Investigational follicle-stimulating hormone receptor agonists for male infertility therapy

References

• Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, Dyer S, et al. The international glossary on infertility and fertility care. Fertil Steril. 2017;108(3):393–406. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [cited 2023 Aug 20]. https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility
   Google Scholar
• Thonneau P, Marchand S, Tallec A, et al. Incidence and main causes of infertility in a resident population (1,850,000) of three French regions (1988-1989). Hum Reprod. 1991;6(6):811–816. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, et al. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2015;13(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, Gong TT, Jiang YT, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years for infertility in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: results from a global burden of disease study, 2017. Aging. 2019;11(23):10952–10991. doi: 10.18632/aging.102497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levine H, Jørgensen N, Martino-Andrade A, et al. Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries. Hum Reprod Update. 2022 Nov 15;29(2):157–176. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmac035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen N, Lamb DJ, Levine H, et al. Are worldwide sperm counts declining? Fertil Sterility. 2021;116(6):1457–1463. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crafa A, Cannarella R, LA Vignera S, et al. Semen analysis: a workflow for an appropriate assessment of the male fertility status. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino). 2022;47(1):77–88. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6507.21.03650-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Punab M, Poolamets O, Paju P, et al. Causes of male infertility: a 9-year prospective monocentre study on 1737 patients with reduced total sperm counts. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(1):18–31. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tüttelmann F, Ruckert C, Röpke A. Disorders of spermatogenesis: perspectives for novel genetic diagnostics after 20 years of unchanged routine. Med Genet. 2018;30(1):12–20. doi: 10.1007/s11825-018-0181-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopushnyan NA, Walsh TJ. Surgical techniques for the management of male infertility. Asian J Androl. 2012;14(1):94–102. doi: 10.1038/aja.2011.62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel PN, Sigman M, Collura B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline PART II. J Urol. 2021;205(1):44–51. doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001520
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calogero AE, Condorelli RA, Russo GI, et al. Conservative nonhormonal options for the treatment of male infertility: antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antioxidants. Biomed Res Int . 2017;2017:1–17. (2017). doi: 10.1155/2017/4650182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Cimino L, et al. Late-onset hypogonadism: the advantages of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin rather than testosterone. Aging Male. 2016;19(1):34–39. doi: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1092021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicari E, Mongioì A, Calogero AE, et al. Therapy with human chorionic gonadotropin alone induces spermatogenesis in men with isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism–long-term follow-up. Int J Androl. 1992;15(4):320–329. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01131.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tadros NN, Sabanegh ES. Empiric medical therapy with hormonal agents for idiopathic male infertility. Indian J Urol. 2017;33(3):194–198. doi: 10.4103/iju.IJU_368_16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duca Y, Calogero AE, Cannarella R, et al. Current and emerging medical therapeutic agents for idiopathic male infertility. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(1):55–67. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1543405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannarella R, La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, et al. FSH dosage effect on conventional sperm parameters: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Asian J Androl. 2020;22(3):309–316. doi: 10.4103/aja.aja_42_19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko EY, Siddiqi K, Brannigan RE, et al. Empirical medical therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a survey of the American Urological Association. J Urol. 2012;187(3):973–978. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser UB, Conn PM, Chin WW. Studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) action using GnRH receptor-expressing pituitary cell lines. Endocr Rev. 1997;18(1):46–70. doi: 10.1210/edrv.18.1.0289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das N, Kumar TR. Molecular regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis, secretion and action. J Mol Endocrinol. 2018;60(3):R131–55. doi: 10.1530/JME-17-0308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell L, Smith LB, Rebourcet D. Sertoli cells as key drivers of testis function. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2022;121:2–9. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondos B, Berndtson WE. Postnatal and pubertal development. In: Russell LD Griswold MD, editors The sertoli cell. Cache River Press, Clearwater: USA; 1993. p. 115–154.
   Google Scholar
• Valeri C, Schteingart HF, Rey RA. The prepubertal testis: biomarkers and functions. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013;20(3):224–233. doi: 10.1097/MED.0b013e328360be2c
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Condorelli RA, Cannarella R, Calogero AE, et al. Evaluation of testicular function in prepubertal children. Endocrine. 2018;62(2):274–280. doi: 10.1007/s12020-018-1670-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adan L, Lechevalier P, Couto-Silva AC, et al. Plasma inhibin B and antimüllerian hormone concentrations in boys: discriminating between congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and constitutional pubertal delay. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(11):CR511–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sá R, Neves R, Fernandes S, et al. Cytological and expression studies and quantitative analysis of the temporal and stage-specific effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone during cocultures of the normal human seminiferous epithelium. Biol Reprod. 2008;79(5):962–975. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.067546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JM, Li ZF, Yang WX, et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone signaling in Sertoli cells: a licence to the early stages of spermatogenesis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2022;20(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s12958-022-00971-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casarini L, Crépieux P. Molecular mechanisms of action of FSH. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:305. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gromoll J, Pekel E, Nieschlag E. The structure and organization of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene. Genomics. 1996;35(2):308–311. doi: 10.1006/geno.1996.0361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Peng Y, Sharrow AC, et al. FSH directly regulates bone mass. Cell. 2006;125(2):247–260. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson LJ, Tourkova I, Wang Y, et al. FSH-receptor isoforms and FSH-dependent gene transcription in human monocytes and osteoclasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;394(1):12–17. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y, Wang ES, Xing LL, et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone induces postmenopausal dyslipidemia through inhibiting hepatic cholesterol metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(1):254–263. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-2724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stilley JA, Christensen DE, Dahlem KB, et al. FSH receptor (FSHR) expression in human extragonadal reproductive tissues and the developing placenta, and the impact of its deletion on pregnancy in mice. Biol Reprod. 2014;91(3):74. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.118562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraj A, Desestret V, Antoine M, et al. Expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor by the vascular endothelium in tumor metastases. BMC Cancer. 2013;13(1):246. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-246
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song GJ, Park YS, Lee YS, et al. Alternatively spliced variants of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene in the testis of infertile men. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(3):499–504. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03221-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sairam MR, Babu PS. The tale of follitropin receptor diversity: a recipe for fine tuning gonadal responses? Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2007;260-2:163–171. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panza S, Giordano F, De Rose D, et al. FSH-R human early male genital tract, testicular tumors and sperm: its involvement in testicular disorders. Life. 2020;10(12):336. doi: 10.3390/life10120336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cannarella R, Mancuso F, Barone N, et al. Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on human sperm motility in vitro. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(7):6536. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choenfeld C, Amelar RD, Dubin L, et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone levels found in human seminal plasma. Fertil Steril. 1978;29(1):69–71. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)43040-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirai M, Matsuda S, Mitsukawa S, et al. FSH, LH and testosterone levels in human seminal plasma. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1975;116(2):201–202. doi: 10.1620/tjem.116.201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S, Yan M, Ge R, et al. Crosstalk between Sertoli and germ cells in male fertility. Trends Mol Med. 2020;26(2):215–231. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riera MF, Regueira M, Galardo MN, et al. Signal transduction pathways in FSH regulation of rat Sertoli cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;302(8):E914–23. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00477.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannarella R, Mancuso F, Condorelli RA, et al. Effects of GH and IGF1 on basal and FSH-Modulated porcine Sertoli cells in-vitro. J Clin Med. 2019;8(6):811. doi: 10.3390/jcm8060811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, et al. Effects of the insulin-like growth factor system on testicular differentiation and function: a review of the literature. Andrology. 2018;6(1):3–9. doi: 10.1111/andr.12444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitetti JL, Calvel P, Zimmermann C, et al. An essential role for insulin and IGF1 receptors in regulating sertoli cell proliferation, testis size, and FSH action in mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2013;27(5):814–827. doi: 10.1210/me.2012-1258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cannarella R, Arato I, Condorelli RA, et al. The IGF1 receptor is involved in follicle-stimulating hormone signaling in porcine neonatal Sertoli cells. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):577. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Duca Y, et al. FSH treatment for normogonadotropic male infertility: a synergistic role for metformin? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(13):5994–5998. doi: 10.1080/13685538.2019.1590696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordenström A, Ahmed SF, van den Akker E, et al. Pubertal induction and transition to adult sex hormone replacement in patients with congenital pituitary or gonadal reproductive hormone deficiency: an endo-ERN clinical practice guideline. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022;186(6):G9–G49. doi: 10.1530/EJE-22-0073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonia A, Bettocchi C, Boeri L, et al. European Association of urology guidelines on sexual and reproductive Health-2021 update: male sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2021Sep;80(3):333–357. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemes HE, Dym M, Raj HG. Hormonal regulation of Sertoli cell differentiation. Biol Reprod. 1979;21(1):251–262. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod21.1.251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer AA, Sykiotis GP, Hayes FJ, et al. Trial of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone pretreatment for GnRH-induced fertility in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):E1790–E5. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-2518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta AA, Khalifa E, Oehninger S. Pure human follicle stimulating hormone has a role in the treatment of severe male infertility by assisted reproduction: Norfolk’s total experience. Hum Reprod. 1992;7(8):1067–1072. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradisi R, Natali F, Fabbri R, et al. Evidence for a stimulatory role of high doses of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male-factor infertility. Andrologia. 2014;46(9):1067–1072. doi: 10.1111/and.12194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradisi R, Busacchi P, Seracchioli R, et al. Effects of high doses of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male factor infertility: results of a pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2006;86(3):728–731. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.02.087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamischke A, Behre HM, Bergmann M, et al. Recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone for treatment of male idiopathic infertility: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(3):596–603. doi: 10.1093/humrep/13.3.596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding YM, Zhang XJ, Li JP. Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in Chinese population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83(6):866–871. doi: 10.1111/cen.12770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efesoy O, Cayan S, Akbay E. The efficacy of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of various types of male-factor infertility at a single university hospital. J Androl. 2009;30(6):679–684. doi: 10.2164/jandrol.108.007278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colacurci N, Monti MG, Fornaro F, et al. Recombinant human FSH reduces sperm DNA fragmentation in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. J Androl. 2012;33(4):588–593. doi: 10.2164/jandrol.111.013326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Condorelli RA, Calogero AE, Vicari E, et al. Reduced seminal concentration of CD45pos cells after follicle-stimulating hormone treatment in selected patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014(2014):1–8. doi: 10.1155/2014/372060
   Google Scholar
• Foresta C, Bettella A, Merico M, et al. Use of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male factor infertility. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(2):238–244. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02966-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casamonti E, Vinci S, Serra E, et al. Short-term FSH treatment and sperm maturation: a prospective study in idiopathic infertile men. Andrology. 2017;5(3):414–422. doi: 10.1111/andr.12333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garolla A, Ghezzi M, Cosci I, et al. FSH treatment in infertile males candidate to assisted reproduction improved sperm DNA fragmentation and pregnancy rate. Endocrine. 2017;56(2):416–425. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1037-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccetti B, Strehler E, Capitani S, et al. The effect of follicle-stimulating hormone therapy on human sperm structure (notulae seminologicae). Hum Reprod. 1997;12(9):1955–1968. doi: 10.1093/humrep/12.9.1955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strehler E, Sterzik K, De Santo M, et al. The effect of follicle-stimulating hormone therapy on sperm quality: an ultrastructural mathematical evaluation. J Androl. 1997;18(4):439–447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnaldi G, Balercia G, Barbatelli G, et al. Effects of long-term treatment with human pure follicle-stimulating hormone on semen parameters and sperm-cell ultrastructure in idiopathic oligoteratoasthenozoospermia. Andrologia. 2000;32(3):155–161. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2000.00358.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann M, Behre HM, Nieschlag E. Serum FSH and testicular morphology in male infertility. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994;40(1):133–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02455.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foresta C, Bettella A, Ferlin A, et al. Evidence for a stimulatory role of follicle-stimulating hormone on the spermatogonial population in adult males. Fertil Steril. 1998;69(4):636–642. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00008-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foresta C, Bettella A, Garolla A, et al. Treatment of male idiopathic infertility with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone: a prospective, controlled, randomized clinical study. Fertil Steril. 2005;84(3):654–661. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.03.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garolla A, Selice R, Engl B, et al. Spermatid count as a predictor of response to FSH therapy. Reprod Biomed Online. 2014;29(1):102–112. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlin A, Calogero AE, Krausz C, et al. Management of male factor infertility: position statement from the Italian Society of Andrology and sexual Medicine (SIAMS): endorsing organization: Italian Society of Embryology reproduction, and research (SIERR). J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45(5):1085–1113. doi: 10.1007/s40618-022-01741-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng T, Liao C, Ye X, et al. Gonadotropins treatment prior to microdissection testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia: a single-center cohort study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2022;20(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12958-022-00934-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocci A, Cito G, Russo GI, et al. Effectiveness of highly purified urofollitropin treatment in patients with idiopathic azoospermia before testicular sperm extraction. Urologia. 2018;85(1):19–21. doi: 10.5301/uj.5000253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Chen J, Cui Y, et al. FSH can improve semen parameters in patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia. 2022;54(11):e14596. doi: 10.1111/and.14596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santi D, Granata AR, Simoni M. FSH treatment of male idiopathic infertility improves pregnancy rate: a meta-analysis. Endocr Connect. 2015;4(3):R46–58. doi: 10.1530/EC-15-0050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olijve W, de Boer W, Mulders JW, et al. Molecular biology and biochemistry of human recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (puregon). Mol Hum Reprod. 1996;2(5):371–382. doi: 10.1093/molehr/2.5.371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwart-van Rijkom JE, Broekmans FJ, Leufkens HG. From HMG through purified urinary FSH preparations to recombinant FSH: a substitution study. Human Reproduction. 2002;17(4):857–865. doi: 10.1093/humrep/17.4.857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliesch S, Behre HM, Nieschlag E. Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin for induction of spermatogenesis in a hypogonadotropic male. Fertil Steril. 1995;63(6):1326–1328. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)57619-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foresta C, Bettella A, Merico M, et al. FSH in the treatment of oligozoospermia. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2000;161(1–2):89–97. doi: 10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00228-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomba S, Falbo A, Espinola S, et al. Effects of highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone on sperm DNA damage in men with male idiopathic subfertility: a pilot study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011;34(10):747–752. doi: 10.3275/7745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccetti B, Piomboni P, Bruni E, et al. Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on sperm quality and pregnancy rate. Asian J Androl. 2004;6(2):133–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caroppo E, Niederberger C, Vizziello GM, et al. Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone as a pretreatment for idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril. 2003;80(6):1398–1403. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(03)02202-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbonetti A, Calogero AE, Balercia G, et al. The use of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for the treatment of the infertile man: position statement from the Italian Society of Andrology and sexual Medicine (SIAMS). J Endocrinol Invest. 2018;41(9):1107–1122. doi: 10.1007/s40618-018-0843-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colpi GM, Francavilla S, Haidl G, et al. European Academy of Andrology guideline management of oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia. Andrology. 2018;6(4):513–524. doi: 10.1111/andr.12502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti D, La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone treatment in normogonadotropic infertile men. Nat Rev Urol. 2013;10(1):55–62. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlin A, Vinanzi C, Selice R, et al. Toward a pharmacogenetic approach to male infertility: polymorphism of follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit promoter. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(6):1344–1349.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.09.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongioì LM, Condorelli RA, Alamo A, et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone treatment and male idiopathic infertility: effects on sperm parameters and oxidative stress indices according to FSHR c. 2039 A/G and c. -29 G/A genotypes. J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1690. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casarini L, Moriondo V, Marino M, et al. FSHR polymorphism p.N680S mediates different responses to FSH in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014;393(1–2):83–91. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoni M, Santi D, Negri L, et al. Treatment with human, recombinant FSH improves sperm DNA fragmentation in idiopathic infertile men depending on the FSH receptor polymorphism p.N680S: a pharmacogenetic study. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(9):1960–1969. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Arjona M, Díaz J, Cortes I, et al. Relationship between gonadotrophin secretion, inhibin B and spermatogenesis in oligozoospermic men treated with highly purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (uFSH-HP): a preliminary report. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;107(1):47–51. doi: 10.1016/S0301-2115(02)00313-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett JM, Weinbauer GF, Nieschlag E. Differential effects of FSH and testosterone on the maintenance of spermatogenesis in the adult hypophysectomized rat. J Endocrinol. 1989;121(1):49–58. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1210049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amory JK, Coviello AD, Page ST, et al. Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone strongly correlates with intratesticular testosterone in gonadotropin-suppressed normal men receiving various dosages of human chorionic gonadotropin. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(2):380–386. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima TFN, Rakitina E, Blachman-Braun R, et al. Evaluation of a serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone as a predictor of semen parameter improvement in men undergoing medical treatment for infertility. Can Urol Assoc J. 2021;15(7):E340–E5. doi: 10.5489/cuaj.6846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouzannar A, Narasimman M, Patel P, et al. Using 17-OHP as serum biomarker to monitor therapy in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):180–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foresta C, Selice R, Moretti A, et al. Gonadotropin administration after gonadotropin-releasing-hormone agonist: a therapeutic option in severe testiculopathies. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1326–1332. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar