Cholangiocarcinoma: shedding light on the most promising drugs in clinical development

References

• Abou-Alfa GK, Sahai V, Hollebecque A, et al. Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(5):671–684. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razumilava N, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet. 2014;383(9935):2168–2179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banales JM, Cardinale V, Carpino G, et al. Expert consensus document: cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspective consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA). Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(5):261–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljiffry M, Abdulelah A, Walsh M, et al. Evidence-based approach to cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review of the current literature. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(1):134–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Burden of Disease Cancer C, Fitzmaurice C, Dicker D, Pain A, et al. The global burden of cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(4):505–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH, et al. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(14):1273–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyder O, Hatzaras I, Sotiropoulos GC, et al. Recurrence after operative management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Surgery. 2013;153(6):811–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahnemai-Azar AA, Pandey P, Kamel I, et al. Monitoring outcomes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients following hepatic resection. Hepatol Oncol. 2016;3(4):223–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber SM, Ribero D, O’Reilly EM, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford). 2015;17(8):669–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okusaka T, Nakachi K, Fukutomi A, et al. Gemcitabine alone or in combination with cisplatin in patients with biliary tract cancer: a comparative multicentre study in Japan. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(4):469–474. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel F, Schmid RM. Chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract carcinoma: a pooled analysis of clinical trials. Br J Cancer. 2007;96(6):896–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura H, Arai Y, Totoki Y, et al. Genomic spectra of biliary tract cancer. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):1003. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi S, Borad MJ. The rise of the FGFR inhibitor in advanced biliary cancer: the next cover of time magazine? J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7(5):789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeini A, Sia D, Bardeesy N, et al. Molecular pathogenesis and targeted therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In: Clinical Cancer Research. 2016;22(2):291-300. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3296.
   Google Scholar
• Arai Y, Totoki Y, Hosoda F, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 tyrosine kinase fusions define a unique molecular subtype of cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2014;59(4):1427–1434. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham RP, Fritcher EGB, Pestova E, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 translocations in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2014;45(8):1630–1638. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A, Shroff RT, Kelley RK, et al. FGFR pathway genetic aberrations in cholangiocarcinoma: demographics and experience with targeted therapy. Journal of Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15):109-109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi S, Yamada D, Hirsova P, et al. A hippo and fibroblast growth factor receptor autocrine pathway in cholangiocarcinoma. J Biol Chem. 2016;291(15):8031–8047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javle M, Lowery M, Shroff RT, et al. Phase II study of BGJ398 in patients with FGFR-altered advanced cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(3):276–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javle MM, Sadeghi S, El-Khoueiry AB, et al. A retrospective analysis of post second-line chemotherapy treatment outcomes for patients with advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma and FGFR2 fusions. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):4591.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzaferro V, El-Rayes BF, Droz Dit Busset M, et al. Derazantinib (ARQ 087) in advanced or inoperable FGFR2 gene fusion-positive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2019;120(2):165–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabernero J, Bahleda R, Dienstmann R, et al. Phase I dose-escalation study of JNJ-42756493, an oral pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(30):3401–3408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishina T, Takahashi S, Iwasawa R, et al. Doi T. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics of erdafitinib, a pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced or refractory solid tumor. Invest New Drugs. 2018;36(3):424–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahleda R, Italiano A, Hierro C, et al. Multicenter phase i study of erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493), oral pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, in patients with advanced or refractory solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(16):4888–4897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy SM. Pemigatinib: first Approval. Drugs. 2020;80(9):923–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal L, Meric-Bernstam F, Hollebecque A, et al. FOENIX-CCA2: a phase II, open-label, multicenter study of futibatinib in patients (pts) with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) harboring FGFR2 gene fusions or other rearrangements. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Dong Q, Zhang C, et al. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 occur frequently in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and share hypermethylation targets with glioblastomas. Oncogene. 2013;32(25):3091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipp BR, Voss JS, Kerr SE, et al. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations in cholangiocarcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2012;43(10):1552–1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borger DR, Tanabe KK, Fan KC, et al. Frequent mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and IDH2 in cholangiocarcinoma identified through broad-based tumor genotyping. Oncologist. 2011(theoncologist)2020:2011–2386
   Google Scholar
• Lowery MA, Burris HA 3rd, Janku F, et al. Safety and activity of ivosidenib in patients with IDH1-mutant advanced cholangiocarcinoma: a phase 1 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(9):711–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou-Alfa GK, Macarulla T, Javle MM, et al. Ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, chemotherapy-refractory cholangiocarcinoma (ClarIDHy): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(6):796–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirica AE. Role of ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(46):7033–7058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingas CD, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, et al. Myofibroblast‐derived PDGF‐BB promotes hedgehog survival signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Hepatology. 2011;54(6):2076–2088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa D, Ojima H, Iwasaki M, et al. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of EGFR, VEGF, and HER2 expression in cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(2):418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sia D, Tovar V, Moeini A, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: pathogenesis and rationale for molecular therapies. Oncogene. 2013;32(41):4861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galdy S, Lamarca A, McNamara MG, et al. HER2/HER3 pathway in biliary tract malignancies; systematic review and meta-analysis: a potential therapeutic target? Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017;36(1):141–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel A, Kasper S, Weichert W, et al. Panitumumab in combination with gemcitabine/cisplatin (GemCis) for patients with advanced kRAS WT biliary tract cancer: a randomized phase II trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2016;122(4):574-81. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ole Larsen F, Taksony Solyom Hoegdall D, Hoegdall E, et al. Gemcitabine, capecitabine and oxaliplatin with or without cetuximab in advanced biliary tract carcinoma. Acta Oncologica. 2016;55(3):382–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai W, Yuan Y, Ge W, et al. EGFR target therapy combined with gemox for advanced biliary tract cancers: a meta-analysis based on RCTs. J Cancer. 2018;9(8):1476–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javle M, Churi C, Kang HC, et al. HER2/neu-directed therapy for biliary tract cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2015;8(1):58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck J, Wei L, Zalupski M, et al. HER2/neu may not be an interesting target in biliary cancers: results of an early phase II study with lapatinib. Oncology. 2012;82(3):175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan RK, Belani CP, Singh DA, et al. A phase II study of lapatinib in patients with advanced biliary tree and hepatocellular cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;64(4):777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto M, Ojima H, Iwasaki M, et al. Prognostic significance of overexpression of c-Met oncoprotein in cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(1):131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan ZW, Wu K, Wang J, et al. Association of p53, p16, and vascular endothelial growth factor protein expressions with the prognosis and metastasis of gallbladder cancer1. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;193(4):380–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu AX, Meyerhardt JA, Blaszkowsky LS, et al. Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab in advanced biliary-tract cancers and correlation of changes in 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET with clinical outcome: a phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(1):48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechon M, Dior M, Dreanic J, et al. Addition of an antiangiogenic therapy, bevacizumab, to gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin improves survival in advanced biliary tract cancers. Invest New Drugs. 2018;36(1):156–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer RV, Pokuri VK, Groman A, et al. A multicenter phase ii study of gemcitabine, capecitabine, and bevacizumab for locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2018;41(7):649-655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama H, Onuki K, Ishige K, et al. Potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of sorafenib against human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46(6):779–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khoueiry AB, Rankin CJ, Ben-Josef E, et al. SWOG 0514: a phase II study of sorafenib in patients with unresectable or metastatic gallbladder carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2012;30(4):1646–1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengala C, Bertolini F, Malavasi N, et al. Sorafenib in patients with advanced biliary tract carcinoma: a phase II trial. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(1):68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Capanu M, O’reilly E, et al. A phase II study of gemcitabine and cisplatin plus sorafenib in patients with advanced biliary adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer. 2013;109(4):915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moehler M, Maderer A, Schimanski C, et al. Gemcitabine plus sorafenib versus gemcitabine alone in advanced biliary tract cancer: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre phase II AIO study with biomarker and serum programme. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(18):3125–3135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro A, Gebbia V, Pressiani T, et al. A randomized, multicenter, phase II study of vandetanib monotherapy versus vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine versus gemcitabine plus placebo in subjects with advanced biliary tract cancer: the VanGogh study. Ann Oncol. 2014;26(3):542–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle JW, Wasan H, Lopes A, et al. Cediranib or placebo in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-03): a randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(8):967–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubner SJ, Mahoney MR, Kolesar JL, et al. Report of a multicenter phase II trial testing a combination of biweekly bevacizumab and daily erlotinib in patients with unresectable biliary cancer: a phase II Consortium study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(21):3491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khoueiry A, Rankin C, Siegel A, et al. S0941: a phase 2 SWOG study of sorafenib and erlotinib in patients with advanced gallbladder carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(4):882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demols A, Borbath I, Van Den Eynde M, et al. Regorafenib after failure of gemcitabine and platinum-based chemotherapy for locally advanced/metastatic biliary tumors: REACHIN, a randomized, double-blind, phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(9):1169–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi S, Borad MJ, Patel T, et al., editors Cholangiocarcinoma. molecular pathways and therapeutic opportunities. Seminars in liver disease. NIH Public Access; 2014;34(4): 456–464.
   Google Scholar
• Churi CR, Shroff R, Wang Y, et al. Mutation profiling in cholangiocarcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications. PloS One. 2014;9(12):e115383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung J-Y, Hong S-M, Choi BY, et al. The expression of phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, and PTEN in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(2):660–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewald F, Grabinski N, Grottke A, et al. Combined targeting of AKT and mTOR using MK‐2206 and RAD001 is synergistic in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2013;133(9):2065–2076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loilome W, Bungkanjana P, Techasen A, et al. Activated macrophages promote Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Tumor Biol. 2014;35(6):5357–5367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McRee AJ, Sanoff HK, Carlson C, et al. A phase I trial of mFOLFOX6 combined with the oral PI3K inhibitor BKM120 in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. Invest New Drugs. 2015;33(6):1225–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan ES, Cao B, Kim J, et al. Phase 2 study of copanlisib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancers. Cancer. 2020 Dec 8. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33364.Online ahead of print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung YH, Chionh FJ, Price TJ, et al. Phase II study of everolimus monotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced biliary tract cancer: rADichol. Am Soc Clin Oncol. Br J Cancer. 2018;118(7):966–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzzoni R, Pusceddu S, Bajetta E, et al. Activity and safety of RAD001 (everolimus) in patients affected by biliary tract cancer progressing after prior chemotherapy: a phase II ITMO study. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(8):1597–1603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss JS, Holtegaard LM, Kerr SE, et al. Molecular profiling of cholangiocarcinoma shows potential for targeted therapy treatment decisions. Hum Pathol. 2013;44(7):1216–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JS, Wang K, Gay L, et al. New routes to targeted therapy of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas revealed by next-generation sequencing. Oncologist. 2014;19(3):235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeppert B, Frauenschuh L, Renner M, et al. BRAF V600E-specific immunohistochemistry reveals low mutation rates in biliary tract cancer and restriction to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(7):1028–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman DM, Puzanov I, Subbiah V, et al. Vemurafenib in multiple nonmelanoma cancers with BRAF V600 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(8):726–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbiah V, Puzanov I, Blay JY, et al. Pan-cancer efficacy of vemurafenib in BRAF (V600)-mutant non-melanoma cancers. Cancer Discov. 2020;10(5):657–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda M, Ioka T, Fukutomi A, et al. Efficacy and safety of trametinib in Japanese patients with advanced biliary tract cancers refractory to gemcitabine. Cancer Sci. 2018;109(1):215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainberg ZA, Lassen UN, Elez E, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabrafenib (D) and trametinib (T) in patients (pts) with BRAF V600E–mutated biliary tract cancer (BTC): a cohort of the ROAR basket trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(4_suppl):187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekaii-Saab T, Phelps MA, Li X, et al. Multi-institutional phase II study of selumetinib in patients with metastatic biliary cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(17):2357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridgewater J, Lopes A, Beare S, et al. A phase 1b study of selumetinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer: the ABC-04 study. BMC Cancer. 2016;16(1):153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim RD, McDonough S, El-Khoueiry AB, et al. Randomised phase II trial (SWOG S1310) of single agent MEK inhibitor trametinib Versus 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine in refractory advanced biliary cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2020;130:219–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu T-L, Deng X, Huang F, et al. Survey of tyrosine kinase signaling reveals ROS kinase fusions in human cholangiocarcinoma. PloS One. 2011;6(1):e15640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peraldo Neia C, Cavalloni G, Balsamo A, et al. Screening for the FIG‐ROS1 fusion in biliary tract carcinomas by nested PCR. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2014;53(12):1033–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon BJ, Mok T, Kim D-W, et al. First-line crizotinib versus chemotherapy in ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(23):2167–2177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu W-R, Shi X-D, Zhang R, et al. Clinicopathological significance of aberrant Notch receptors in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(6):3272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon HA, Noh MH, Kim BG, et al. Clinicopathological significance of altered Notch signaling in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(35):4023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sia D, Hoshida Y, Villanueva A, et al. Integrative molecular analysis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma reveals 2 classes that have different outcomes. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(4):829–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedvat M, Huszar D, Herrmann A, et al. The JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480 potently blocks Stat3 signaling and oncogenesis in solid tumors. Cancer Cell. 2009;16(6):487–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terada T, Nakanuma Y, Sirica AE. Immunohistochemical demonstration of MET overexpression in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in hepatolithiasis. Hum Pathol. 1998;29(2):175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pant S, Saleh M, Bendell J, et al. A phase I dose escalation study of oral c-MET inhibitor tivantinib (ARQ 197) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(7):1416–1421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal L, Zheng H, Yurgelun MB, et al. A phase 2 and biomarker study of cabozantinib in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer. 2017;123(11):1979–1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle JW, Bai L-Y, Orlova R, et al. Ramucirumab (RAM) or merestinib (MER) or placebo (PL) plus gemcitabine (GEM) and cisplatin (CIS) as first-line treatment for advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer (BTC): a randomized, double-blind, phase II study. Journal of Clin Oncol. 2020;38(4):477-477. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2020.38.4_suppl.477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulter L, Guest RV, Kendall TJ, et al. WNT signaling drives cholangiocarcinoma growth and can be pharmacologically inhibited. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(3):1269–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eads JR, Goyal L, Stein S, et al. Phase I study of DKN-01, an anti-DKK1 antibody, in combination with gemcitabine (G) and cisplatin (C) in patients (pts) with advanced biliary cancer. Journal of Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15):4075-4075. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.407.
   Google Scholar
• Fingas CD, Mertens JC, Razumilava N, et al. Polo‐like kinase 2 is a mediator of hedgehog survival signaling in cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2013;58(4):1362–1374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedlinger D, Bahra M, Boas‐Knoop S. et al. H edgehog pathway as a potential treatment target in human cholangiocarcinoma. Journal of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Sciences. 2014;21(8):607–615.
   Google Scholar
• Cao J, Hu J, Liu S, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: genomic heterogeneity between eastern and western patients. JCO Precis Oncol. 2020;4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie D, Ren Z, Fan J, et al. Genetic profiling of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its clinical implication in targeted therapy. Am J Cancer Res. 2016;6(3):577–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar