Dropout and social inequality: young people’s reasons for leaving organized sports

References

• Aaberge, R. 2016. “Inntektsulikhet i Norge i lys av Piketty-debatten.” Samfunnsspeilet 1: 3–30.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, P. L., and A. Bakken. 2015. Ung i Oslo. Oslo: NOVA.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, P. L., and A. Bakken. 2019. “Social Class Differences in Youths’ Participation in Organized Sports: What are the Mechanisms?” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54 (8): 921–937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, A., R. Krolner, C. Currie, L. Dallago, P. Due, M. Richter, Á. Örkényi, and B. E. Holstein. 2008. “High Agreement on Family Affluence between Children’s and Parents’ Reports: International Study of 11-Year-old Children.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 62 (12): 1092–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthias, F. 2001. “The Material and the Symbolic in Theorizing Social Stratification: Issues of Gender, Ethnicity and Class.” The British Journal of Sociology 52 (3): 367–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakke, I. M., L. J. Solheim, and J. Hovden. 2016. ““Skulle ønske jeg kunne være med på turn, jeg!”: Om fattige foreldres utfordringer med å legge til rette for barnas fysiske aktivitet.” In Ungdom og idrett, edited by Ø. Seippel, M. K. Sisjord, and Å. Strandbu, 193–212. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
   Google Scholar
• Bakken, A. 2016. “Endringer i skoleengasjement og utdanningsplaner blant unge med og uten innvandringsbakgrunn. Trender over en 18-årsperiode.” Tidsskrift for Ungdomsforskning 16 (1): 40–62.
   Google Scholar
• Bakken, A. 2019a. Idrettens posisjon i ungdomstida: Hvem deltar og hvem slutter i ungdomsidretten?. Oslo: NOVA.
   Google Scholar
• Bakken, A. 2019b. “Understanding the Temporal Aspect of Social Inequalities in Club Organized Sport Participation among Norwegian Youth.” In 16th conference of the European Association for Sociology of Sports, Bø, Norway, June 3–6, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Bakken, A., L. R. Frøyland, and M. A. Sletten. 2016. Sosiale forskjeller i ungdomstiden. Hva viser Ungdata-undersøkelsene? Oslo: NOVA.
   Google Scholar
• Bergsgard, N. A., and J. R. Norberg. 2010. “Sports Policy and Politics – The Scandinavian Way.” Sport in Society 13 (4): 567–582.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1978. “Sport and Social Class.” Social Science Information 17 (6): 819–840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Breuer, C., and P. Wicker. 2008. “Demographic and Economic Factors Influencing Inclusion in the German Sport System – A Microanalysis of the Years 1985 to 2005.” European Journal for Sport and Society 5 (1): 33–42.
   Google Scholar
• Carlman, P., S. Wagnsson, and G. Patriksson. 2013. “Causes and Consequences of Dropping out from Organized Youth Sports.” Swedish Journal of Sport Research 2 (1): 26–54.
   Google Scholar
• Choo, H. Y., and M. M. Ferree. 2010. “Practicing Intersectionality in Sociological Research: A Critical Analysis of Inclusions, Interactions, and Institutions in the Study of Inequalities.” Sociological Theory 28 (2): 129–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W., and J. W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender & Society 19 (6): 829–859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane, J., and Temple V. 2015. “A Systematic Review of Dropout from Organized Sport among Children and Youth.” European Physical Education Review 21 (1): 114–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, C., M. Molcho, W. Boyce, B. Holstein, T. Torsheim, and M. Richter. 2008. “Researching Health Inequalities in Adolescents: The Development of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Family Affluence Scale.” Social Science & Medicine 66 (6): 1429–1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalen, H. B., and Ø. Seippel. 2019. “Social Networks and Gender in Organized Youth Sports.” European Journal for Sport and Society 16 (4): 323–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haan, D., and A. Knoppers. 2020. “Gendered Discourses in Coaching High-Performance Sport.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55 (6): 631–646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., W. Wood, and A. B. Diekman. 2000. “Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal.” In The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, edited by T. Eckes, and H. M. Trautner, 123–174. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Elling, A., and A. Knoppers. 2005. “Sport, Gender, and Ethnicity: Practises of Symbolic Inclusion/Exclusion.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 34 (3): 257–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen, I. M., M. A. Sletten, A. Bakken, and T. Soest. 2017. Stress og press blant ungdom. Erfaringer, årsaker og utbredelse av psykiske helseplager. Oslo: NOVA.
