The ‘cooling urban water environments’ concept: potential for application in practice

References

• Alsaad, H., M. Hartmann, R. Hilbel, and C. Voelker. 2022. “ENVI-Met Validation Data Accompanied with Simulation Data of the Impact of Facade Greening on the Urban Microclimate.” Data in Brief 42:108200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attia, S., T. Lacombe, H. T. Rakotondramiarana, F. Garde, and G. R. Roshan. 2019. “Analysis Tool for Bioclimatic Design Strategies in Hot Humid Climates.” Sustainable Cities and Society 45:8–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortesão, J., S., L. Lenzholzer, L. Klok, C. Jacobs, and J. Kluck. 2019. “Generating Applicable Urban Design Knowledge.” Journal of Urban Design 25 (3): 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2019.1650638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortesão, J., S. Lenzholzer, J. Mülder, L. Klok, C. Jacobs, and J. Kluck. 2020. “Visual Guidelines for Climate-Responsive Urban Design.” Sustainable Cities and Society 60:102245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutts, A. M., N. J. Tapper, J. Beringer, M. Loughnan, and M. Demuzere. 2013. “Watering Our Cities: The Capacity for Water Sensitive Urban Design to Support Urban Cooling and Improve Human Thermal Comfort in the Australian Context.” Progress in Physical Geography 37 (1): 2–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312461032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graça, M., S. Cruz, A. Monteiro, and T. S. Neset. 2022. “Designing Urban Green Spaces for Climate Adaptation: A Critical Review of Research Outputs.” Urban Climate 42:101126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gromke, C., B. Blocken, W. Janssen, B. Merema, T. van Hooff, and H. Timmermans. 2015. “CFD Analysis of Transpirational Cooling by Vegetation: Case Study for Specific Meteorological Conditions during a Heat Wave in Arnhem, Netherlands.” Building and Environment 83:11–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.04.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heusinkveld, B. G., G. J. Steeneveld, L. W. A. van Hove, C. M. J. Jacobs, and A. A. M. Holtslag. 2014. “Spatial Variability of the Rotterdam Urban Heat Island as Influenced by Urban Land Use.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119 (2): 677–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/2012JD019399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2021. “Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis.” In Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, et al. edited by, 2339. USA: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, C., L. Klok, M. Bruse, J. Cortesão, S. Lenzholzer, and J. Kluck. 2020. “Are Urban Water Bodies Really Cooling?” Urban Climate 32:100607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabano, P., S. Lindley, and A. Harris. 2021. “Evidence of Urban Heat Island Impacts on the Vegetation Growing Season Length in a Tropical City.” Landscape and Urban Planning 206:103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleerekoper, L. 2016. “Urban Climate Design Improving Thermal Comfort in Dutch Neighbourhoods.” Doctoral Dissertation, Delft University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Klemm, W., S. Lenzholzer, and A. van den Brink. 2017. “Developing Green Infrastructure Design Guidelines for Urban Climate Adaptation.” Journal of Landscape Architecture 12 (3): 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2017.1425320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopmans, S., B. G. Heusinkveld, and G. J. Steeneveld. 2020. “A Standardized Physical Equivalent Temperature Urban Heat Map at 1-M Spatial Resolution to Facilitate Climate Stress Tests in the Netherlands.” Building and Environment 181:106984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., H. Mayer, and L. Chen. 2016. “Contribution of Trees and Grasslands to the Mitigation of Human Heat Stress in a Residential District of Freiburg, Southwest Germany.” Landscape and Urban Planning 148:37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzholzer, S. 2015. Weather in the City. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: nai010 publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Lindquist, M., and V. Campbell-arvai. 2021. “Co-Designing Vacant Lots Using Interactive 3d Visualizations - Development and Application of the Land. Info DSS.” Landscape and Urban Planning 210:104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., W. Cheng, C. Y. Jim, T. E. Morakinyo, Y. Shi, and E. Ng. 2021. “Heat Mitigation Benefits of Urban Green and Blue Infrastructures: A Systematic Review of Modeling Techniques, Validation and Scenario Simulation in ENVI-Met V4.” Building and Environment 200:107939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manteghi, G., H. Bin Limit, and D. Remaz. 2015. “Water Bodies an Urban Microclimate: A Review.” Modern Applied Science 9 (6): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v9n6p1.
