Measuring the Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability

References

• Active Living by Design (ALbD) (undated) Active Living by Design: Increasing Physical Activity Through Community Design. Available at http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/ (accessed 28 December 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , C. 1965 . A city is not a tree . Architectural Forum , 122 ( 1&2 ) : 58 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , C. , Ishikawa , S. and Silverstein , M. 1977 . A Pattern Language?—Towns Buildings Construction , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Appleyard , D. 1969 . Why buildings are known . Environment and Behavior , 1 : 131 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , H. 1993 . Trees in Urban Design , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenfeld , H. 1953 . Scale in civic design . Town Planning Review , 24, April : 35 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2005) About Healthy Places. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/about.htm (accessed 28 December 2005).
   Google Scholar
• City of Davis (CA) . undated . Davis Downtown and Traditional Residential Neighborhood Design Guidelines Appendix: 129. Available at www.city.davis.ca.us/pb/design/pdfs/final-appendix.pdf
   Google Scholar
• City of Denver (CO) . 1993 . Streetscape Design Manual: 46 Available at www.denvergov.org/admin/template3/forms/Streetscape.pdf
   Google Scholar
• City of Raleigh (NC) . 2002 . Urban Design Guidelines. Raleigh Comprehensive Plan: 3-5.31 Available at www.raleigh-nc.org/planning/CP/Text/Chapter_03/PART%205%20URBAN%20DESIGN%20GUIDELINES.PDF
   Google Scholar
• City of San Jose (CA) . 2004 . Downtown Design Guidelines: 69 Available at www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/dg_downtown.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Clemente , O. , Ewing , R. , Handy , S. and Brownson , R. 2005 . Measuring Urban Design Qualities—An Illustrated Field Manual , Princeton, NJ : Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . Available at http://www.activelivingresearch.org/downloads/fieldmanual_071605.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cullen , G. 1961 . The Concise Townscape , London : Reed Educational and Professional Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Duany , A. and Plater-Zyberk , E. 1992 . The second coming of the American small town . Wilson Quarterly , 16 : 19 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Elshestaway , Y. 1997 . Urban complexity: toward the measurement of the physical complexity of streetscapes . Journal of Architectural and Planning Research , 14 : 301 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , G. W. , Smith , C. and Pezdah , K. 1982 . Cognitive maps and urban form . Journal of the American Planning Association , 48 ( 2 ) : 232 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. 1996 . Pedestrian- and Transit-Friendly Design , Tallahaseee, FL : Florida Department of Transportation .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. 2000 . Asking transit users about transit-oriented design . Transportation Research Record , 1735 : 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. , King , M. , Raudenbush , S. and Clemente , O. 2005a . Turning highways into main streets: two innovations in planning methodology . Journal of the American Planning Association , 71 : 269 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. , Clemente , O. , Handy , S. , Brownson , R. and Winston , E. 2005b . Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability—Final Report , Princeton, NJ : Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . Available at www.activelivingresearch.org/downloads/finalreport_071605.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. , Handy , S. , Brownson , R. , Clemente , O. and Winston , E. 2006 . Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability . Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 3 : s223 – s240 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gehl , J. 1987 . Life Between Buildings–Using Public Space , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Handy, S. (1992) Regional versus local accessibility: variations in suburban form and the effects on nonwork travel. Unpublished Dissertation, University of California Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Health & Society News . 2006 . Aesthetic features of pedestrian-friendly cities . 2 ( 4 ) : 1 – 6 . New York, Columbia University
   Google Scholar
• Heath , T. , Smith , S. and Lim , B. 2000 . The complexity of tall building facades . Journal of Architectural and Planning Research , 17 ( 3 ) : 206 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedman , R. 1984 . Fundamentals of Urban Design , Chicago, IL : American Planning Association .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , A. 1993 . Great Streets , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , A. and Appleyard , D. 1987 . Toward an urban design manifesto . Journal of the American Planning Association , 53 : 112 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. 1961 . The Death and Life of Great American Cities , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1989) The Experience of Nature—A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kay , J. H. 1997 . Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took over America, and How We Can Take It Back , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lennard , S. H. C. and Lennard , H. L. 1987 . Livable Cities—People and Places: Social and Design Principles for the Future of the City, Center for Urban Well-Being , New York : Southhampton .
   Google Scholar
• Llewelyn-Davies . 2000 . Urban Design Compendium , London : English Partnerships/The Housing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , K. 1960 . The Image of the City , Cambridge, MA : Joint Center for Urban Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Nasar , J. L. 1987 . The effect of sign complexity and coherence on the perceived quality of retail scenes . Journal of the American Planning Association , 53 : 499 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelessen , A. 1994 . Visions for a New American Dream , Washington DC : American Planning Association .
   Google Scholar
• Placer County (CA) (2003) Placer County Design Guidelines: 115. Available at www.placer.ca.gov/upload/cdr/cdr%20%20%20planning/documents/communityplans/design-guidelines.pdf (http://www.placer.ca.gov/upload/cdr/cdr%20%20%20planning/documents/communityplans/design-guidelines.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Rapoport , A. 1990 . History and Precedent in Environmental Design , New York : Kluwer Academic Publishers, Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rapoport , A. and Hawkes , R. 1970 . The perception of urban complexity . Journal of the American Institute of Planners , 36 : 106 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamps , A. E. 1998 . Measures of architectural mass: from vague impressions to definite design features . Environment and Planning B , 25 : 825 – 836 .
   Google Scholar
• Stamps , A. E. 1999 . Sex, complexity, and preferences for residential facades . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 88 : 1301 – 1312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamps , A. E. 2005 . Enclosure and safety in urbanscapes . Environment and Behavior , 37 ( 1 ) : 102 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamps , A. E. and Smith , S. 2002 . Environmental enclosure in urban settings . Environment and Behavior , 34 ( 6 ) : 781 – 794 .
   Google Scholar
• Stamps , A. E. , Nasar , J. L. and Hanyu , K. 2005 . Planner's notebook: using pre-construction validation to regulate urban skylines . Journal of the American Planning Association , 71 : 73 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trancik , R. 1986 . Finding Lost Space—Theories of Urban Design , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Tunnard , C. and Pushkarev , B. 1963 . Man-Made America—Chaos or Control? , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Whyte , W. H. 1988 . City—Rediscovering the Center , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar