Perception of density by pedestrians on urban paths: an experiment in virtual reality

References

• Alexander, C. 1987. A New Theory of Urban Design. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Adkins, A., J. Dill, G. Luhr, and M. Neal. 2012. “Unpacking Walkability: Testing the Influence of Urban Design Features on Perceptions of Walking Environment Attractiveness.” Journal of Urban Design 17 (4): 499–510.10.1080/13574809.2012.706365
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, H. 1993. Trees in Urban Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, I., J. R. Wherrett, and D. R. Miller. 2001. “Assessment of Path Choices on a Country Walk Using a Virtual Environment.” Landscape and Urban Planning 52 (4): 225–237.10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00118-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borukhov, E. 1978. “Trade-off between Density and Other Objectives: A Re-Examination of Planning Norms.” GeoJournal 2 (1): 71–80.10.1007/BF00212580
   Google Scholar
• Bulthoff, H. H., and H. A. H. C. van Veen. 2001. “Vision and Actions in Virtual Environments: Modern Psychophysics in Spatial Cognition Research.” In Vision and Attention, edited by M. Jenkin and L. Harris, 233–252. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, X., S. L. Handy, and P. L. Mokhtarian. 2006. “The Influences of the Built Environment and Residential Self-Selection on Pedestrian Behavior: Evidence from Austin, TX.” Transportation 33 (1): 1–20.10.1007/s11116-005-7027-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchman, A. 1999. “Disentangling the Concept of Density.” Journal of Planning Literature 13 (4): 389–411.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy-Dalton, R. 2001. Spatial Navigation in Immersive Virtual Environments. PhD diss. Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London.
   Google Scholar
• Dooley, K. 2002. “Simulation Research Methods.” In Companion to Organizations, edited by J. Baum, 829–848. London: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., and S. Handy. 2009. “Measuring the Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability.” Journal of Urban Design 14 (1): 65–84.10.1080/13574800802451155
   Google Scholar
• Feitelson, E. 1992. “Consumers Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Water-Related Residences in Non-Urban Settings: A Vignette Analysis.” Regional Studies 26 (1): 49–68.10.1080/00343409212331346771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Gewirtzman, D. 2015. “Is Perception Quantifiable? Combining Measurements of Space with Quality of the View”. ACE2015. 3rd Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering, Singapore. Proceedings 2: 630–637.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher-Gewirtzman, D. 2016a. “The Association between Perceived Density in Minimum Apartments and Spatial Openness Index Three-Dimensional Visual Analysis.” Environment and Planning B; Planning and Design. 44 (4): 764–795.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher-Gewirtzman, D. 2016b. “Integrating Weighted Views to Quantitative 3D Visibility Analysis as a Predictive Tool for Perception of Space.” Environment and Planning B; Planning and Design. doi: 10.1177/0265813516676486.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher-Gewirtzman, D. 2017. “Can 3D Visibility Calculations along a Path Predict the Perceived Density of Participants Immersed in a Virtual Reality Environment?” 11th Space Syntax Symposium, Lisbon, 3-7 July 2017)
   Google Scholar
• Fisher-Gewirtzman, D., M. Burt, and Y. Tzamir. 2003. “A 3-D Visual Method for Comparative Evaluation of Dense Built-up Environments.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30 (4): 575–587.10.1068/b2941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth, A., and M. Southworth. 2008. “Cities Afoot—Pedestrians, Walkability and Urban Design.” Editorial, Journal of Urban Design 13 (1): 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson, B., I. Knez, M. Hedblom, and Å. Sang. February 2017. “Effects of Biodiversity and Environment-Related Attitude on Perception of Urban Green Space.” Urban Ecosystems 20 (1): 37–49.10.1007/s11252-016-0581-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy. S., X. Cao and P. L. Mokhtarian. 2007. “Self-Selection in the Relationship between the Built Environment and Walking: Empirical Evidence from Northern California.” Journal of the American Planning Association 71 (1): 55–74 | Published online: 26 Nov 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Hedman, R., and A. Jaszewski. 1984. Fundamentals of Urban Design. Chicago: American Planning Association.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. 1993. Great Streets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A., and D. Appleyard. 1987. “Toward an Urban Design Manifesto.” Journal of the American Planning Association 53 (1): 112–120.10.1080/01944368708976642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuliga, S. F., T. Thrash, R. Dalton, and C. Hölscher. 2015. “Virtual Reality as an Empirical Research Tool — Exploring User Experience in a Real Building and a Corresponding Virtual Model.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 54: 363–375.10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kultsova, A., B. Tuncer, and G. Schmitt. 2013. “Visibility Analysis for 3D Urban Environments: Research Development and Practical Application.” Models of Computation: Human Factors 2—Computation and Performance—ECAADe 375–383.
   Google Scholar
• Lange, E., and P. V. Schaeffer. 2001. “A Comment on the Market Value of a Room with a View.” Landscape and Urban Planning 55 (2): 113–120.10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00148-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavridou, M., C. Hoelscher, and C. Kalf. 2009. “The Impact of Different Building Height Configurations on Navigation and Wayfinding.” In D. Koch, L. Marcus, & J. Steen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium, 072:1–072:11. Stockholm: KTH.
   Google Scholar
• Mavridou, M. 2012. “Perceptions of Three-Dimensional Urban Scale in an Immersive Virtual Environment.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 39 (1): 33–47.10.1068/b34049
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, V. 2008. “Walkable Streets: Pedestrian Behavior, Perceptions and Attitudes.” Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 1 (3): 217-245 | Published online: 26 Nov 2008
   Google Scholar
• Natapov, A., and D. Fisher-Gewirtzman. 2016. “‘Visibility of Urban Activities and Pedestrian Routes: An Experiment in a Virtual Environment’. Computers.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 58: 60–70.10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostoića, S. K., C. Cecil, K. van den Boschb, D. Vuletićc, M. Stevanov, I. Živojinović, S. Mutabdžija-Bećirović, et al. 2017. “Citizens’ Perception of and Satisfaction with Urban Forests and Green Space: Results from Selected Southeast European Cities.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 23: 93–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paar, P. 2006. “Landscape Visualizations: Applications and Requirements of 3D Visualization Software for Environmental Planning.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 30 (6): 815–839.10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2005.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portman, M., A. Natapov, and D. Fisher-Gewirtzman. 2015. “To Go Where No Man Has Gone before: Virtual Reality in Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems (CEUS) Special Issue on ‘The Use of Virtual Reality for Environmental Representations’ 54: 376–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shushan, Y., J. Portugali, and E. Blumenfeld-Lieberthal. 2016. “Using Virtual Reality Environments to Unveil the Imageability of the City in Homogenous and Heterogeneous Environments.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 58: 29–38.10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamps, A. E. 2011. “Effects of Area, Height, Elongation, and Color on Perceived Spaciousness.” Environment and Behavior 43 (2): 252–273.10.1177/0013916509354696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trancik, R. 1986. Finding Lost Space: The Theories of Urban Spatial Design. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Tahrani, S., and G. Moreau. 2008. “Integration of Immersive Walking to Analyze Urban Daylighting Ambiences.” Journal of Urban Design 13 (1): 99–123.10.1080/13574800701803506
   Google Scholar
• Wiener, J. M., and G. Franz. 2005. “Exploring Isovist-based Correlates of Spatial Behaviour and Experience”. Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, S., S. Song, and Y. Zhang. 2014. “Experimental Research in Urban Spatial Cognition by Using Virtual Reality Technology.” Athens of Technology Engineering 1 (1): 19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Zacharias, J. 2001. “Pedestrian Behavior and Perception in Urban Walking Environments.” Journal of Planning Literature 16 (1): 3–18.10.1177/08854120122093249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharias, J., A. Stamps, and A. 2004. “Perceived Building Density as a Function of Layout.” Psychological Reports: Perceptual and Motor Skills 98: 777–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar