Experimental and early investigational drugs for androgenetic alopecia

References

• Jaworsky C, Kligman AM, Murphy GF. Characterization of inflammatory infiltrates in male pattern alopecia: implications for pathogenesis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;127:239–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varothai S, Bergfeld WF. Androgenetic alopecia: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15:217–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain R, De-Eknamkul W. Potential targets in the discovery of new hair growth promoters for androgenic alopecia. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2014;18:787–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severi G, Sinclair R, Hopper JL, et al. Androgenetic alopecia in men aged 40-69 years: prevalence and risk factors. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:1207–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcinska M, Pospiech E, Abidi S, et al. Evaluation of DNA variants associated with androgenetic alopecia and their potential to predict male pattern baldness. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0127852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoretti A, Laydner H, Bergfeld W. Androgenetic alopecia and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68:937–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su LH, Chen LS, Lin SC, et al. Association of androgenetic alopecia with mortality from diabetes mellitus and heart disease. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:601–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monselise A, Bar-On R, Chan L, et al. Examining the relationship between alopecia areata, androgenetic alopecia, and emotional intelligence. J Cutan Med Surg. 2013;17:46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimalt R. Psychological aspects of hair disease. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;4:142–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinclair R, Patel M, Dawson TL Jr., et al. Hair loss in women: medical and cosmetic approaches to increase scalp hair fullness. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(Suppl 3):12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos Z, Avci P, Hamblin MR. Drug discovery for alopecia: gone today, hair tomorrow. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2015;10:269–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valente Duarte De Sousa IC, Tosti A. New investigational drugs for androgenetic alopecia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013;22:573–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy LL, Emer JJ. Female pattern alopecia: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health. 2013;5:541–556.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nourbakhsh E, Nugent R, Wang H, et al. Medical literature searches: a comparison of PubMed and Google Scholar. Health Info Libr J. 2012;29:214–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitkopf T, Leung G, Yu M, et al. The basic science of hair biology what are the causal mechanisms for the disordered hair follicle? Dermatologic Clinics. 2013;31:1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebora A, Guarrera M, Baldari M, et al. Distinguishing androgenetic alopecia from chronic telogen effluvium when associated in the same patient: a simple noninvasive method. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1243–1245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mubki T, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M, et al. Evaluation and diagnosis of the hair loss patient: part I. History and clinical examination. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:415e1–15 e15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElwee KJ, Sinclair R. Hair physiology and its disorders. Drug Discov Today: Dis Mech. 2008;5:e163–e171.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta M, Mysore V. Classifications of patterned hair loss: a review. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2016;9:3–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufman KD. Androgens and alopecia. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002;198:89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair R, Wewerinke M, Jolley D. Treatment of female pattern hair loss with oral antiandrogens. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:466–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis JA, Sinclair R, Harrap SB. Androgenetic alopecia: pathogenesis and potential for therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2002;4:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Degitz K. Androgen action on human skin – from basic research to clinical significance. Exp Dermatol. 2004;13(Suppl 4):5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asada Y, Sonoda T, Ojiro M, et al. 5 alpha-reductase type 2 is constitutively expressed in the dermal papilla and connective tissue sheath of the hair follicle in vivo but not during culture in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:2875–2880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiros GJ, Attorresi AI, Balana ME. Hair follicle stem cell differentiation is inhibited through cross-talk between Wnt/beta-catenin and androgen signalling in dermal papilla cells from patients with androgenetic alopecia. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:1035–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urysiak-Czubatka I, Kmiec ML, Broniarczyk-Dyla G. Assessment of the usefulness of dihydrotestosterone in the diagnostics of patients with androgenetic alopecia. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2014;31:207–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawaya ME, Price VH. Different levels of 5alpha-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;109:296–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai JJ, Chang P, Lai KP, et al. The role of androgen and androgen receptor in skin-related disorders. Arch Dermatol Res. 2012;304:499–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry R, Hodgins MB, Van der Kwast TH, et al. Localization of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. J Endocrinol. 1992;133:467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jave-Suarez LF, Langbein L, Winter H, et al. Androgen regulation of the human hair follicle: the type I hair keratin hHa7 is a direct target gene in trichocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122:555–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inui S, Itami S. Molecular basis of androgenetic alopecia: from androgen to paracrine mediators through dermal papilla. J Dermatol Sci. 2011;61:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawaya ME, Honig LS, Hsia SL. Increased androgen binding capacity in sebaceous glands in scalp of male-pattern baldness. J Invest Dermatol. 1989;92:91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretzschmar K, Cottle DL, Schweiger PJ, et al. The androgen receptor antagonizes Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in epidermal stem cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135:2753–2763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan BA. The dermal papilla: an instructive niche for epithelial stem and progenitor cells in development and regeneration of the hair follicle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4:a015180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto J, Burgeson RE, Morgan BA. Wnt signaling maintains the hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla. Genes Dev. 2000;14:1181–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendl M, Polak L, Fuchs E. BMP signaling in dermal papilla cells is required for their hair follicle-inductive properties. Genes Dev. 2008;22:543–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilmann-Heimbach S, Herold C, Hochfeld LM, et al. Meta-analysis identifies novel risk loci and yields systematic insights into the biology of male-pattern baldness. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockschmidt FF, Heilmann S, Ellis JA, et al. Susceptibility variants on chromosome 7p21.1 suggest HDAC9 as a new candidate gene for male-pattern baldness. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:1293–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Brockschmidt FF, Kiefer AK, et al. Six novel susceptibility Loci for early-onset androgenetic alopecia and their unexpected association with common diseases. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilmann-Heimbach S, Hochfeld LM, Paus R, et al. Hunting the genes in male-pattern alopecia: how important are they, how close are we and what will they tell us? Exp Dermatol. 2016;25:251–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Samahy MH, Shaheen MA, Saddik DE, et al. Evaluation of androgen receptor gene as a candidate gene in female androgenetic alopecia. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48:584–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean WH. Combing the genome for the root cause of baldness. Nat Genet. 2008;40:1270–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilmann S, Kiefer AK, Fricker N, et al. Androgenetic alopecia: identification of four genetic risk loci and evidence for the contribution of WNT signaling to its etiology. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:1489–1496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trueb RM. Molecular mechanisms of androgenetic alopecia. Exp Gerontol. 2002;37:981–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer TW, Trueb RM, Hanggi G, et al. Topical melatonin for treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Int J Trichology. 2012;4:236–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gatherwright J, Liu MT, Gliniak C, et al. The contribution of endogenous and exogenous factors to female alopecia: a study of identical twins. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130:1219–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YC, Fu HC, Wu CY, et al. Androgen receptor accelerates premature senescence of human dermal papilla cells in association with DNA damage. PLoS One. 2013;8:e79434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mecklenburg L, Tobin DJ, Muller-Rover S, et al. Active hair growth (anagen) is associated with angiogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;114:909–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhogal RK, Mouser PE, Higgins CA, et al. Protease activity, localization and inhibition in the human hair follicle. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2014;36:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElwee KJ, Shapiro JS. Promising therapies for treating and/or preventing androgenic alopecia. Skin Therapy Lett. 2012;17:1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atanaskova Mesinkovska N, Bergfeld WF. Hair: what is new in diagnosis and management? Female pattern hair loss update: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Clin. 2013;31:119–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada K, Randall VA. Inhibitory autocrine factors produced by the mesenchyme-derived hair follicle dermal papilla may be a key to male pattern baldness. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:609–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume-Peytavi U, Blumeyer A, Tosti A, et al. S1 guideline for diagnostic evaluation in androgenetic alopecia in men, women and adolescents. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:5–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(Suppl 6):S1–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titus MA, Li Y, Kozyreva OG, et al. 5alpha-reductase type 3 enzyme in benign and malignant prostate. Prostate. 2014;74:235–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickel JC. Comparison of clinical trials with finasteride and dutasteride. Rev Urol. 2004;6(Suppl 9):S31–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira-Soares R, eS, Correia JM, Correia MP, et al. Finasteride 5 mg/day treatment of patterned hair loss in normo-androgenetic postmenopausal women. Int J Trichology. 2013;5:22–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen C, Puy LA, Simard J, et al. Local and systemic reduction by topical finasteride or flutamide of hamster flank organ size and enzyme activity. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:678–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos JD, Meinardi MM. The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Exp Dermatol. 2000;9:165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti D, Tampucci S, Burgalassi S, et al. Topical formulations containing finasteride. part I: in vitro permeation/penetration study and in vivo pharmacokinetics in hairless rat. J Pharm Sci. 2014;103:2307–2314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Singh B, Bakshi G, et al. Development of liposomal systems of finasteride for topical applications: design, characterization, and in vitro evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol. 2007;12:591–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madheswaran T, Baskaran R, Thapa RK, et al. Design and in vitro evaluation of finasteride-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles for topical delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2013;14:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javadzadeh Y, Shokri J, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, et al. Enhancement of percutaneous absorption of finasteride by cosolvents, cosurfactant and surfactants. Pharm Dev Technol. 2010;15:619–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saifuddin S, Ateeq A, Ali SM, et al. A new topical formulation of minoxidil and finasteride improves hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res. 2015;6:e253.
   Google Scholar
• Sovak M, Seligson AL, Kucerova R, et al. Fluridil, a rationally designed topical agent for androgenetic alopecia: first clinical experience. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28:678–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battmann T, Bonfils A, Branche C, et al. RU 58841, a new specific topical antiandrogen: a candidate of choice for the treatment of acne, androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994;48:55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye F, Imamura K, Imanishi N, et al. Effects of topical antiandrogen and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors on sebaceous glands in male fuzzy rats. Skin Pharmacol. 1997;10:288–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan HJ, Wilding G, Uno H, et al. Evaluation of RU58841 as an anti-androgen in prostate PC3 cells and a topical anti-alopecia agent in the bald scalp of stumptailed macaques. Endocrine. 1998;9:39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munster U, Nakamura C, Haberland A, et al. RU 58841-myristate–prodrug development for topical treatment of acne and androgenetic alopecia. Pharmazie. 2005;60:8–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J, Tsuboi R, Kojima Y, et al. Topical application of ketoconazole stimulates hair growth in C3H/HeN mice. J Dermatol. 2005;32:243–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inui S, Itami S. Reversal of androgenetic alopecia by topical ketoconzole: relevance of anti-androgenic activity. J Dermatol Sci. 2007;45:66–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierard-Franchimont C, De Doncker P, Cauwenbergh G, et al. Ketoconazole shampoo: effect of long-term use in androgenic alopecia. Dermatology. 1998;196:474–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume-Peytavi U, Kunte C, Krisp A, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of topical minoxidil and topical alfatradiol in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2007;5:391–395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gassmueller J, Hoffmann R, Webster A. Topical fulvestrant solution has no effect on male and postmenopausal female androgenetic alopecia: results from two randomized, proof-of-concept studies. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:109–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trifu V, Tiplica GS, Naumescu E, et al. Cortexolone 17alpha-propionate 1% cream, a new potent antiandrogen for topical treatment of acne vulgaris. A pilot randomized, double-blind comparative study vs. placebo and tretinoin 0.05% cream. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosti A, Duque-Estrada B. Treatment strategies for alopecia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10:1017–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Lee SY, Lee HJ, et al. The efficacy and safety of 17alpha-Estradiol (Ell-Cranell(R) alpha 0.025%) solution on female pattern hair loss: single center, open-label, non-comparative, phase IV study. Ann Dermatol. 2012;24:295–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Y, Woo WM, Nagao K, et al. Perivascular hair follicle stem cells associate with a venule annulus. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:2324–2331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoh Y, Li L, Yang M, et al. Nascent blood vessels in the skin arise from nestin-expressing hair-follicle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:13291–13295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semalty M, Semalty A, Joshi GP, et al. Hair growth and rejuvenation: an overview. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22:123–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang D, Chang JR, Chin AJ, et al. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and hematopoiesis in zebrafish development. Mech Dev. 2001;108:29–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang N, Ashrafpour H, Levine RH, et al. Vasorelaxation effect and mechanism of action of vascular endothelial growth factor-165 in isolated perfused human skin flaps. J Surg Res. 2012;172:177–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yano K, Brown LF, Detmar M. Control of hair growth and follicle size by VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2001;107:409–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman CK, Tsai JC, Soroceanu L, et al. Loss of vascular endothelial growth factor in human alopecia hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:18S–20S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jahangir A, Terzic A. K(ATP) channel therapeutics at the bedside. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2005;39:99–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Marubayashi A, Nakaya Y, et al. Minoxidil-induced hair growth is mediated by adenosine in cultured dermal papilla cells: possible involvement of sulfonylurea receptor 2B as a target of minoxidil. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:1594–1600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelet JF, Commo S, Billoni N, et al. Activation of cytoprotective prostaglandin synthase-1 by minoxidil as a possible explanation for its hair growth-stimulating effect. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108:205–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iino M, Ehama R, Nakazawa Y, et al. Adenosine stimulates fibroblast growth factor-7 gene expression via adenosine A2b receptor signaling in dermal papilla cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:1318–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oura H, Iino M, Nakazawa Y, et al. Adenosine increases anagen hair growth and thick hairs in Japanese women with female pattern hair loss: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Dermatol. 2008;35:763–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faghihi G, Iraji F, Rajaee Harandi M, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of topical minoxidil 5% and adenosine 0.75% solutions on male androgenetic alopecia and measuring patient satisfaction rate. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2013;21:155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terezakis NK, Bazzano GS. Retinoids: compounds important to hair growth. Clin Dermatol. 1988;6:129–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo HG, Chang IY, Pyo HK, et al. The additive effects of minoxidil and retinol on human hair growth in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30:21–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldhalimi MA, Hadi NR, Ghafil FA. Promotive effect of topical ketoconazole, minoxidil, and minoxidil with tretinoin on hair growth in male mice. ISRN Pharmacol. 2014;2014:575423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saito A, Sugawara A, Uruno A, et al. All-trans retinoic acid induces in vitro angiogenesis via retinoic acid receptor: possible involvement of paracrine effects of endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. Endocrinology. 2007;148:1412–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foitzik K, Spexard T, Nakamura M, et al. Towards dissecting the pathogenesis of retinoid-induced hair loss: all-trans retinoic acid induces premature hair follicle regression (catagen) by upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 in the dermal papilla. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:1119–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyo HK, Yoo HG, Won CH, et al. The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro. Arch Pharm Res. 2007;30:834–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maria-Angeliki G, Alexandros-Efstratios K, Dimitris R, et al. Platelet-rich plasma as a potential treatment for noncicatricial alopecias. Int J Trichology. 2015;7:54–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Pinto NR, Pereda A, et al. The impact of the centrifuge characteristics and centrifugation protocols on the cells, growth factors, and fibrin architecture of a leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) clot and membrane. Platelets. 2017;1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anitua E, Pino A, Orive G. Plasma rich in growth factors promotes dermal fibroblast proliferation, migration and biosynthetic activity. J Wound Care. 2016;25:680–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhari ND, Sharma YK, Dash K, et al. Role of platelet-rich plasma in the management of androgenetic alopecia. Int J Trichology. 2012;4:291–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li ZJ, Choi HI, Choi DK, et al. Autologous platelet-rich plasma: a potential therapeutic tool for promoting hair growth. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:1040–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh MK. Commentary on ‘Platelet-rich plasma for androgenetic alopecia: a pilot study’. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40:1020–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law SK. Bimatoprost in the treatment of eyelash hypotrichosis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:349–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi YM, Diehl J, Levins PC. Promising alternative clinical uses of prostaglandin F2alpha analogs: beyond the eyelashes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:712–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume-Peytavi U, Lonnfors S, Hillmann K, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the efficacy of a 24-week topical treatment by latanoprost 0.1% on hair growth and pigmentation in healthy volunteers with androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66:794–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone MA, Albert DM. Prostaglandin-induced hair growth. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47(Suppl 1):S185–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadina M. Janus kinases: an ideal target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2013;16:S70–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liang J, Wang D, Renaud G, et al. The stat3/socs3a pathway is a key regulator of hair cell regeneration in zebrafish. [Corrected]. J Neurosci. 2012;32:10662–10673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harel S, Higgins CA, Cerise JE, et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling promotes hair growth. Sci Adv. 2015;1:e1500973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins CA, Petukhova L, Harel S, et al. FGF5 is a crucial regulator of hair length in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:10648–10653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burg D, Yamamoto M, Namekata M, et al. Promotion of anagen, increased hair density and reduction of hair fall in a clinical setting following identification of FGF5-inhibiting compounds via a novel 2-stage process. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:71–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharquie KE, Al-Obaidi HK. Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. J Dermatol. 2002;29:343–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gkini MA, Kouskoukis AE, Tripsianis G, et al. Study of platelet-rich plasma injections in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia through an one-year period. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014;7:213–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gentile P, Cole JP, Cole MA, et al. Evaluation of not-activated and activated PRP in hair loss treatment: role of growth factor and cytokine concentrations obtained by different collection systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh B, Goldberg LJ. Autologous platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of pattern hair loss. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17:359–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uebel CO, Da Silva JB, Cantarelli D, et al. The role of platelet plasma growth factors in male pattern baldness surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:1458–1466. discussion 67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takikawa M, Nakamura S, Nakamura S, et al. Enhanced effect of platelet-rich plasma containing a new carrier on hair growth. Dermatol Surg. 2011;37:1721–1729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar SE. Molecular mechanisms regulating hair follicle development. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118:216–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurikkala J, Pispa J, Jung HS, et al. Regulation of hair follicle development by the TNF signal ectodysplasin and its receptor Edar. Development. 2002;129:2541–2553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubin-Houzelstein G. Notch signaling and the developing hair follicle. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;727:142–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura Y, Agalliu D, Vonica A, et al. APCDD1 is a novel Wnt inhibitor mutated in hereditary hypotrichosis simplex. Nature. 2010;464:1043–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botchkarev VA, Fessing MY. Edar signaling in the control of hair follicle development. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2005;10:247–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Tomann P, Andl T, et al. Reciprocal requirements for EDA/EDAR/NF-kappaB and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways in hair follicle induction. Dev Cell. 2009;17:49–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava AK, Durmowicz MC, Hartung AJ, et al. Ectodysplasin-A1 is sufficient to rescue both hair growth and sweat glands in Tabby mice. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:2973–2981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oro AE, Higgins K. Hair cycle regulation of Hedgehog signal reception. Dev Biol. 2003;255:238–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garza LA, Liu Y, Yang Z, et al. Prostaglandin D2 inhibits hair growth and is elevated in bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:126ra34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieves A, Garza LA. Does prostaglandin D2 hold the cure to male pattern baldness? Exp Dermatol. 2014;23:224–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari KM, Rundhaug JE, Fischer SM. Multiple signaling pathways are responsible for prostaglandin E2-induced murine keratinocyte proliferation. Mol Cancer Res. 2008;6:1003–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin DJ, Gunin A, Magerl M, et al. Plasticity and cytokinetic dynamics of the hair follicle mesenchyme: implications for hair growth control. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120:895–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin DJ, Foitzik K, Reinheckel T, et al. The lysosomal protease cathepsin L is an important regulator of keratinocyte and melanocyte differentiation during hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:1807–1821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou C, Miao Y, Wang J, et al. Collagenase IV plays an important role in regulating hair cycle by inducing VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-beta expression. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:5373–5383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrousse F, Boisnic S, Branchet MC, et al. Identification of clustered cells in human hair follicle responsible for MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity: consequences for the regulation of hair growth. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40:385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei TC, Vieira WD, Hearing VJ. In vitro migration of melanoblasts requires matrix metalloproteinase-2: implications to vitiligo therapy by photochemotherapy. Pigment Cell Res. 2002;15:426–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobin DJ, Slominski A, Botchkarev V, et al. The fate of hair follicle melanocytes during the hair growth cycle. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1999;4:323–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YR, Yamazaki M, Mitsui S, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator expressed in hair follicles is involved in in vitro HGF-dependent hair follicle elongation. J Dermatol Sci. 2001;25:156–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth W, Deussing J, Botchkarev VA, et al. Cathepsin L deficiency as molecular defect of furless: hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and pertubation of hair follicle cycling. Faseb J. 2000;14:2075–2086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekmekcioglu C. Melatonin receptors in humans: biological role and clinical relevance. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006;60:97–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer TW, Sweatman TW, Semak I, et al. Constitutive and UV-induced metabolism of melatonin in keratinocytes and cell-free systems. Faseb J. 2006;20:1564–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Semak I, et al. Serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems are fully expressed in human skin. Faseb J. 2002;16:896–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer TW, Slominski A, Tobin DJ, et al. Melatonin and the hair follicle. J Pineal Res. 2008;44:1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElwee KJ, Kissling S, Wenzel E, et al. Cultured peribulbar dermal sheath cells can induce hair follicle development and contribute to the dermal sheath and dermal papilla. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:1267–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmani W, Abbasi S, Hagner A, et al. Hair follicle dermal stem cells regenerate the dermal sheath, repopulate the dermal papilla, and modulate hair type. Dev Cell. 2014;31:543–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trueb RM. Oxidative stress in ageing of hair. Int J Trichology. 2009;1:6–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arslan M, Vurucu S, Balamtekin N, et al. The effects of biotin supplementation on serum and liver tissue biotinidase enzyme activity and alopecia in rats which were administrated to valproic acid. Brain Dev. 2009;31:405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Famenini S, Goh C. Evidence for supplemental treatments in androgenetic alopecia. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13:809–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finner AM. Nutrition and hair: deficiencies and supplements. Dermatol Clin. 2013;31:167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Mora N, Goren A, Velasco C, et al. Acute telogen effluvium onset event is associated with the presence of female androgenetic alopecia: potential therapeutic implications. Dermatol Ther. 2014;27:159–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SY, Na SY, Kim JH, et al. Iron plays a certain role in patterned hair loss. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28:934–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho S. The role of functional foods in cutaneous anti-aging. J Lifestyle Med. 2014;4:8–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghanaat M. Types of hair loss and treatment options, including the novel low-level light therapy and its proposed mechanism. South Med J. 2010;103:917–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Daigle D. The use of low-level light therapy in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia and female pattern hair loss. J Dermatolog Treat. 2014;25:162–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munck A, Gavazzoni MF, Trueb RM. Use of low-level laser therapy as monotherapy or concomitant therapy for male and female androgenetic alopecia. Int J Trichology. 2014;6:45–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jimenez JJ, Wikramanayake TC, Bergfeld W, et al. Efficacy and safety of a low-level laser device in the treatment of male and female pattern hair loss: a multicenter, randomized, sham device-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15:115–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarei M, Wikramanayake TC, Falto-Aizpurua L, et al. Low level laser therapy and hair regrowth: an evidence-based review. Lasers Med Sci. 2016;31:363–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golberg A, Khan S, Belov V, et al. Skin rejuvenation with non-invasive pulsed electric fields. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhurat R, Sukesh M, Avhad G, et al. A randomized evaluator blinded study of effect of microneedling in androgenetic alopecia: a pilot study. Int J Trichology. 2013;5:6–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhurat R, Mathapati S. Response to microneedling treatment in men with androgenetic alopecia who failed to respond to conventional therapy. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60:260–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YB, Eun YS, Lee JH, et al. Effects of topical application of growth factors followed by microneedle therapy in women with female pattern hair loss: a pilot study. J Dermatol. 2013;40:81–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong K, Lee Y, Kim J, et al. Repeated microneedle stimulation induce the enhanced expression of hair-growth-related genes. Int J Trichology. 2012;4:117.
   Google Scholar