Local perspectives on heritage reconstruction after conflict: a public opinion survey of Aleppo

References

• ALIPH. n.d. “Project(s) Supported in Northeastern Syrian and Syrian Heritage.” International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas. Accessed August 5, 2022. https://www.aliph-foundation.org/en/actions-country/SY.
   Google Scholar
• Alsalloum, A. 2019. “Rebuilding and Reconciliation in Old Aleppo: The Historic Urban Landscape Perspectives.” In Reshaping Urban Conservation: The Historic Urban Landscape Approach in Action, edited by A. P. Roders and F. Bandarin, 57–78. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• AP. 2013. “Minaret of Historic Syrian Mosque Destroyed in Aleppo.” The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Azzouz, A. 2019. “A Tale of a Syrian City at War: Destruction, Resilience and Memory in Homs.” City 23 (1): 107–122.
   Google Scholar
• Azzouz, A. 2020. “Re-Imagining Syria: Destructive Reconstruction and the Exclusive Rebuilding of Cities.” City 24 (5–6): 721–740.
   Google Scholar
• Ba, O. 2020. “Contested Meanings: Timbuktu and the Prosecution of Destruction of Cultural Heritage As War Crimes.” African Studies Review 63 (4): 743–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BC. n.d. “Cultural Protection Fund Projects: Syria.” British Council. Accessed August 5, 2022. https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/culture-development/cultural-protection-fund/projects/syria.
   Google Scholar
• Bokova, I. 2015. “Fighting Cultural Cleansing: Harnessing the Law to Preserve Cultural Heritage.” Harvard International Review 36 (4): 40–45.
   Google Scholar
• Chiovenda, M. K. 2014. “Sacred Blasphemy: Global and Local Views of the Destruction of the Bamyan Buddha Statues in Afghanistan.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 34 (4): 410–424.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, M. E. B. 2022. “The Cross-Sectoral Linkage Between Cultural Heritage and Security: How Cultural Heritage Has Developed As a Security Issue?” International Journal of Heritage Studies 28 (5): 651–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DGAM. 2021. “State Party Report: On the State of Conservation of Syrian Cultural Heritage Sites.” Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums, Syria. Accessed August 8, 2022. https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi6ge21r7b5AhUHR2wGHXGWC0QQFnoECAkQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fdocument%2F180275&usg=AOvVaw0MG68mguNHoKaPQuE7s9t7.
   Google Scholar
• Dumper, M., and C. Larkin. 2012. “The Politics of Heritage and the Limitations of International Agency in Contested Cities: A Study of the Role of UNESCO in Jerusalem’s Old City.” Review of International Studies 38 (1): 25–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito, A., and G. Fauveaud. 2019. “The Atomization of Heritage Politics in Post-Colonial Cities: The Case of Phnom Penh, Cambodia.” Environment & Planning C Politics & Space 37 (4): 670–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foradori, P., and P. Rosa. 2017. “Expanding the Peacekeeping Agenda: The Protection of Cultural Heritage in War-Torn Societies.” Global Change, Peace & Security 29 (2): 145–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassner, R. (2009) 2013. War on Sacred Grounds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hauslohner, A., and A. Ramadan. 2013. “Ancient Syrian Castles Serve Again As Fighting Positions.” The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• HRW. 2013. Death from the Skies: Deliberate and Indiscriminate Air Strikes on Civilians. Human Rights Watch. Accessed June 23, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/04/10/death-skies/deliberate-and-indiscriminate-air-strikes-civilians.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, S. 2020. “Decision-Making Methodology Between Revitalisation and Rehabilitation of World Heritage City Centres: The Case of the Ancient City of Aleppo.” International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 44 (1): 255–262. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-255-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Isakhan, B. 2020. “The Islamic State Attacks on Shia Holy Sites and the ‘Shrine Protection narrative’: Threats to Sacred Space As a Mobilization Frame.” Terrorism and Political Violence 32 (4): 724–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakhan, B., and L. Meskell. 2019. “UNESCO’s Project to ‘Revive the Spirit of Mosul’: Iraqi and Syrian Opinion on Heritage Reconstruction After the Islamic State.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 25 (11): 1189–1204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakhan, B., and L. Meskell. 2023. “Rebuilding Mosul: Public Opinion on Foreign-Led Heritage Reconstruction.” Cooperation and Conflict. https://doi.org/10.1177/00108367231177796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail, S. 2018. The Rule of Violence: Subjectivity, Memory and Government in Syria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Joy, C. 2018. “Crimes against cultural heritage in Timbuktu.” Anthropology Today 34 (1): 15–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousa, C., U. Pottgiesser, and B. Lubelli. 2021. “Post-Syrian War Residential Heritage Transformations in the Old City of Aleppo: Socio-Cultural Sustainability Aspects.” Sustainability 13 (12): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112213.
   Google Scholar
• Lob, E. 2021. “Iranian Reconstruction, Development, and Aid in Syria.” The Middle East Journal 75 (2): 223–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahfouz, J. 2021. “Old Souks of Aleppo: A Narrative Approach to Post-Conflict Heritage Reconstruction.” In Historic Cities in the Face of Disasters: Reconstruction, Recovery and Resilience of Societies, edited by F. F. Arefian, J. Ryser, A. Hopkins, and J. Mackee, 47–64. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• McDowall, A. 2017. “Aleppo’s Old City Can Be Rebuilt, UNESCO Official Says.” Reuters.
   Google Scholar
• McGivern, H. 2018. “Aleppo’s Reconstruction ‘Deserves International Resources.” The Art Newspaper.
   Google Scholar
• Meskell, L. 2018. A Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Munawar, N. A. 2017. “Reconstructing Cultural Heritage in Conflict Zones: Should Palmyra Be Rebuilt?” EX NOVO 2:29–43. https://doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.388.
   Google Scholar
• Munawar, N. A., and J. Symonds. 2022. “Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Forced Migration & Community Engagement: The Case of Aleppo, Syria.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 28 (9): 1017–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2022.2117234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel, C. 2002. “Reconstructing Space, Re-Creating Memory: Sectarian Politics and Urban Development in Post-War Beirut.” Political Geography 21 (5): 717–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NPA. 2021. Iran Shows Willingness to Restore Monuments in Syria. North Press Agency. Accessed November 23, 2022. https://npasyria.com/en/65526/.
   Google Scholar
• Russo, A., and S. Giusti. 2019. “The Securitisation of Cultural Heritage.” International Journal of Cultural Policy 25 (7): 843–857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHAP. n.d. “Syrian Heritage Archive Project.” Accessed December 1, 2022. https://syrian-heritage.org/shap/.
   Google Scholar
• TAP. 2014–15. “The Aleppo Survey.” The Aleppo Project. Accessed March 28, 2024. https://www.thealeppoproject.com/aleppo-surveys/.
   Google Scholar
• UN. 2016. UNESCO deplores damage to Aleppo National Museum. UN News. Accessed May 12, 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/07/534422-unesco-deplores-damage-aleppo-national-museum-warns-five-heritage-sites-libya.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2019a. “Reopening of the National Museum in Aleppo: Saving Syria’s Cultural Heritage.” United Nations Development Program.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2019b. “Revival of 4 Ancient Markets in the Old City of Aleppo.” United Nations Development Program.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2012. “UNESCO Director-General Deplores Destruction of Ancient Aleppo Markets, a World Heritage Site.” UNESCO News and Events.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2014a. Ancient City of Aleppo. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/2914.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2014b. “The Emergency Safeguarding of the Syrian Cultural Heritage Project.” Observatory of Cultural Heritage.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2015. “Policy Document for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention.” 20th Session of the World Heritage Convention.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2017. “UNESCO Reports on Extensive Damage in First Emergency Assessment Mission to Aleppo.” UNESCO News.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2021. Ancient City of Aleppo. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4007.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. n.d. “Emergency Safeguarding of the Syrian Cultural Heritage.” UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO/UNITAR. 2018. “Five Years of Conflict: The State of Cultural Heritage in Ancient City of Aleppo.” UNESCO/UNITAR.
   Google Scholar
• UNSC. 2017. S/RES/2347. United Nations Security Council. Accessed May 6, 2021. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2347.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• US. 2014. “Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria.” US Department of State. Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Van Veen, E. 2019. “The Geopolitics of Syria’s Reconstruction: A Case of Matryoshka.” Syria Studies 11 (1): 33–56.
   Google Scholar
• Vasilyeva, N. 2019. “Chechen Religious Leaders Re-Open Landmark Mosque in Syria.” Associated Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, T. G., and N. Connelly. 2019. “Protecting Cultural Heritage in War Zones.” Third World Quarterly 40 (1): 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiktor-Mach, D. 2019. “Cultural Heritage and Development: UNESCO’s New Paradigm in a Changing Geopolitical Context.” Third World Quarterly 40 (9): 1593–1612.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, P. 2017. “Statement at the UN Security Council Briefing on Protecting Cultural Heritage.” Foreign & Commonwealth Office.
   Google Scholar
• Wollentz, G. 2017. “Making a Home in Mostar: Heritage and the Temporalities of Belonging.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 23 (10): 928–945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WPR. 2023. Aleppo population 2023. World Population Review. Accessed July 27, 2023. https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aleppo-population.
   Google Scholar