   Google Scholar
• Espedalen, Lars Erik, Kristina Bennich Grønkjær, and Åse Strandbu. 2021. Minoritetsforeldre i idretten. Oslo: Norwegian Research Centre for Children and Youth Sports.
   Google Scholar
• Gatouillat, C., J. Griffet, and M. Travert. 2020. “Navigating the Circles of Social Life: Understanding Pathways to Sport Dropout among French Teenagers.” Sport, Education and Society 25 (6): 654–666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillet, E., P. Sarrazin, P. Fontayne, and R. J. Brustad. 2006. “Understanding Female Sport Attrition in a Stereotypical Male Sport within the Framework of Eccles’s Expectancy–Value Model.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 30 (4): 358–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegna, K., G. Ødegård, and Å Strandbu. 2013. “En ‘sykt seriøs’ ungdomsgenerasjon.” Tidsskrift Norsk Psykologforening 50 (4): 374–377.
   Google Scholar
• Hovden, J., and A. Tjønndal. 2019. “The Gendering of Coaching from an Athlete Perspective: The Case of Norwegian Boxing.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54 (2): 239–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson, B. T., S. Lundvall, and K. Redelius. 2014. “Reasons to Stay in Club Sport According to 19-Year-old Swedish Participants: A Salutogenic Approach.” Sport Science Review 23 (5–6): 205–224.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson, B. T., S. Lundvall, K. Redelius, and L. M. Engström. 2012. “Almost all Start but Who Continue? A Longitudinal Study of Youth Participation in Swedish Club Sports.” European Physical Education Review 18 (1): 3–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, T. 2006. “Daughters of Islam: Family Influences on Muslim Young Women’s Participation in Sport.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 41 (3–4): 357–373.
   Google Scholar
• Laberge, S., and J. Kay. 2002. “Bourdieu’s Sociocultural Theory and Sport Practice.” In Theory, Sport & Society, edited by J. Maguire, and K. Young, 239–266. London: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lareau, A. 2002. “Invisible Inequality: Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families.” American Sociological Review 67 (5): 747–776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauglo, J. 1999. “Working Harder to Make the Grade: Immigrant Youth in Norwegian Schools.” Journal of Youth Studies 2 (1): 77–100.
   Google Scholar
• Massao, P. B., and K. Fasting. 2010. “Race and Racism: Experiences of Black Norwegian Athletes.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 45 (2): 147–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massao, P. B., and K. Fasting. 2014. “Mapping Race, Class and Gender: Experiences from Black Norwegian Athletes.” European Journal for Sport and Society 11 (4): 331–352. doi:10.1080/16138171.2014.11687971.
   Google Scholar
• McCall, L. 2005. “The Complexity of Intersectionality.” Signs 30 (3): 1771–1800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meld. St. nr. 26. 2011–2012. Den norske idrettsmodellen [The Norwegian sport model]. Oslo: Kulturdepartementet.
   Google Scholar
• NIF (The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports). 2015. Idrettspolitisk dokument 2015-2019. Oslo: NIF.
   Google Scholar
• Nobis, T., and N. El-Kayed. 2019. “Social Inequality and Sport in Germany – A Multidimensional and Intersectional Perspective.” European Journal for Sport and Society 16 (1): 5–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oslo Economics. 2020. Økonomi som barriere – kostnader og kostnadsdrivere i barne- og ungdomsidretten. Oslo: Oslo Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Persson, M., L. E. Espedalen, K. Stefansen, and Å. Strandbu. 2020. “Opting out of Youth Sports: How Can We Understand the Social Processes Involved?” Sport, Education and Society 25 (7): 842–854.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piketty, T., and A. Goldhammer. 2014. Capital in the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prieur, A. 2002. “Gender Remix: On Gender Constructions among Children of Immigrants in Norway.” Ethnicities 2 (1): 53–77.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2020. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Schnohr, C. W., G. Makransky, S. Kreiner, T. Torsheim, F. Hofmann, B. De Clercq, F. J. Elgar, and C. Currie. 2013. “Item Response Drift in the Family Affluence Scale: A Study on Three Consecutive Surveys of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Survey.” Measurement 46 (9): 3119–3126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seippel, Ø. 2010. “Professionals and Volunteers: On the Future of a Scandinavian Sport Model.” Sport in Society 13 (2): 199–211.
   Google Scholar
• Seippel, Ø. 2016. “Spre, vakker og kjedelig? Trening og mening blant ungdom: 1985-2013.” In Ungdom og idrett, edited by Ø Seippel, M. K. Sisjord, and Å Strandbu, 93–112. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
   Google Scholar
• Seippel, Ø. 2019. “Professionalization of Voluntary Sport Organizations – A Study of the Quality Club Programme of the Norwegian Football Association.” European Sport Management Quarterly 19 (5): 666–683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikora, J., M. D. R. Evans, and J. Kelley. 2019. “Scholarly Culture: How Books in Adolescence Enhance Adult Literacy, Numeracy and Technology Skills in 31 Societies.” Social Science Research 77: 1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjödin, D., and C. Roman. 2018. “Family Practices among Swedish Parents: Extracurricular Activities and Social Class.” European Societies 20 (5): 764–784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skauge, M., and A. Hjelseth. 2021. “Organisert idrett og skole som komplementære og konkurrerende arenaer: ulike mønstre for minoritets-og majoritetsungdom?” Nordisk tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning 2 (1): 23–43.
   Google Scholar
• Skille, EÅ. 2005. Sport Policy and Adolescent Sport: The Sports City Program (Storbyprosjektet). Oslo: Norwegian School of Sport Science.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, A., and M. Tiggemann. 2010. ““Uncool to Do Sport”: A Focus Group Study of Adolescent Girls’ Reasons for Withdrawing from Physical Activity.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 11 (6): 619–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefansen, K., I. Smette, and Å. Strandbu. 2018. “Understanding the Increase in Parents’ Involvement in Organized Youth Sports.” Sport, Education and Society 23 (2): 162–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stempel, C. 2005. “Adult Participation Sports as Cultural Capital: A Test of Bourdieu’s Theory of the Field of Sports.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 40 (4): 411–432.
   Google Scholar
• Strandbu, Å., A. Bakken, and M. A. Sletten. 2019. “Exploring the Minority–Majority Gap in Sport Participation: Different Patterns for Boys and Girls?” Sport in Society 22 (4): 606–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandbu, Å., A. Bakken, and K. Stefansen. 2020. “The Continued Importance of Family Sport Culture for Sport Participation During the Teenage Years.” Sport, Education and Society 25 (8): 931–945. doi:10.1080/13573322.2019.1676221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandbu, Å., K. Stefansen, I. Smette, and M. R. Sandvik. 2019. “Young People’s Experiences of Parental Involvement in Youth Sport.” Sport, Education and Society 24 (1): 66–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toffoletti, K., and C. Palmer. 2019. “Women and Sport in Australia—New Times?” Journal of Australian Studies 43 (1): 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestel, V., and T. Øia. 2014. “Generasjonskløfta som forsvant.” Et ungdomsbilde i endring. Tidsskrift for Ungdomsforskning 14 (1): 99–133.
   Google Scholar
• Walseth, K. 2006. “Young Muslim Women and Sport: The Impact of Identity Work.” Leisure Studies 25 (1): 75–94.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. C. 2002. “The Paradox of Social Class and Sports Involvement: The Roles of Cultural and Economic Capital.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 37 (1): 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Zuzanek, J. 2018. “Youth’s Use of Time.” In Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport, edited by K. Green, and A. Smith, 26–41. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar