” The Toronto Star, 12 May.
  • Mitchell, Don. 2003. The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Mohr, John W. 1998. “Measuring Meaning Structures.” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 345–370.
  • Monahan, Torin. 2006. Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life. New York: Routledge.
  • Monahan, Torin. 2010. Surveillance in the Time of Insecurity. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
  • Moran, Dominique. 2015. Carceral Geography: Spaces and Practices of Incarceration. New York: Routledge.
  • Moran, Dominique, Jennifer Turner, and Anna K. Schliehe. 2018. “Conceptualizing the Carceral in Carceral Geography.” Progress in Human Geography 42 (5): 666–686.
  • Nielson, Kevin. 2021. “A Timeline of COVID-19 in Ontario.” Global News, 10 May. https://globalnews.ca/news/6859636/ontario-coronavirus-timeline/.
  • Norman, Mark. 2020. “Sport and Incarceration: Theoretical Considerations for Sport for Development Research.” Social Inclusion 8 (3): 187–196.
  • Norman, Mark. 2012. Saturday Night's Alright for Tweeting: Cultural Citizenship, Collective Discussion, and the New Media Consumption/Production of Hockey Day in Canada. Sociology of Sport Journal 29 (3): 306–324.
  • Novak, William. 1996. The People’s Welfare: The Police Power. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Passmore, Anne. 2003. “The Occupation of Leisure: Three Typologies and Their Influence on Mental Health in Adolescence.” Occupation, Participation and Health 23 (2): 76–83.
  • Passmore, Anne, and Davina French. 2000. “A Model of Leisure and Mental Health in Australian Adolescents.” Behavior Change 17: 208–221.
  • Pieper, Josef. 1965. Leisure: The Basis of Culture. London: Collins.
  • Pondé, Milena P., and Vilma S. Santana. 2000. “Participation in Leisure Activities: Is It a Protective Factor for Women's Mental Health?” Journal of Leisure Research 32 (4): 457–472.
  • Pringle, Robert. 2015. “Pleasures Small and Large.” In Sport and the Social Significance of Pleasure, edited by Richard Pringle, Robert E. Rinehart, and Jayne Caudwell, 12–28. New York: Routledge.
  • Radley, Scott. 2021. “Scott Radley: OHL Cancels its Season, Delivering a Predictable-Yet-Cruel Blow.” The Hamilton Spectator, April 20.
  • Rojek, Chris. 1999. Leisure and Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rojek, Chris. 2005. “An Outline of the Action Approach to Leisure Studies.” Leisure Studies 24 (1): 13–25.
  • Rojek, Chris. 2010. The Labour of Leisure. London: Sage.
  • Ruminski, Tom. 2020. “Doolittle Doubts Fan Attendance: Sports are ‘Reward of a Functioning Society.’” TheScore, July 5. https://www.thescore.com/mlb/news/1982713.
  • Rushowy, Kristin. 2021. “The Question on Every Parent’s Mind: Will Students Return to Class Before the School Year is Over?” The Toronto Star, 10 May.
  • Sager, Alexander. 2013. “Philosophy of Leisure.” In Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies, edited by Tony Blackshaw, 5–14. New York: Routledge.
  • Seippel, Ørnulf. 2005a. “Sport, Civil Society and Social Integration: The Case of Norwegian Voluntary Sport Organizations.” Journal of Civil Society 1 (3): 247–265.
  • Seippel, Ørnulf. 2005b. “The Meanings of Sport: Fun, Health, Beauty or Community.” Sport in Society 9: 51–70.
  • Selley, Chris. 2021. “Re-Closing Playgrounds a Brand New Low.” National Post, April 17.
  • Sharpe, Erin K. 2015. “Leisure, Community and Politics.” In Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies, edited by Tony Blackshaw, 521–529. New York: Routledge.
  • Silk, Michael, Jayne Caudwell, and Heather Gibson. 2017. “Views on Leisure Studies: Past, Presents & Future Possibilities?” Leisure Studies 36 (2): 153–162.
  • Snowball, J., and A. Szabo. 1999. “Anxiety, Affect and Exercise: Preliminary Evidence Lends Support to the Distraction Hypothesis.” Journal of Sport Science 17 (1): 67–68.
  • Spillman, Lyn. 1995. “Culture, Social Structures and Discursive Fields.” Current Perspectives in Social Theory 15: 129–154.
  • Sport for Life. n.d. “COVID-19 Exacerbates Inequities in Canadian Sport Sector. Sport for Life. https://sportforlife.ca/blog/covid-19-exacerbates-inequities-in-canadian-sport-sector/.
  • Spracklen, Karl. 2013. Leisure, Sports & Society. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Stebbins, Robert A. 1992. Amateurs, Professionals, and Serious Leisure. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Strauss, Anselm, and Juliet Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Street, Gillian, Ray James, and Hayley Cutt. 2007. “The Relationship Between Organised Physical Recreation and Mental Health.” Health Promotion Journal of Australia 18 (3): 236–239.
  • Sweet, Stephen. 1998. “The Effect of a Natural Disaster on Social Cohesion.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16 (3): 321–331.
  • Szabo, Attila. 2003. “The Acute Effects of Humor and Exercise on Mood and Anxiety.” Journal of Leisure Research 25 (2): 152–163.
  • Szabo, Attila, Andrea Mesko, Arcangelo Caputo, and Eamonn T. Gill. 1998. “Examination of Exercise Induced Feeling States in Four Modes of Exercise.” International Journal of Sports Psychology 29: 376–390.
  • Taylor, Kate. 2021. “Shuttered Museums Languish while Ontario Golfs.” The Globe and Mail, 28 May.
  • Thorpe, Holly. 2016. “‘Look at What We Can Do with All the Broken Stuff!’ Youth Agency and Sporting Creativity in Sites of War, Conflict and Disaster.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 8 (5): 554–570.
  • Toronto Star. 2021. “Today’s Coronavirus News: Ontario Reporting 916 COVID-19 Cases and 13 Deaths.” Toronto Star, 31 May.
  • Turnevicius, Leonard. 2021. “Latest Provincial Lockdown Signalled Countdown to HPO Shutdown.” The Hamilton Spectator, 18 May.
  • Tworek, Heidi, Sumon Chakrabarti, and Zain Chagla. 2021. “Changing the Narrative on Outdoor Transmission.” The Toronto Star, April 12.
  • Valverde, Mariana. 2003. “Police Science, British Style: Pub Licensing and Knowledges of Urban Disorder.” Economy and Society 32: 234–252.
  • Valverde, Mariana. 2005. “Authorizing the Production of Urban Moral Order: Appellant Courts and their Knowledge Games.” Law and Society Review 39: 419–455.
  • Valverde, Mariana. 2011. “Seeing Like a City: The Dialectic of Modern and Premodern Ways of Seeing Urban Governance.” Law & Society Review 45 (2): 277–312.
  • Valverde, Mariana. 2012. Everyday Law on the Street: City Governance in an Age of Diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Valverde, Mariana. 2015. Chronotypes of Law: Jurisdiction, Scale and Governance. New York: Routledge.
  • Valverde, Mariana, and Aaron Moore. 2019. “The Performance of Transparency in Public-Private Infrastructure Project Governance: The Politics of Documentary Practices.” Urban Studies 56 (4): 689–704.
  • Warmington, Joe. 2021. “Can't Let it Skate; Cops Probing Shoving Incident in Muskoka.” The Toronto Sun, April 21.
  • Weese, Luka. 2021. “‘We All Lost Something.’ Inside the OHL’s Cancelled Season and What it Means to the Future of Junior Hockey.” The Toronto Star, 22 May.
  • Wickham, Hadley. 2018. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.