Urban opportunities and conflicts around street musicians: the relationship between the configuration of public space and outdoor acoustics in Ciutat Vella, Barcelona

References

• Aenor, A. n.d. “Norma UNE-EN ISO 3382:2001.” Accessed 2 December 2019. https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/norma?c=N0024618
   Google Scholar
• Ajuntament de Barcelona. 2019. Normativa Música Al Carrer De Barcelona. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Al Sayed, K., A. Turner, and S. Hanna, 2009. “Cities as Emergent Models: The Morphological Logic of Manhattan and Barcelona.” In Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium. http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/16411/
   Google Scholar
• Aragüez, M., and S. Psarra. 2017. “Spatial and Social Patterns of an Urban Interior. The Architecture of SANAA.” Journal of Space Syntax 7 (2): 193–218.
   Google Scholar
• Arau Puchades, H. 1999. ABC de la acústica arquitectónica. Ediciones CEAC. Accessed 24 August 2017. http://cataleg.upc.edu/search~S1*cat?/Xhigini+arau&searchscope=1&SORT=D/Xhigini+arau&searchscope=1&SORT=D&searchtype_aux=X&SUBKEY=higini+arau/1%2C4%2C4%2CB/frameset&FF=Xhigini+arau&searchscope=1&SORT=D&2%2C2%2C
   Google Scholar
• Bada, Y., and A. Farhi. 2009. “Experiencing Urban Spaces: Isovist Properties and Spatial Use of Plazas.” Courrier Du Savoir 9: 101–112.
   Google Scholar
• Barron, M. 1993. Auditorium acoustics and architectural design. London: E & FN Spon. Accessed 9 November 2017. https://www.abebooks.com/9780419177104/Auditorium-Acoustics-Architectural-Design-Michael-0419177108/plp
   Google Scholar
• Benedikt, M. L. 1979. “To Take Hold of Space: Isovists and isovists Fields.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 6: 47–65. doi:10.1068/b060047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, A., and I. Rogers. 2014. “Street Music, Technology and the Urban Soundscape.” Continuum 28 (4): 454–464. doi:10.1080/10304312.2014.893991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beranek, L. 1962. Concert Halls and Opera Houses. New York, NY: Springer. Accessed 24 August 2017. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-21636-2
   Google Scholar
• Beranek, L. L. 1954. Acoustics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Black, C. 2013a. “Comparisons with Agents Space Syntax Movement and Speech Propagation.” Web Page. Accessed 28 September 2017. https://conorblack.wordpress.com/2013/07/04/comparisons-with-agents-space-syntax-movement-and-speech-propagation/
   Google Scholar
• Black, C. 2013b. “Comparisons with Space Syntax and ‘sound Syntax’.” Web Page. Accessed 28 September 2017. https://conorblack.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/comparison-with-space-syntax-and-sound-syntax/
   Google Scholar
• Black, C. 2013c. “Genetic Algorithms and Sound Propagation.” Web Page. Accessed 28 September 2017. https://conorblack.wordpress.com/2013/07/25/genetic-algorithms-and-sound-propagation/
   Google Scholar
• Black, S. 2014. “‘street Music’, Urban Ethnography and Ghettoized Communities.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38 (2): 700–705. Accessed 4 September 2018. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12098.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohigas, O. 1983. Plans I Projectes per a Barcelona : 1981/1982. Barcelona: Ajuntament. Àrea d’Urbanisme.
   Google Scholar
• Busquets, J. 2003. The Old Town of Barcelona: A past with a Future. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona/UPC-LUB.
   Google Scholar
• Busquets, J. 2014. Barcelona: The Urban Evolution of a Compact City. Boston: Applied Research + Design publishing, Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Bywater, M. 2007. “Performing Spaces: Street Music and Public Territory.” Twentieth-Century Music 3 (1): 97–120. Accessed 4 September 2018. doi:10.1017/S1478572207000345.
   Google Scholar
• Carrión, A. 1998. Diseño acústico de espacios arquitectónicos. Barcelona: Edicions UPC.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz, N. 2016. “Los Músicos Callejeros De Barcelona Denuncian El Acoso Que Sufren Por el Ayuntamiento.” El Periódico. Accessed 27 September 2017. https://www.elperiodico.com/es/sociedad/20160815/musicos-callejeros-denuncian-el-acoso-al-que-les-somete-el-ayuntamiento-de-barcelona-5325622
   Google Scholar
• Culagovski, R., M. Greene, and R. Mora. 2014. “Development of 3D VGA Tools: An Application in a Case of Weak Heritage in Valparaiso, Chile.” Ingeniería E Investigación 34 (3): 31–36. doi:10.15446/ing.investig.v34n3.43245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Arruda Campos, M. B., and T. Golka, 2005. “Public Spaces Revisted: A Study of the Relationship between Patterns of Stationary Activity and Visual Fields.” In Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by A. Van Nes, 545–553. Delft: Technical University of Delft.
   Google Scholar
• Dzhambov, A., D. D. Dimitrova, and T. H. Turnovska. 2014. “Improving Traffic Noise Simulations Using Space Syntax: Preliminary Results from Two Roadway Systems.” Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 65 (3): 259–272. Accessed 28 September 2017. doi:10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gade, A. 2007. “Acoustics in Ha 9. Acoustics in Halls for Speech and Music.” In Handbook of Acoustics, 301–350. Springer. Accessed 10 April 2018. https://ccrma.stanford.edu/courses/318/mini-courses/papers/rooms/Gade - Handbook Ch9.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gehl, J. 1987. Life between Buildings: Using Public Space. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Gehl, J. 2010. Cities for People. Washington, DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guerreiro, M., I. Guarda, V. Medeiros, and V. Loureiro. 2015. “Seeing, Standing and Sitting: The Architecture of Co-Presence in Small Urban Spaces presence in small urban spaces.” In CITTA 8th Annual Conference on Planning Research. Porto.
   Google Scholar
• Hasham, N. 2012. “Buskers Produce Plenty of Sound - and Some Fury.” The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 27 September 2017. http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/buskers-produce-plenty-of-sound–and-some-fury-20121229-2c07l.html
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, B. 1988. “Against Enclosure.” In Rehumanizing Housing, edited by N. Teymur, T. A. Markus, and T. Woolley, 63–68. London: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, B., and S. Lida. 2005. “Network and Psychological Effects in Urban Movement.” In Spatial Information Theory. COSIT 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, edited by G. A. Cohn, 475–490. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Accessed 17 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, B., A. Penn, J. Hanson, T. Grajewski, and J. Xu. 1993. “Natural Movement: Or, Configuration and Attraction in Urban Pedestrian movement.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 20 (1): 29–66. doi:10.1068/b200029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier, B., and O. Sahbaz. 2009. “An Evidence Based Approach to Crime and Urban Design.” In Designing Sustainable Cities: Decision-making Tools and Resources for Design, edited by R. Cooper, G. Evans, and C. Boyko, 163–186. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. Accessed 12 March 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18540/
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, B., and A. Penn. 1996. “Cities as Movement Economies.” Urban Design International 1: 49–60. doi:10.1057/udi.1996.5.
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, B., and J. Hanson. 1984. The Social Logic of Space. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, B., T. Yang, and A. Turner. 2012. “Normalising Least Angle Choice in Depthmap and It Opens up New Perspectives on the Global and Local Analysis of City Space.” Journal of Space Syntax 3 (2): 155–193.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, J. 2000a. “Sound Propagation in Street Canyons: Comparison between Diffusely and Geometrically Reflecting Boundaries.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107 (3): 1394–1404. Accessed 9 November 2017. doi:10.1121/1.428580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, J. 2000b. “Sound Propagation in Street Canyons: Comparison between Diffusely and Geometrically Reflecting Boundaries.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107 (3): 1394. Accessed 2 March 2018. doi:10.1121/1.428580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, J., and B. Schulte-Fortkamp. 2016. Soundscape and the Built Environment. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Karimi, K. 2012. “A Configurational Approach to Analytical Urban Design: ‘space Syntax’ Methodology.” URBAN DESIGN International 17 (4): 297–318. doi:10.1057/udi.2012.19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsbury, P., G. J. Andrews, and R. Kearns. 2014. Soundscapes of Wellbeing in Popular Music. New York: Routledge. Accessed 4 September 2018. https://books.google.es/books?hl=es‎&id=aJ3eCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA159&dq=street+music&ots=_XTkcDw5lK&sig=68f5lP8OQlKTGZKJFQLatMhb5dA#v=onepage&q=street music&f=false
   Google Scholar
• Koziol, M. 2013. “Tuneless, Boring, Sometimes Scary: Too Many Buskers Lack the Wow Factor.” The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 27 September 2017. http://www.smh.com.au/comment/tuneless-boring-sometimes-scary-too-many-buskers-lack-the-wow-factor-20130818-2s4wn.html
   Google Scholar
• Li,Y., X. Longzhu, Y. Yu, X. Wangtu, and A. Law. 2016. “Understanding Tourist Space at a Historic Site through space Syntax Analysis: The Case of Gulangyu, China.” Tourism Management 52: 30–43. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorca, J. H. Zapata, J. Alba, E. Redondo and D. Fonseca 2018. “Evaluation between Virtual Acoustic Model and Real Acoustic Scenarios for Urban Representation.” In From Natural to Artificial Intelligence - Algorithms and Applications, edited by R. Lopez-Ruiz, IntechOpen. doi:10.5772/intechopen.78330.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, L. 2007. “Social Housing and Segregation in Sweden: From Residential segregation to social Integration in Public Space.” Progress in Planning 67 (3): 251–263.
   Google Scholar
• McNamara, L., and J. Quilter. 2016. “Street Music and the Law in Australia: Busker Perspectives on the Impact of Local Council Rules and Regulations.” Journal of Musicological Research 35 (2): 113–127. Accessed 27 September 2017. doi:10.1080/01411896.2016.1161477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalopoulou, K., and A. Touloumis, 2015. “Structural Correlations between Music, Architecture and Cinema: Rhythmical Description of the Parthenon Frieze.” In Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by K. Karimi. Accessed 28 September 2017. http://www.sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/SSS10_Proceedings_028.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Millán, A., F. Lazo, and D. López, 2012. “Organic and Inorganic Overlapping in Old Barcelona.” In Proceedings of the 8th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by M. Greene, J. Reyes, and A. Castro. Santiago de Chile.
   Google Scholar
• Montaner, J. M., F. Álvarez, Z. Muxí, and R. Casanovas, eds. 2014. Reader. Model Barcelona 1973–2013. Barcelona: Comanegra.
   Google Scholar
• Morais, F. et al. 2017. “3D Space Syntax Analysis. Case Study: Casa Da Musica.” In Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium, edited by T. Heitor, M. Serra, J. Pinelo Silva, M. Bacharel, and L. Cannas da Silva. Lisbon.
   Google Scholar
• Nubani, L., and J. Wineman, 2005. “The Role of Space Syntax in Identifying the Relationship between Space and Crime.” In Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by A. Van Nes. Delft. Accessed 28 September 2017. http://spacesyntax.tudelft.nl/media/Long papers I/lindanubani.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Penn, A. 2005. “The Complexity of the Elementary Interface: Shopping Space.” In Proceedings of the 5th Space Syntax Symposium, edited by A. Van Nes, 25–43. Delft.
   Google Scholar
• Penn, A., J. Desyllas, and L. Vaughan. 1999. “The Space of Innovation: Interaction and Communication in the Work Environment.” Environment and Planning B Planning and Design 26 (2): 193–218. doi:10.1068/b4225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peponis, J., R. Conroy-Dalton, and J. Wineman. 2004. “Measuring the Effects of Layout upon Visitors: Spatial Behaviors in Open Plan Exhibition Settings.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 31: 453–473.
   Google Scholar
• Prato, P. 1984. “Music in the Streets: The Example of Washington Square Park in New York City.” Popular Music 4: 151–163. doi:10.1017/S0261143000006206.
   Google Scholar
• Psarra, S. et al. 2007. “Tracing the Modern: Space, Narrative, and Exploration in the Museum of Modern Art, New York.” In Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by A. S. Kubat et al. Istambul: ITÜ Faculty of Architecture.
   Google Scholar
• Psarra, S. 2009. Architecture and Narrative: The Formation of Space and Cultural Meaning. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Psarra, S. 2018. The Venice Variations. Tracing the Architectural Imagination. London: UCL Press.
   Google Scholar
• Psarra, S., C. Kickert, and A. Pluviano. 2013. “Paradigm Lost: Industrial and Post-industrial Detroit. An Analysis of the Street Network and Its Social and Economic Dimensions from 1796 to the Present.” Urban Design International 18: 257–281. doi:10.1057/udi.2013.4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sailer, K., and I. McCulloh. 2012. “Social Networks and Spatial Configuration. How Office Layouts Drive social Interaction.” Social Networks 34 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2011.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, P. 1966. Treatise on Musical Objects : An Essay across Disciplines. 6th. Oakland: Univertisy of California Press. Accessed 13 December 2017. https://books.google.es/books?id=YVQoDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=pierre+schaeffer+treatise+on+musical+objects+pdf&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSguGYsofYAhWCUBoKHaM0Bi4Q6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=violin&f=false
   Google Scholar
• Schafer, R. M. 1977. The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. Accessed 21 May 2018. https://philpapers.org/rec/SCHTSO-15
   Google Scholar
• Schank, T., and D. Wagner. 2005. “Approximating Clustering Coefficient and Transitivity.” Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications 9 (2): 265–275. doi:10.7155/jgaa.00108.
   Google Scholar
• Seamon, D., 2007. “A Lived Hermetic of People and Place: Phenomenology and Space Syntax.” In Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by A. S. Kubat et al. Istanbul. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1689
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, P. 2011. “Street Performance and the City: Public Space, Sociality, and Intervening in the Everyday.” Space and Culture 14 (4): 415–430. doi:10.1177/1206331211412270.
   Google Scholar
• Soars, B. 2009. “Driving Sales through Shoppers’ Sense of Sound, Sight, Smell and Touch.” International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 37 (3): 286–298. Accessed 15 April 2018. doi:10.1108/09590550910941535.
   Google Scholar
• Solà-Morales, M. 2008. Ten Lessons on Barcelona: Urbanistic Episodes that Have Made the Modern City. Barcelona: Col·legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya.
   Google Scholar
• Stavroulaki, G., and J. Peponis, 2005. “Seen in a Different Light: Icons in Byzantine Museums and Churches.” In Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by A. Van Nes, 251–263. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Seen+in+a+different+light.+Icons+in+Byzantine+museums+and+churches#0
   Google Scholar
• Touloumis, A., and K. Michalopoulou. 2009. “Issues of Inscription in Temporal Experience. Re-composing a Staircase.” In Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium. Stockholm. Accessed 28 September 2017. http://www.sss7.org/Proceedings/10 Architectural Research and Architectural Design/S112_Touloumis_Michalopoulou.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Turner, A., M. Doxa, D. O'Sullivan, and A. Penn. 2001. “From Isovists to Visibility Graphs: A Methodology for the Analysis of Architectural Space.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28 (1): 103–121. doi:10.1068/b2684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, A., and A. Penn, 1999. “Making Isovists Syntactic: Isovist Integration Analysis.” In Proceedings of the 2nd International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by J. Hanson, B. Hillier, and T. Stonnor, 1–9. Brasilia, Brasil.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. D., and A. J. Pretlove. 1991. Acoustics for engineers. Macmillan. Accessed 28 November 2017. https://books.google.es/books/about/Acoustics_for_engineers.html?id=DZRRAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
   Google Scholar
• Tzortzi, K. 2003. “An Approach of the Microstructure of the Gallery Space. The Case of the Sainsbury Wing.” In Proceedings of the 4th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by J. Hanson. London: University College London.
   Google Scholar
• Tzortzi, K. 2005. “Kroller-Muller Vs Louisiana: Alternative Explorations of Museum Experience.” In Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by A. Van Nes. Delft: Technical University of Delft.
   Google Scholar
• Union, E. 2002. “Directive 2002/49/EC Of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 Relating to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise.” EUR-Lex. Accessed 9 November 2017. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?qid=1399875039336&uri=CELEX%3A32002L0049
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, L. 2005. “The Relationship between Physical Segregation and Social Marginalisation in the Urban Environment.” World Architecture 185: 88–96.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, L. 2007. “The Spatial Syntax of Urban Segregation.” Progress in Planning 67 (3): 205–294. doi:10.1016/j.progress.2007.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, L., and R. Pachilova. 2017. “An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Health and Wellbeing in the Built Environment Report on the Bartlett Research Exchange on health and wellbeing in the built environment.” Bartlett Research Exchange on Health and Wellbeing in the Built Environment Summary report. Accessed 28 September 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1554732/1/BREReport2017_PRINT.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Watts, D. J., and S. H. Strogatz. 1998. “Collective Dynamics of ’small-world.” Nature 393 (June): 440–442. doi:10.1038/30918.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar