Territorial implications of criminality and religiosity in Caracas’s barrios

References

• Aguirre, J. M. 2012. “¿Hay un proceso de descristianización en el país? Informe sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela.” SIC 745: 211–222.
   Google Scholar
• Bangerter, O. 2010. “Territorial Gangs and Their Consequences for Humanitarian Players.” International Review of the Red Cross 92 (878): 387–406. doi:10.1017/S1816383110000354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannister, J., K. Kintrea, and J. Pickering. 2013. “Young People and Violent Territorial Conflict: Exclusion, Culture and the Search for Identity.” Journal of Youth Studies 16 (4): 474–490. doi:10.1080/13676261.2012.725835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benda, B. B., and N. J. Toombs. 2000. “Religiosity and Violence: Are They Related after considering the Strongest Predictors?” Journal of Criminal Justice 28 (6): 483–496. doi:10.1016/S0047-2352(00)00064-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benn, S., and G. Gaus. 1983. Public and Private in Social Life. London: Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Bolívar, T., and Y. Pedrazzini. 2008. “La Venezuela Urbana, una mirada desde los barrios.” Bitacora urbano-territorial 12 (1): 55–73.
   Google Scholar
• Borja, J., and Z. Muxí. 2001. “Centros y espacios públicos como oportunidades.” Perfiles Latinoamericanos 19: 115–130.
   Google Scholar
• Brantingham, P. J., G. E. Tita, M. B. Short, and S. E. Reid. 2012. “The Ecology of Gang Territorial Boundaries.” Criminology 50 (3): 851–885. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00281.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briceño-León, R. 2007. “Violencia Urbana en América Latina: un modelo sociológico de explicación.” Espacio Abierto 16 (3): 541–574.
   Google Scholar
• Briceño-León, R. 2008. “La violencia homicida en América Latina.” América latina hoy: Revista de ciencias sociales 50: 103–116.
   Google Scholar
• Briceño-León, R., A. Villaveces, and A. Concha-Eastman. 2008. “Understanding the Uneven Distribution of the Incidence of Homicide in Latin America.” International Journal of Epidemiology 37 (4): 751–757. doi:10.1093/ije/dyn153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brillembourg, A., and H. Klumpner. 2010. “Rules of Engagement: Caracas and the Informal City.” In Rethinking the Informal City. Critical Perspectives from Latin America, edited by F. Hernández, P. Kellett, and L. K. Allen, 119–136. New York: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brillembourg, A., K. Feireiss, and H. Klumpner, eds. 2005. Informal City: Caracas Case. Edited by German Federal Cultural Foundation. Munich, Germany: Prestel.
   Google Scholar
• Brillembourg, C. 2004. “The New Slum Urbanism of Caracas, Invasions and Settlements, Colonialism, Democracy, Capitalism and Devil Worship.” Architectural Design 74 (2): 77–81.
   Google Scholar
• Canals, R. 2018. “The Mirror Effect: Seeing and Being Seen in the Cult of María Lionza (Venezuela).” Visual Studies 33 (2): 161–171. doi:10.1080/1472586X.2018.1470902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalcanti Rocha Dos Dantos, M. 2007. Of Shacks, Houses and Fortresses: An Ethnography of Favela Consolidation in Rio De Janeiro. Illinois: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Cedeño, L. 2013. Violencia y criminalidad en el Área Metropolitana de Caracas: situación actual y propuestas de acción. Caracas, Venezuela. Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales.
   Google Scholar
• Cilento, A. 2002. “Sobre la vulnerabilidad urbana de Caracas.” Revista Venezolana de Economía y Ciencias Sociales 8 (3): 103–118.
   Google Scholar
• Collinge, W. J. 2006. “Christianity: Roman Catholicism.” In Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices, edited by T. Riggs, 242–251. Detroit: Gale.
   Google Scholar
• Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad Pública y Justicia Penal. 2015. The 50 Most Violent Cities in the World, 2014. Mexico: Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad Publica y Justicia Penal.
   Google Scholar
• Cresswell, T. 2004. Place: A Short Introduction. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Dovey, K., and R. King. 2011. “Forms of Informality: Morphology and Visibility of Informal Settlements.” Built Environment 37 (1): 11–29. doi:10.2148/benv.37.1.11.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes, S. 2012. “Urbanising the San Juan Fiesta: Civil Society and Cultural Identity in the Barrios of Caracas.” In Ethnographies of Neoliberalism, edited by C. Greenhouse, 99–111. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, C. 1986. “La procesión en la religión popular andino – quechua.” In Santuarios, expresión de religiosidad popular, edited by Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano – CELAM. Bogotá, Colombia: Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano – CELAM.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, A. 1998. The Latin American City. 2nd ed. London, UK: Latin American Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Greatorex, H. 2016. “Patronage for Revolutionaries: The Politics of Community Organising in a Venezuelan Barrio.” PhD thesis. University of East Anglia.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson, P. E. R. 2001. “Meanings of Place: Everyday Experience and Theoretical Conceptualizations.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 21 (1): 5–16. doi:10.1006/jevp.2000.0185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackenbroch, K., and S. Hossain. 2012. “The Organised Encroachment of the powerful”—Everyday Practices of Public Space and Water Supply in Dhaka, Bangladesh.” Planning Theory & Practice 13 (3): 397–420. doi:10.1080/14649357.2012.694265.
   Google Scholar
• Hagan, J. B. 2018. “The Benefits of Arbitration with Entities in Financial and Political Distress: ConocoPhillips and Venezuela.”
   Google Scholar
• Haselsberger, B. 2014. “Decoding Borders. Appreciating Border Impacts on Space and People.” Planning Theory & Practice 15 (4): 505–526. doi:10.1080/14649357.2014.963652.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, R. 1998. “Sense of Place in Developmental Context.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 18 (1): 5–29. doi:10.1006/jevp.1997.0060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, P. 2006. “Does Religion Really Reduce Crime?” The Journal of Law and Economics 49 (1): 147–172. doi:10.1086/501087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández García, J. 2013. Public Space in Informal Settlements: TheBarrios of Bogota. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera Rodríguez, J., J. M. V. Zayas, J. C. Kala, and A. M. C. Hernández. 2016. “Territorialidad, poder y agresión: Constantes en las pandillas de León, Guanajuato.” Archivos de Criminología, Seguridad Privada y Criminalística VII (17): 31–41.
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 2013. Dinámica Demográfica y Pobreza Censo 2011. edited by Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Caracas, Venezuela.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. R. 2014. “Religious Participation and Criminal Behavior.” In Effective Interventions in the Lives of Criminal Offenders, edited by J. A. Humphrey and P. Cordella, 3–18. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. R., and C. S. Schroeder. 2014. Criminology and Criminal Justice, Communities and Crime. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. R., and S. J. Jang. 2011. “Crime and Religion: Assessing the Role of the Faith Factor.” In Contemporary Issues in Criminological Theory and Research: the Role of Social Institutions, edited by R. Rosenfeld, K. Quinet, and C. Garcia, 117–149. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Kintrea, K., J. Bannister, and J. Pickering. 2010. “Territoriality and Disadvantage among Young People: An Exploratory Study of Six British Neighbourhoods.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 25 (4): 447–465. doi:10.1007/s10901-010-9195-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostof, S. 1992. The City Assembled. The Elements of Urban Form through History. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
   Google Scholar
• Kudryavtsev, A., R. C. Stedman, and M. E. Krasny. 2012. “Sense of Place in Environmental Education.” Environmental Education Research 18 (2): 229–250. doi:10.1080/13504622.2011.609615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley, D., and R. Cybriwsky. 1974. “Urban Graffiti as Territorial Markers.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 64 (4): 491–505. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1974.tb00998.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. 2014. “Constructing Ordinary Places: Place-making in Urban Informal Settlements in Mexico.” Progress in Planning 94: 1–53. doi:10.1016/j.progress.2013.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löw, M. 2013. “The City as Experiential Space: The Production of Shared Meaning.” International Journal of Urban & Regional Research 37 (3): 894–908. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madanipour, A. 2003. Public and Private Spaces of the City. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Maines, D. R. 2000. “The Social Construction of Meaning.” Contemporary Sociology 29 (4): 577–584. doi:10.2307/2654557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzo, L. C. 2005. “For Better or Worse: Exploring Multiple Dimensions of Place Meaning.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 25 (1): 67–86. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzal, M. 2002. Tierra Encantada. Tratado de Antropología Religiosa en América Latina. Navarra, Spain: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú.
   Google Scholar
• Mazumdar, S., and S. Mazumdar. 2001. “Rethinking Public and Private Space: Religion and Women in Muslim Society.” Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 18 (4): 302–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, R., R. Deuchar, S. Harding, and J. Densley. 2018. “Putting the ‘Street’in Gang: Place and Space in the Organization of Scotland’s Drug-Selling Gangs.” The British Journal of Criminology 59 (2): 396–415. doi:10.1093/bjc/azy015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, A. 2009. “El malandro y su comunidad: Violencia en el barrio.” In Inseguridad y violencia en Venezuela - Informe 2008, edited by R. Briceño-León, O. Ávila, and A. Camardiel, 274–291. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Alfa.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, A. 2011a. “Educación y violencia en la Venezuela actual.” Revista de Pedagogía 32 (90): 119–144.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, A. 2011b. “Violencia asesina en Venezuela.” Espacio Abierto 20 (1): 97–130.
   Google Scholar
• Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia. 2017. Informe del Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia 2017. Caracas, Venezuela: Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2015. “Religions of the World: Numbers of Adherents of Major Religions, Their Geographical Distribution, Date Founded, and Sacred Texts.” http://www.religioustolerance.org/worldrel.htm
   Google Scholar
• Papachristos, A. V., A. A. Braga, E. Piza, and L. S. Grossman. 2015. “The Company You Keep? The Spillover Effects of Gang Membership on Individual Gunshot Victimization in a Co-Offending Network.” Criminology 53 (4): 624–649. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering, J., K. Kintrea, and J. Bannister. 2011. “Invisible Walls and Visible Youth: Territoriality among Young People in British Cities.” Urban Studies 49 (5): 945–960. doi:10.1177/0042098011411939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering, J., K. Kintrea, and J. Bannister. 2012. “Invisible Walls and Visible Youth: Territoriality among Young People in British Cities.” Urban Studies 49 (5): 945–960. doi:10.1177/0042098011411939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak-Eltz, A. 1992. “La religiosidad popular en Venezuela.” Sociedad y Religón 9: 19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Pollak-Eltz, A. 2006. “Venezuela.” In Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices, edited by T. Riggs, 556–561. Detroit: Gale.
   Google Scholar
• Ralphs, R., J. Medina, and J. Aldridge. 2009. “Who Needs Enemies with Friends like These? The Importance of Place for Young People Living in Known Gang Areas.” Journal of Youth Studies 12 (5): 483–500. doi:10.1080/13676260903083356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangel Mora, M. 2001. “El Carácter Social del Espacio Público en Mérida. Visión Físico Espacial.” Fermentum 31: 317–338.
   Google Scholar
• Relph, E. 1976. Place and Placelessness. London, UK: Pion Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers, D., and A. Baird. 2016. “Entender a las pandillas de América Latina: una revisión de la literatura [Understanding Gangs in Contemporary Latin America].” Estudios Socio-Juri´dicos 18 (1): 13–53. doi:10.12804/esj18.01.2016.01.
   Google Scholar
• Rosas Meza, I. 2009. “La cultura constructiva informal y la transformación de los barrios caraqueños.” Bitacora urbano-territorial 15 (2): 9.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Jankowski, M. 2003. “Gangs and Social Change.” Theoretical Criminology 7 (2): 191–216. doi:10.1177/1362480603007002413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segre, R. 2010. “Formal-Informal Connections in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro: The Favela-Bairro Programme.” In Rethinking the Informal City. Critical Perspectives from Latin America, edited by F. Hernández, P. Kellett, and L. K. Allen, 163–180. New York: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sibley, D. 2005. Private/Public, Cultural Geography: A Critical Dictionary of Key Ideas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, E., V. Caradonna, and O. Galavis. 2016. CABA Cartografía de los barrios de Caracas 1966–2014. Caracas, Venezuela: Grupossa.
   Google Scholar
• Sosa Abascal, A. 1993. “Barrios Humanos.” SIC 56: 436–439.
   Google Scholar
• Sotomayor, L. 2016. “Dealing with Dangerous Spaces.” Latin American Perspectives 44 (2): 71–90. doi:10.1177/0094582X16682758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Távara, M. G., and R. M. Cueto. 2015. “Sense of Community in a Context of Community Violence.” Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community 43 (4): 304–319. doi:10.1080/10852352.2014.973305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigo, P. 1989. “Evangelización del cristianismo en los barrios de América Latina.” Revista Latinoamericana de Teologia 6 (16): 89–113.
   Google Scholar
• Trigo, P. 2008. La Cultura del Barrio. Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Centro Gumilla.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, Y. F. 1977. Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. F. C. 1976. Housing by People. Towards Autonomy in Building Environments, Ideas in Progress. London: Marion Boyars.
   Google Scholar
• Tweed, T. A. 1997. Our Lady of the Exile: Diasporic Religion at a Cuban Catholic Shrine in Miami. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ujang, N., and K. Zakariya. 2015. “The Notion of Place, Place Meaning and Identity in Urban Regeneration.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 170: 709–717. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.073.
   Google Scholar
• Valasik, M., and G. E. Tita. 2018. “Gangs and Space.” In The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Criminology, edited by J. N. Bruinsma Gerben and D. Johnson Shane, 840–867. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Varley, A. 2013. “Postcolonialising Informality?” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 31 (1): 4–22. doi:10.1068/d14410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesenfeld, E. 1997. “From Individual Need to Community Consciousness: The Dialectics between Land Appropriation and Eviction Threat.” Environment and Behavior 29: 198+. doi:10.1177/001391659702900203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesenfeld, E. 1998. “Entre la invasión y la consolidación de barrios: análisis psicosocial de la resistencia al desalojo.” Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) 3: 33–51. doi:10.1590/S1413-294X1998000100003.
   Google Scholar
• Wiesenfeld, E. 2001. La autoconstrucción. Un estudio psicosocial del significad de la vivienda. Caracas, Venezuela: Comisión de Estudios de Postgrado.
   Google Scholar
• Zubillaga, V. 2007. “Los varones y sus clamores: los sentidos de la demanda de respeto y las lógicas de la violencia entre jóvenes de vida violenta de barrios en Caracas [Young Men and Their Clamor: Senses of the Demand for Respect and the Logic of Violence Among Youth Living Violent Lives in the Barrios of Caracas].” Espacio Abierto 16 (3): 577–608.
   Google Scholar
• Zubillaga, V. 2013. “Menos desigualdad, más violencia: la paradoja de Caracas.” Nueva Sociedad 243: 104–118.
   Google Scholar