   Google Scholar
• Marchionni, V., S. Fatichi, N. Tapper, J. P. Walker, G. Manoli, and E. Daly. 2021. “Assessing Vegetation Response to Irrigation Strategies and Soil Properties in an Urban Reserve in Southeast Australia.” Landscape and Urban Planning 215:104198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzarakis, A., M. de Rocco, and G. Najjar. 2009. “Thermal Bioclimate in Strasbourg - The 2003 Heat Wave.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 98 (3–4): 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0102-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzarakis, A., H. Mayer, and M. G. Iziomon. 1999. “Applications of a Universal Thermal Index: PET.” International Journal of Biometeorology 43 (2): 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolopoulou, M. 2011. “Outdoor Thermal Comfort.” Frontier in Bioscience 3 (4): 1552–1568. https://doi.org/10.2741/245.
   Google Scholar
• Oláh, A. B. 2012. “The Possibilities of Decreasing the Urban Heat Island.” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 10 (2): 173–183. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1002_173183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang, W., T. E. Morakinyo, C. Ren, S. Liu, and E. Ng. 2021. “Thermal-Irradiant Performance of Green Infrastructure Typologies: Field Measurement Study in a Subtropical Climate City.” Science of the Total Environment 764:144635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinner, C., and M. Hussain. 2011. “Toronto’s Urban Heat Island-Exploring the Relationship between Land Use and Surface Temperature.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 3 (6): 1251–1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3061251.
   Google Scholar
• Robitu, M., M. Musy, C. Inard, and D. Groleau. 2006. “Modelling the Influence of Vegetation and Water Pond on Urban Microclimate.” Solar Energy 80 (4): 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2005.06.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rost, A. T., V. Liste, C. Seidel, L. Matscheroth, M. Otto, F. Meier, and D. Fenner. 2020. “How Cool are Allotment Gardens? A Case Study of Nocturnal Air Temperature Differences in Berlin, Germany.” Atmosphere 11 (5): 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/ATMOS11050500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruuhela, R., A. Votsis, J. Kukkonen, K. Jylhä, S. Kankaanpää, and A. Perrels. 2021. “Temperature-Related Mortality in Helsinki Compared to Its Surrounding Region over Two Decades, with Special Emphasis on Intensive Heatwaves.” Atmosphere 12 (1): 1–1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saaroni, H., and B. Ziv. 2003. “The Impact of a Small Lake on Heat Stress in a Mediterranean Urban Park: The Case of Tel Aviv, Israel.” International Journal of Biometeorology 47 (3): 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-003-0161-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, H. 2016. “Modelling Urban Microclimate: Development, Implementation and Evaluation of New and Improved Calculation Methods for the Urban Microclimate Model ENVI-Met.” Doctoral dissertation, Mainz University.
   Google Scholar
• Solcerova, A., F. van de Ven, and N. van de Giesen. 2019. ““Nighttime Cooling of an Urban Pond”. Frontier Earth Sciences 7:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steeneveld, G. J., S. Koopmans, B. G. Heusinkveld, and N. E. Theeuwes. 2014. “Refreshing the Role of Open Water Surfaces on Mitigating the Maximum Urban Heat Island Effect.” Landscape and Urban Planning 121:92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therrien, M. C., S. Usher, and D. Matyas. 2020. “Enabling Strategies and Impeding Factors to Urban Resilience Implementation: A Scoping Review.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 28 (1): 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toparlar, Y., B. Blocken, B. Maiheu, and G. J. F. van Heijst. 2017. “A Review on the CFD Analysis of Urban Microclimate.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80:1613–1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoka, S., A. Tsikaloudaki, and T. Theodosiou. 2018. “Analyzing the ENVI-Met Microclimate Model’s Performance and Assessing Cool Materials and Urban Vegetation Applications–A Review.” Sustainable Cities and Society 43:55–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulpiani, G. 2019. “Water Mist Spray for Outdoor Cooling: A Systematic Review of Technologies, Methods and Impacts.” Applied Energy 254:113647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Völker, S., and T. Kistemann. 2011. “The Impact of Blue Space on Human Health and Well-Being - Salutogenetic Health Effects of Inland Surface Waters: A Review.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 214 (6): 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Votsis, A., R. Ruuhela, and H. Gregow. 2021. “The Socio-Spatial Patterns of Heat Stress Exposure in Helsinki on Two Hot Days of 2018 and 2019.” Ilmastokatsaus 3 (1): 22–24. https://doi.org/10.35614/-2341-6408-ik-2021-08-rl.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J., B. Shi, G. Xia, Q. Xue, and S. J. Cao. 2020. “Impacts of Urban Form on Thermal Environment near the Surface Region at Pedestrian Height: A Case Study Based on High-Density Built-Up Areas of Nanjing City in China.” Sustainability 12 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar