References
- Mathias CJ, Low DA, Iodice V, et al. Postural tachycardia syndrome—current experience and concepts. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012 Jan;8(1):22–34.
- Schondorf R, Low PA. Idiopathic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: an attenuated form of acute pandysautonomia? Neurology. 1993 January 1; 43(1 Part 1):132.
- Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci. 2011 April 26 161(1):46–48.
- Agarwal AK, Garg R, Ritch A, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2007 Jul;83(981):478–480.
- Robertson D. The epidemic of orthostatic tachycardia and orthostatic intolerance. Am J Med Sci. 1999 February 1; 317(2):75–77.
- Vernino S, Bourne KM, Stiles LE, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): state of the science and clinical care from a 2019 national institutes of health expert consensus meeting - part 1. Auton Neurosci. 2021 November 1;235:102828.
- Garland EM, Celedonio JE, Raj SR. Postural tachycardia syndrome: beyond orthostatic intolerance. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015 Sep;15(9):60.
- Jacob G, Costa F, Shannon JR, et al. The neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome. Internet]. http://dx.doi.org.eresources.mssm.edu/10.1056/NEJM200010053431404. Massachusetts Medical Society. 2009 [cited 2021 Dec 26]. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM200010053431404
- Thieben MJ, Sandroni P, Sletten DM, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: the mayo clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc Internet]. 2007 Mar cited 2021 Dec 26;82(3):308–313. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025619611610276
- Lei LY, Chew DS, Sheldon RS, et al., Evaluating and managing postural tachycardia syndrome. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Internet]. 2019 May cited 2021 Dec 25;86(5):333–344. Available from: https://www.ccjm.org//lookup/doi/10.3949/ccjm.86a.18002
- Tani H, Singer W, McPhee BR, et al. Splanchnic-mesenteric capacitance bed in the postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Auton Neurosci Internet]. 2000 Dec cited 2021 Dec 26;86(1–2):107–113. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1566070200002058
- Stewart JM, Medow MS, Glover JL, et al. Persistent splanchnic hyperemia during upright tilt in postural tachycardia syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. [Internet]. 2006 Feb cited 2021 Dec 26;290(2):H665–73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513355/
- Mar PL, Raj SR. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: mechanisms and new therapies. Annu Rev Med Internet]. 2020 January 27 cited 2021 Dec 25;71(1):235–248. Available from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-med-041818-011630
- Gibbons CH, Bonyhay I, Benson A, et al. Structural and functional small fiber abnormalities in the neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome. PLoS One Internet]. 2013 December 27 cited 2021 Dec 26;8(12):e84716. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874039/
- Bryarly M, Phillips LT, Fu Q, et al., Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2019 Mar cited 2021 Dec 25;73(10):1207–1228. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109719302190
- Kanjwal K, Saeed B, Karabin B, et al. Clinical presentation and management of patients with hyperadrenergic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. A single center experience. Cardiol J. 2011;18(5):6.
- Low PA, Sandroni P, Joyner M, et al. Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Internet]. 2009 Mar cited 2021 Dec 26;20(3):352–358. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904426/
- Li H, Yu X, Liles C, et al. Autoimmune basis for postural tachycardia syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014 February 26;3(1):e000755.
- Fedorowski A, Li H, Yu X, et al. Antiadrenergic autoimmunity in postural tachycardia syndrome. Europace. 2017 July 1;19(7):1211–1219.
- Raj SR, Biaggioni I, Yamhure PC, et al. Renin-aldosterone paradox and perturbed blood volume regulation underlying postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation. Internet]. 2005 April 5 cited 2021 Dec 28;111(13):1574–1582. Available from: http://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000160356.97313.5d
- Jacob G, Robertson D, Mosqueda-Garcia R, et al. Hypovolemia in syncope and orthostatic intolerance role of the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Med. 1997 Aug;103(2):128–133.
- Benarroch EE. Postural tachycardia syndrome: a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012 Dec;87(12):1214–1225.
- Wang LB, Culbertson CJ, Deb A, et al. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in postural tachycardia syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2015 December 15; 359(1–2):193–196.
- Raj V, Opie M, Arnold AC. Cognitive and psychological issues in postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci. 2018 Dec;215:46–55.
- Shaw BH, Stiles LE, Bourne K, et al. The face of postural tachycardia syndrome - insights from a large cross-sectional online community-based survey. J Intern Med. 2019 Oct;286(4):438–448.
- Miglis MG, Barwick F. Sleep disorders in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome: a review of the literature and guide for clinicians. Auton Neurosci. 2018 Dec;215:62–69.
- Kaufman MR, Chang-Kit L, Raj SR, et al. Overactive bladder and autonomic dysfunction: lower urinary tract symptoms in females with postural tachycardia syndrome. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017 Mar;36(3):610–613.
- Peggs KJ, Nguyen H, Enayat D, et al. Gynecologic disorders and menstrual cycle lightheadedness in postural tachycardia syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Sep;118(3):242–246.
- McDonald C, Koshi S, Busner L, et al. Postural tachycardia syndrome is associated with significant symptoms and functional impairment predominantly affecting young women: a UK perspective. BMJ Open. 2014 June 16;4(6):e004127–e004127.
- Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(21):1883–1948. 2018 June 1.
- Garland EM, Raj SR, Black BK, et al. The hemodynamic and neurohumoral phenotype of postural tachycardia syndrome. Neurology. 2007 August 21; 69(8):790–798.
- Arnold AC, Ng J, Raj SR. Postural tachycardia syndrome – diagnosis, physiology, and prognosis. Auton Neurosci. 2018 December 1; 215:3–11
- Plash WB, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, et al. Diagnosing postural tachycardia syndrome: comparison of tilt testing compared with standing haemodynamics. Clin Sci. 2012 September 26 124(2):109–114.
- Fedorowski A. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management. J Intern Med. 2019;285(4):352–366.
- Zadourian A, Doherty TA, Swiatkiewicz I, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: prevalence, pathophysiology, and management. Drugs. 2018 July 1; 78(10):983–994.
- Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: JACC Focus Seminar | Journal of the American College of Cardiology. [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 19]. Available from: https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.059
- Fortunato JE, Wagoner AL, Harbinson RL, et al. Effect of fludrocortisone acetate on chronic unexplained nausea and abdominal pain in children with orthostatic intolerance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul;59(1)39–43.
- Deng X, Zhang Y, Liao Y, et al. Efficacy of β-blockers on postural tachycardia syndrome in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. 2019 November 7;7:460.
- Raj SR, Black BK, Biaggioni I, et al. Propranolol decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome: less is more. Circulation. 2009 September 1 120(9):725–734.
- Kanjwal K, Sheikh M, Karabin B, et al. Neurocardiogenic syncope coexisting with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in patients suffering from orthostatic intolerance: a combined form of autonomic dysfunction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(5):549–554.
- Chen L, Wang L, Sun J, et al. Midodrine hydrochloride is effective in the treatment of children with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Circ J. 2011;75(4):927–931.
- Fu Q, VanGundy TB, Shibata S, et al. Exercise training versus propranolol in the treatment of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Hypertension. 2011 Aug;58(2):167–175.
- Shibata S, Fu Q, Bivens TB, et al. Short-term exercise training improves the cardiovascular response to exercise in the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Physiol. 2012 August 1; 590(15):3495–3505.
- Fu Q, Levine BD. Exercise in the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci. 2015 March 1; 188:86–89
- Fu Q, VanGundy TB, Galbreath MM, et al. Cardiac origins of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 June 22 55(25):2858–2868.
- Sheldon RS, Grubb BP, Olshansky B, et al. 2015 heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2015 Jun;12(6):e41–63.
- Nwazue V, Garland E, Black B, et al. Differential effects of dietary salt on blood volume regulation in postural tachycardia syndrome and healthy subjects. Clin Auton Res. 2013;23(5):269.
- Williams EL, Raj SR, Schondorf R, et al. Salt supplementation in the management of orthostatic intolerance: vasovagal syncope and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci. 2022 January 1;237:102906.
- Garvin NM, Levine BD, Raven PB, et al. Pneumatic antishock garment inflation activates the human sympathetic nervous system by abdominal compression. Exp Physiol. 2014;99(1):101–110.
- Platts SH, Tuxhorn JA, Ribeiro LC, et al. Compression garments as countermeasures to orthostatic intolerance. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2009 May 1;80(5):437–442.
- Wieling W, van Dijk N, Thijs RD, et al. Physical countermeasures to increase orthostatic tolerance. J Intern Med. 2015;277(1):69–82.
- Wells R, Elliott AD, Mahajan R, et al. Efficacy of therapies for postural tachycardia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018 August 1;93(8):1043–1053.
- Figueroa RA, Arnold AC, Nwazue VC, et al. Acute volume loading and exercise capacity in postural tachycardia syndrome. J Appl Physiol. 2014;117(6):663–668.
- Jacob G, Biaggioni I. Idiopathic orthostatic intolerance and postural tachycardia syndromes. Am J Med Sci. 1999 Feb;317(2):88–101.
- Lai CC, Fischer PR, Brands CK, et al., Outcomes in adolescents with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome treated with midodrine and β‐blockers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(2): 234–238.
- McDonald C, Frith J, Newton JL. Single centre experience of ivabradine in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. EP Europace. 2011 March 1; 13(3):427–430.
- Taub PR, Zadourian A, Lo HC, et al. Randomized trial of ivabradine in patients with hyperadrenergic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 February 23;77(7):861–871.
- Gee ME, Watkins AK, Brown JN, et al. Ivabradine for the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2018 June 1; 18(3):195–204.
- Raj SR, Black BK, Biaggioni I, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition improves tachycardia in postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation. 2005 May 31; 111(21):2734–2740.
- Abed H, Ball PA, Wang LX. Diagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a brief review. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2012 Mar;9(1):61–67.
- Ross AJ, Ocon AJ, Medow MS, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study of the vascular effects of midodrine in neuropathic compared with hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Sci. 2014;126(4):289–296.
- Miller AJ, Raj SR. Pharmacotherapy for postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci. 2018 December 1; 215:28–36
- Grubb BP, Karas BJ. The potential role of serotonin in the pathogenesis of neurocardiogenic syncope and related autonomic disturbances. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 1998 Dec;2(4):325–332.
- Kpaeyeh JJ, Mar PL, Raj V, et al. Hemodynamic profiles and tolerability of modafinil in the treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014 Dec;34(6):738–741.
- Pérez-Lloret S, Quarracino C, Otero-Losada M, et al. Droxidopa for the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Apr;20(6):635–645.
- Ruzieh M, Dasa O, Pacenta A, et al. Droxidopa in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Am J Ther. 2017 Apr;24(2):e157–61.
- Coffin ST, Black BK, Biaggioni I, et al. Desmopressin acutely decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2012 Sep;9(9):1484–1490.
- Hoeldtke RD, Horvath GG, Bryner KD. Treatment of orthostatic tachycardia with erythropoietin. Am J Med. 1995 Nov;99(5):525–529.
- Kanjwal K, Saeed B, Karabin B, et al. Erythropoietin in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Am J Ther. 2012 Mar;19(2):92–95.
- Jarjour IT, Jarjour LK. Low iron storage and mild anemia in postural tachycardia syndrome in adolescents. Clin Auton Res. 2013 Aug;23(4):175–179.
- Staples A, Thompson NR, Moodley M. Pediatric-onset postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in a single tertiary care center. J Child Neurol. 2020 July 1; 35(8):526–535.
- Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension with Erythropoietin | NEJM. 1993 Aug 26;329(9):611-5. [cited 2022 Mar 20]. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199308263290904
- Wadhwania R. Is Vitamin D deficiency implicated in autonomic dysfunction? J Pediatr Neurosci. 2017 Jun;12(2):119–123.
- Iron insufficiency and hypovitaminosis d in adolescents with chronic fatigue and orthostatic intolerance [Internet]. cited 2022 Mar 20]. 2022 Mar 20: Available from: https://sma.org/southern-medical-journal/article/iron-insufficiency-and-hypovitaminosis-d-in-adolescents-with-chronic-fatigue-and-orthostatic-intolerance/
- Chaudhari SA, Sacerdote A, Bahtiyar G. 1-α hydroxylation defect in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: remission with calcitriol supplementation. BMJ Case Rep. 2012 Jul 27;2012(aug09 1):bcr0220125730.
- Ashangari C, Suleman A. Abstract 121: vitamin D deficiency study in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Circulation Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015 May;8(suppl_2):A121–A121.
- (r)Alpha lipoic assists with control of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, hypertension, and reduces sudden cardiac death in geriatric diabetics [Internet]. cited 2022 Mar 27]. Available from 2022 Mar 27: https://journalofpharma.com/journal/journalofpharmaarticle/(r)Alpha-Lipoic-Assists-With-Control-of-Neurogenic-Orthostatic-Hypotension,-Hypertension,-and-Reduces-Sudden-Cardiac-Death-in-Geriatric-Diabetics/84
- Papanas N, Ziegler D. Efficacy of α-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014 December 1; 15(18):2721–2731.
- Murray GL, Colombo J. (r)Alpha lipoic acid is a safe, effective pharmacologic therapy of chronic orthostatic hypotension associated with low sympathetic tone. Int J Angiol. 2019 Sep;28(3):188–193.
- Raj SR, Bourne KM, Stiles LE, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): priorities for POTS care and research from a 2019 national institutes of health expert consensus meeting – part 2. Auton Neurosci. Internet]. 2021 Nov cited 2021 Dec 25;235:102836. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1566070221000667
- Ruzieh M, Batizy L, Dasa O, et al. The role of autoantibodies in the syndromes of orthostatic intolerance: a systematic review. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2017 Oct;51(5):243–247.
- Rodriguez B, Hoepner R, Salmen A, et al. Immunomodulatory treatment in postural tachycardia syndrome: a case series. Eur J Neurol. 2021 May;28(5):1692–1697.
- Miglis MG, Prieto T, Shaik R, et al. A case report of postural tachycardia syndrome after COVID-19. Clin Auton Res 2020 September 3;30(5):449-451.
- Blitshteyn S, Whitelaw S. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other autonomic disorders after COVID-19 infection: a case series of 20 patients. Immunol Res. 2021 Apr;69(2):205–211.