Angiogenesis inhibitors in early development for gastric cancer

References

• Tammela T, Enholm B, Alitalo K, et al. The biology of vascular endothelial growth factors. Cardiovasc Res. 2005;65:550–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernatchez PN, Soker S, Sirois MG. Vascular endothelial growth factor effect on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and platelet-activating factor synthesis is Flk-1-dependent. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:31047–31054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes DIR, Zachary I. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family: angiogenic factors in health and disease. Genome Biol. 2005;6:209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otrock ZK, Makarem JA, Shamseddine AI. Vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands and receptors: review. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007;38:258–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley SD, Popel AS. Predicting the effects of anti-angiogenic agents targeting specific VEGF isoforms. Aaps J 38. 2012;14:500–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFee RM, Rozell TG, Cupp AS. The balance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic VEGFA isoforms regulate follicle development. Cell Tissue Res. 2012;349:635–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamedali KA, Li ZG, Starbuck MW, et al. Inhibition of prostate cancer osteoblastic progression with VEGF121/rGel, a single agent targeting osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and tumor neovasculature. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:2328–2338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flamme I, Breier G, Risau W. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (flk-1) are expressed during vasculogenesis and vascular differentiation in the quail embryo. Dev Biol. 1995;169:699–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibuya M, Claesson-Welsh L. Signal transduction by VEGF receptors in regulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Exp Cell Res. 2006;312:549–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara N. VEGF and intraocular neovascularization: from discovery to therapy. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2016;5:10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt M, Philippe SK. Tumor angiogenesis: transfilter diffusion studies in the hamster by the transparent chamber technique. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968;41:111–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrmann RL, Knoth M. Choriocarcinoma. Transfilter stimulation of vasoproliferation in the hamster cheek pouch. Studied by light and electron microscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968;41:1329–1341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribatti D, Vacca A, Dammacco F. The role of the vascular phase in solid tumor growth: a historical review. Neoplasia. 1999;1:293–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherwood LM, Parris EE, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:1182–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144:646–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen LS. Clinical experience with angiogenesis signaling inhibitors: focus on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blockers. Cancer Control. 2002;9:36–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinto MP, Sotomayor P, Carrasco-Avino G, et al. Escaping antiangiogenic therapy: strategies employed by cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:1489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cruijsen H, Giaccone G, Hoekman K. Epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis: opportunities for combined anticancer strategies. Int J Cancer. 2005;117:883–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato N, Beitz JG, Kato J, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor indirectly stimulates angiogenesis in vitro. Am J Pathol. 1993;142:1119–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:252–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson KC. Lenalidomide and thalidomide: mechanisms of action - Similarities and differences. Semin Hematol. 2005;42:S3–S8. Elsevier.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karar J, Maity A. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in angiogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci. 2011;4:51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido M, Fonseca PJ, Marı J. Challenges in first line chemotherapy and targeted therapy in advanced gastric cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2014;14:887–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner AD, Unverzagt S, Grothe W, et al. Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. In: Wagner AD, editor. Cochrane database syst. rev. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010. p. CD004064.
   Google Scholar
• Cancer T, Atlas G, Bass AJ, et al. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature. 2014;513:202–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristescu R, Lee J, Nebozhyn M, et al. Molecular analysis of gastric cancer identifies subtypes associated with distinct clinical outcomes. Nature. 2015;21:449–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei Z, Tan IB, Das K, et al. Identification of molecular subtypes of gastric cancer with different responses to pi3-kinase inhibitors and 5-fluorouracil. Gastroenterology. 2013;145:554–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner AD, Grothe W, Haerting J, et al. Chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on aggregate data. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2903–2909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JH, Lee SI, Lim DH, et al. Salvage chemotherapy for pretreated gastric cancer: a randomized phase iii trial comparing chemotherapy plus best supportive care with best supportive care alone. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1513–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford HER, Marshall A, Bridgewater JA, et al. Docetaxel versus active symptom control for refractory oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma (COUGAR-02): an open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:78–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thuss-Patience PC, Kretzschmar A, Bichev D, et al. Survival advantage for irinotecan versus best supportive care as second-line chemotherapy in gastric cancer - A randomised phase III study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:2306–2314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okines AFC, Reynolds AR, Cunningham D. Targeting angiogenesis in esophagogastric adenocarcinoma. Oncologist. 2011;16:844–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieto E, Ferraraccio F, Orditura M, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an independent prognostic indicator of worse outcome in gastric cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S-E, Shim K-N, Jung S-A, et al. The clinicopathological significance of tissue levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in gastric cancer. Gut Liver. 2009;3:88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Ma X-L, Xiao Z-L, et al. Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in resected gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13:3089–3097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng L, Zhan P, Zhou Y, et al. Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor immunohistochemical expression in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39:9473–9484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung YD, Mansfield PF, Akagi M, et al. Effects of combination anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapies on the growth of gastric cancer in a nude mouse model. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38:1133–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsu A, Shah MA, Van Cutsem E, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line therapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3968–3976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsu A, Yoshida S, Saijo N. Disparities in gastric cancer chemotherapy between the east and west. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2188–2196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim R, Tan A, Choi M, et al. Geographic differences in approach to advanced gastric cancer: is there a standard approach? Crit. Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;88:416–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratlin JL, Cohen RB, Eadens M, et al. Phase I pharmacologic and biologic study of ramucirumab (IMC-1121B), a fully human immunoglobulin G 1 monoclonal antibody targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:780–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiorean EG, Hurwitz HI, Cohen RB, et al. Phase I study of every 2- or 3-week dosing of ramucirumab, a human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:1230–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs CS, Tomasek J, Yong CJ, et al. Ramucirumab monotherapy for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (REGARD): an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014;383:31–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilke H, Muro K, Van Cutsem E, et al. Ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (RAINBOW): A double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:1224–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon HH, Bendell JC, Braiteh FS, et al. Ramucirumab combined with FOLFOX as front-line therapy for advanced esophageal, gastroesophageal junction, or gastric adenocarcinoma: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter Phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2016;27:2196-2203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holash J, Davis S, Papadopoulos N, et al. VEGF-Trap: a VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:11393–11398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J, Lakomy R, et al. Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3499–3506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enzinger PC, McCleary NJ, Zheng H, et al. Multicenter double-blind randomized phase II: FOLFOX + ziv-aflibercept/placebo for patients (pts) with chemo-naive metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (MEGA). J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Qin S, Xu J, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of apatinib in patients with chemotherapy-refractory advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1448–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta C, Gore ME, Rini BI, et al. Long-term safety of sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2016;69:345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moehler M, Gepfner-Tuma I, Maderer A, et al. Sunitinib added to FOLFIRI versus FOLFIRI in patients with chemorefractory advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach or lower esophagus: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase II AIO trial with serum biomarker program. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim ST, Lee J, Lee SJ, et al. Prospective phase II trial of pazopanib plus CapeOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) in previously untreated patients with advanced gastric cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:24088–24096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim ST, Jang H-L, Lee SJ, et al. Pazopanib, a novel multitargeted kinase inhibitor, shows potent in vitro antitumor activity in gastric cancer cell lines with FGFR2 amplification. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014;13:2527–2536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlakis N, Sjoquist KM, Martin AJ, et al. Regorafenib for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer (INTEGRATE): A multinational placebo-controlled phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2728–2735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht JR, Bang YJ, Qin SK, et al. Lapatinib in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric, esophageal, or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: TRIO-013/LOGiC - A randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:443–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Richard M, Gallego R, Pericay C, et al. Multicenter phase II study of oxaliplatin and sorafenib in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma after failure of cisplatin and fluoropyrimidine treatment. A gemcad study. Invest New Drugs. 2013;31:1573–1579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morishita A, Gong J, Masaki T. Targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:4536–4545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferry DR, Anderson M, Beddard K, et al. A phase II study of gefitinib monotherapy in advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma: evidence of gene expression, cellular, and clinical response. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:5869–5875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragovich T, McCoy S, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, et al. Phase II trial of erlotinib in gastroesophageal junction and gastric adenocarcinomas: SWOG 0127. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4922–4927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): A phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:687–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh D-Y, Doi T, Shirao K, et al. Phase I study of axitinib in combination with cisplatin and capecitabine in patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer. Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47:687–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Matsui J, Matsushima T, et al. Lenvatinib, an angiogenesis inhibitor targeting VEGFR/FGFR, shows broad antitumor activity in human tumor xenograft models associated with microvessel density and pericyte coverage. Vasc Cell. 2014;6:18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turcotte M, Lu J, Lee S, et al. Abstract 780: multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor cabozantinib as a therapeutic agent in MET-overexpressing gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 2015;75:4494–4503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccaluga PP, Rondoni M, Paolini S, et al. Imatinib mesylate in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2007;7:1597–1611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr M, Becker K, Schulte N, et al. Phase I study of imatinib, cisplatin and 5-fluoruracil or capecitabine in advanced esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therapontos C, Erskine L, Gardner ER, et al. Thalidomide induces limb defects by preventing angiogenic outgrowth during early limb formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:8573–8578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou V, Bamias A, Dimopoulos MA. Thalidomide in cancer medicine. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:1151–1160. Oxford University Press.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert K, Ward J. The use of thalidomide in the management of bleeding from a gastric cancer. Palliat Med. 2009;23:473–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Batran S-E, Ducreux M, Ohtsu A. mTOR as a therapeutic target in patients with gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 2012;130:491–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang SA, Gaumann A, Koehl GE, et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin is activated in human gastric cancer and serves as a target for therapy in an experimental model. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:1803–1810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao C, Liu J, Shao L. Rapamycin inhibits the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by down regulating the expression of survivin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011;58:1075–1080.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon DH, Ryu M-H, Park YS, et al. Phase II study of everolimus with biomarker exploration in patients with advanced gastric cancer refractory to chemotherapy including fluoropyrimidine and platinum. Br J Cancer. 2012;106:1039–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsu A, Ajani JA, Bai Y-X, et al. Everolimus for previously treated advanced gastric cancer: results of the randomized, double-blind, phase III GRANITE-1 study. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3935–3943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Batran S-E, Riera-Knorrenschild J, Pauligk C, et al. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase III study evaluating paclitaxel with and without RAD001 in patients with gastric cancer who have progressed after therapy with a fluoropyrimidine/platinum-containing regimen (RADPAC). J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:4-4.
   Google Scholar
• Hidalgo M, Buckner JC, Erlichman C, et al. A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temsirolimus (CCI-779) administered intravenously daily for 5 days every 2 weeks to patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:5755–5763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moehler M, Schwarz S, Wagner AD. Esophagogastric cancer: integration of targeted therapies into systemic chemotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2011;11:681–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meulendijks D, Beerepoot LV, Boot H, et al. Trastuzumab and bevacizumab combined with docetaxel, oxaliplatin and capecitabine as first-line treatment of advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer: a multicenter phase II study. Invest New Drugs. 2016;34:119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie L, Su X, Zhang L, et al. FGFR2 gene amplification in gastric cancer predicts sensitivity to the selective FGFR inhibitor AZD4547. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:2572–2583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Mansoor W, et al. A randomized, open-label phase II study of AZD4547 (AZD) versus Paclitaxel (P) in previously treated patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) with Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) polysomy or gene amplification (amp): SHINE study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:4014–4014.
   Google Scholar
• Casanovas O, Hicklin DJ, Bergers G, et al. Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors. Cancer Cell. 2005;8:299–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieu C, Heymach J, Overman M, et al. Beyond VEGF: inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor pathway and antiangiogenesis. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:6130–6139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper MS, Ferrara N, Orci L, et al. Potent synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992;189:824–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pant S, Patel MR, Kurkjian C, et al. A phase II study of the c-Met inhibitor tivantinib (tiv) in combination with FOLFOX for the treatment of patients (pts) with previously untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus, gastroesophageal (GE) junction, or stomach. Cancer Invest. 2017;1-10.
   Google Scholar
• Atkins MB, Gravis G, Drosik K, et al. Trebananib (AMG 386) in combination with sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer: an open-label, multicenter, phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:3431–3438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk BJ, Poveda A, Vergote I, et al. Anti-angiopoietin therapy with trebananib for recurrent ovarian cancer (TRINOVA-1): A randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:799–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker UT, Escalona-Espinosa L, Consalvo N, et al. Evaluation of Angiopoietin-2 as a biomarker in gastric cancer: results from the randomised phase III AVAGAST trial. Br J Cancer. 2016;114:855–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenschow DJ, Walunas TL, Jeffrey A. CD28 /B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annu Rev Immunol. 1996;14:233–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:711–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohigashi Y, Sho M, Yamada Y, et al. Clinical significance of programmed death-1 ligand-1 and programmed death-1 ligand-2 expression in human esophageal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:2947–2953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomi T, Sho M, Akahori T, et al. Clinical significance and therapeutic potential of the programmed death-1 ligand/programmed death-1 pathway in human pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:2151–2157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth EC, Cunningham D. Encouraging results for PD-1 inhibition in gastric cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:682–683. Elsevier.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang YK, Satoh T, Ryu MH, et al. Nivolumab (ONO-4538/BMS-936558) as salvage treatment after second or later-line chemotherapy for advanced gastric or gastro-esophageal junction cancer (AGC): a double-blinded, randomized, phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:2-2.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs CS, Doi T, Woo-Jun Jang R, et al. KEYNOTE-059 cohort 1: efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab (pembro) monotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:suppl abstract 4003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda S, Sho M, Yamato I, et al. Simultaneous blockade of programmed death 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) induces synergistic anti-tumour effect in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;172:500–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsina M, Hierro C, Tabernero J. Antiangiogenic therapies in gastric cancer: trusting the pathway. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2016;27:2141–2143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oelkrug C, Ramage JM. Enhancement of T cell recruitment and infiltration into tumours. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;178:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chester C, Marabelle A, Houot R, et al. Dual antibody therapy to harness the innate anti-tumor immune response to enhance antibody targeting of tumors. Curr Opin Immunol. 2015;33:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishigami S, Natsugoe S, Tokuda K, et al. Prognostic value of intratumoral natural killer cells in gastric carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;88:577–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melero I, Rouzaut A, Motz GT, et al. T-cell and NK-cell infiltration into solid tumors: A key limiting factor for efficacious cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Discov. 2014;4:522–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, Jiang Z, Mortenson ED, et al. Cancer Cell. 2010;18;2:160–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner LM, Surana R, Wang S. Monoclonal antibodies: versatile platforms for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:317–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee D, Harfouche R, Sengupta S. Nanotechnology-mediated targeting of tumor angiogenesis. Vasc Cell. 2011;3:3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanhueza C, Wehinger S, Castillo Bennett J, et al. The twisted survivin connection to angiogenesis. Mol Cancer. 2015;14:198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar