Corporatization of higher education through internationalization: the emergence of pathway colleges in Canada

References

• Beck, K. (2012). Globalization/s: Reproduction and resistance in the internationalization of higher education. Canadian Journal of Education, 35(3), 133–148.
   Google Scholar
• Braverman, H. (1974). Labor and monopoly capital: The degradation of work in the twentieth century. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, A., & Zhao, J. (2010). The impact of a pathway college on reputation and brand awareness for its affiliated university in Sydney. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(1), 34–47.
   Google Scholar
• Brownlee, J. (2015). Contract faculty in Canada: Using access to information requests to uncover hidden academics in Canadian universities. Higher Education, 70(5), 787–805.10.1007/s10734-015-9867-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner, L. R. (2017). Higher educational institutions as emerging immigrant selection actors: A history of British Columbia’s retention of international graduates, 2001–2016. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 1(1), 22–41.10.1080/23322969.2016.1243016
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Association of University Teachers. (2010a). Outsourcing deals face stiff opposition at Windsor, Dalhousie. Retrieved from https://bulletin-archives.caut.ca/bulletin/articles/2010/03/outsourcing-deals-face-stiff-opposition-at-windsor-dalhousie
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Association of University Teachers. (2010b). Probe questions international recruitment. Retrieved from https://bulletin-archives.caut.ca/bulletin/articles/2010/11/probe-questions-international-recruitment
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Association of University Teachers. (n.d.). The CAUT almanac of post-secondary education in Canada. Retrieved from https://www.caut.ca/latest/publications/almanac
   Google Scholar
• Cantwell, B. (2015). Are international students cash cows? Examining the relationship between new international undergraduate enrollments and institutional revenue at public colleges and universities in the US. Journal of International Students, 5(4), 512–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell, B., & Kauppinen, I. (Eds.). (2014). Academic capitalism in the age of globalization. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cardozo, K. R. (2017). Academic labor: Who cares? Critical Sociology, 43(3), 405–428.10.1177/0896920516641733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, A. S., & Fisher, D. (Eds.). (2009). The exchange university: Corporatization of academic culture. Vancouver: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• The Charlatan. (2010, October 7). Unions oppose Navitas. Retrieved from http://charlatan.ca/2010/10/unions-oppose-navitas/
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J. M. (2017). Three levels of push-pull dynamics among Chinese international students’ decision to study abroad in the Canadian context. Journal of International Students, 7(1), 113–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, B. R. (1998). Creating entrepreneurial universities: Organizational pathways of transformation, issues in higher education. New York, NY: Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Desai-Trilokekar, R., & Jones, G. (2015). Finally, an internationalization policy for Canada. International Higher Education, 71, 17–18.10.6017/ihe.2013.71.6089
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D., Metcalfe, A. S., & Field, C. (2016). The structural force exerted by marketization on higher education systems, research universities and academic researchers. In J. Côté & A. Furlong (Eds.), Routledge handbook of the sociology of higher education (pp. 1616–1630). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D., Rubenson, K., Jones, G., & Shanahan, T. (2009). The political economy of post-secondary education: A comparison of British Columbia, Ontario and Québec. Higher Education, 57(5), 549.10.1007/s10734-008-9160-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, E., & Bauder, H. (2015). The private sector, institutions of higher education, and immigrant settlement in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16(3), 539–556.10.1007/s12134-014-0369-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gappa, J. M., & Leslie, D. W. (1993). The invisible faculty: Improving the status of part-timers in higher education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Gopal, A. (2014). Canada’s immigration policies to attract international students. International Higher Education, 75, 19–21.10.6017/ihe.2014.75.5435
   Google Scholar
• Gopal, A. (2016). Visa and immigration trends: A comparative examination of international student mobility in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Strategic Enrollment Management Quarterly, 4(3), 130–141.10.1002/sem3.20091
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2014). Canada’s international education strategy: Harnessing our knowledge to drive innovation and prosperity. Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (Global Affairs Canada). Retrieved from http://international.gc.ca/global-markets-marches-mondiaux/education/strategy-strategie.aspx?lang=eng
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., & Guo, S. (2017). Internationalization of Canadian higher education: Discrepancies between policies and international student experiences. Studies in Higher Education, 42(5), 851–868.10.1080/03075079.2017.1293874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley, G. (2015). English for academic purposes in neoliberal universities: A critical grounded theory (Vol. 22). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, R., & Bowles, K. (2016). Re-engineering higher education: The subsumption of academic labour and the exploitation of anxiety. Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labor, 28, 30–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickson, B., Rosen, D., & Aune, R. K. (2011). An analysis of friendship networks, social connectedness, homesickness, and satisfaction levels of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(3), 281–295.10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, M., Thomson, A., Hulme, R., & Doughty, G. (2014). Trading places: The role of agents in international student recruitment from Africa. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 38(5), 674–689.10.1080/0309877X.2013.778965
   Google Scholar
• Jones, G. A. (2013). The horizontal and vertical fragmentation of academic work and the challenge for academic governance and leadership. Asia Pacific Education Review, 14(1), 75–83.10.1007/s12564-013-9251-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongbloed, B. (2003). Marketisation in higher education, Clark’s triangle and the essential ingredients of markets. Higher Education Quarterly, 57(2), 110–135.10.1111/hequ.2003.57.issue-2
   Google Scholar
• Jungblut, J., & Vukasovic, M. (2017). Not all markets are created equal: Re-conceptualizing market elements in higher education. Higher Education, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, T. (2010). Transnational academic mobility, knowledge, and identity capital. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 31(5), 577–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, T. (2017). Academic mobility, transnational identity capital, and stratification under conditions of academic capitalism. Higher Education, 73(6), 981–997.10.1007/s10734-017-0118-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. J., Rhoades, G., & Maldonado-Maldonado, A. (2006). The political economy of international student flows: Patterns, ideas, and propositions. In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. XXI, pp. 545–590). Dordecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, J. S. (2017). Community colleges and new universities under neoliberal pressures. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.10.1057/978-1-137-48020-0
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, M., & Mickleburgh, R. (2010, October 16). Chinese pay dearly for Canadian ‘education.’ The Globe and Mail, Toronto, ON, p. A.4.
   Google Scholar
• Marginson, S. (2013). The impossibility of capitalist markets in higher education. Journal of Education Policy, 28(3), 353–370.10.1080/02680939.2012.747109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marginson, S. (2016). Public/private in higher education: A synthesis of economic and political approaches. Studies in Higher Education, 1–16. doi:10.1080/03075079.2016.1168797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marginson, S., Nyland, C., Sawir, E., & Forbes-Mewett, H. (2010). International student security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511751011
   Google Scholar
• McCartney, D. M. (2016). Inventing international students: Exploring discourses in international student policy talk, 1945–75. Historical Studies in Education/Revue d’histoire de l’éducation, 28(2). Retrieved from http://historicalstudiesineducation.ca/hse/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/view/4457
   Google Scholar
• Means, A. J. (2017). Generational precarity, education, and the crisis of capitalism: Conventional, neo-Keynesian, and Marxian perspectives. Critical Sociology, 43(3), 339–354.10.1177/0896920514564088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe, A. S. (2010). Revisiting academic capitalism in Canada: No longer the exception. The Journal of Higher Education, 81(4), 489–514.10.1080/00221546.2010.11779062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar, K. M. (2017). Toward a critical politics of precarity. Sociology Compass, 11(6). doi:10.1111/soc4.12483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, G., & Wood, J. (2017). The ‘academic career’ in the era of flexploitation. In E. Armano, A. Bove, & A. Murgia (Eds.), Mapping precariousness, labour insecurity and uncertain livelihoods: Subjectivities and resistance (pp. 82–97). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Moten, F., & Harney, S. (1999). The academic speed-up. Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labor, 4, 23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Muzzin, L. (2009). How fares equity in an era of academic capitalism? The role of contingent faculty. In A. S. Chan & D. Fisher (Eds.), The exchange university (pp. 105–124). Vancouver: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo, R. (2016). The competition fetish in higher education: Varieties, animators and consequences. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(1), 1–10.10.1080/01425692.2015.1116209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimijean, R. (2005). Articulating the ‘Canadian Way’: Canada™ and the political manipulation of the Canadian identity. British Journal of Canadian Studies, 18(1), 26–52.10.3828/bjcs.18.1.2
   Google Scholar
• Pusser, B., Kempner, K., Marginson, S., & Ordorika, I. (Eds.). (2012). Universities and the public sphere: Knowledge creation and state building in the era of globalization. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rhoades, G. (2014). Extending academic capitalism by forgrounding academic labour. In B. Cantwell & I. Kauppinen (Eds.), Academic capitalism in the age of globalization (pp. 113–134). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rhoades, G. (2017). Bread and roses, and quality too? A new faculty majority negotiating the new academy. The Journal of Higher Education, 88(5), 645–671.10.1080/00221546.2016.1257310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoades, G., & Stensaker, B. (2017). Bringing organisations and systems back together: Extending Clark’s entrepreneurial university. Higher Education Quarterly, 71(2), 129–140.10.1111/hequ.2017.71.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi, F. (2009). Towards cosmopolitan learning. Discourse: Studies in the cultural politics of education, 30(3), 253–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakurai, T., McCall-Wolf, F., & Kashima, E. S. (2010). Building intercultural links: The impact of a multicultural intervention programme on social ties of international students in Australia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(2), 176–185.10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawir, E., Marginson, S., Forbes-Mewett, H., Nyland, C., & Ramia, G. (2012). International student security and English language proficiency. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(5), 434–454.10.1177/1028315311435418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze-Cleven, T., & Olson, J. R. (2017). Worlds of higher education transformed: Toward varieties of academic capitalism. Higher Education, 73(6), 813–831.10.1007/s10734-017-0123-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, C., Safdar, S., Desai Trilokekar, R., & El Masri, A. (2015). International Students as ‘Ideal Immigrants’ in Canada: A disconnect between policy makers’ assumptions and the lived experiences of international students. Comparative and International Education/Éducation comparée et internationale, 43(3), article 5. Retrieved from http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cie-eci/vol43/iss3/5
   Google Scholar
• SFU News. (2016, April 4). Celebrating a decade of success and growth at Fraser International College. Retrieved from https://www.sfu.ca/sfunews/stories/2016/celebrating-a-decade-of-success-and-growth-at-fraser-internation.html
   Google Scholar
• Slaughter, S. (2014). Retheorizing academic capitalism: Actors, mechanisms, fields, and networks. In B. Cantwell & I. Kauppinen (Eds.), Academic capitalism in the age of globalization (pp. 10–32). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slaughter, S., & Leslie, L. L. (1997). Academic capitalism: Politics, policies, and the entrepreneurial university. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slaughter, S., & Rhoades, G. (2004). Academic capitalism and the new economy: Markets, state, and higher education. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, S. (2017). National exceptionalism in the ‘EduCanada’ brand: Unpacking the ethics of internationalization marketing in Canada. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, S., & de Andreotti, V. O. (2016). Cash, competition, or charity: International students and the global imaginary. Higher Education, 72(2), 225–239.10.1007/s10734-015-9949-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromquist, N. P. (2017). The professoriate: The challenged subject in US higher education. Comparative Education, 53(1), 132–146.10.1080/03050068.2017.1254975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, C., & Esses, V. M. (2016). Helping the transition: Mentorship to support international students in Canada. Journal of International Students, 6(4), 873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trilokekar, R. D., & El Masri, A. (2016). The ‘[h]unt for new Canadians begins in the classroom’: The construction and contradictions of Canadian policy discourse on international education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 1–13. doi:10.1080/14767724.2016.1222897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk, J. L. (2017). The landscape of the contemporary university. Canadian Journal of Communication, 42(1), 3–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Universities Canada. (2018). Membership and governance. Retrieved from https://www.univcan.ca/about-us/membership-and-governance/
   Google Scholar
• Usher, A., & Williams, J. (2015). Beyond tenure: Faculty employment protection at Canadian universities. Higher Education Strategy Associates. Retrieved from http://higheredstrategy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/HESA-Intelligence-Brief-11-Exigency.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wang, P. (2016). A study of drop-out Chinese international students from a Canadian pre-university English language improvement program: Acculturation experiences and challenges (Master of Education). University of Windsor, Windsor, ON. Retrieved from http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5873/
   Google Scholar
• Yogesh, B., & Neatby, S. (2017, October 11). B.C. students allege overcharging, fraud by international recruiters; some in industry say oversight almost non-existent in Canada. The Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, BC, p. A.10.
   Google Scholar