The Effectiveness of Teachers in Nigerian Secondary Schools: The Role of Instructional Leadership of Principals

References

• Abdulrasheed, O., & Bello, A. S. (2015). Challenges to secondary school principals‟ leadership in northern region of Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 3(3), 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Abdulrasheed, O., Hussin, F., & Kasa, M. D. (2016). Challenges of principal leadership styles and school management: A solution oriented approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 3(4), 61–68.
   Google Scholar
• Abe, T. O., & Adu, E. (2014). The effect of teachers’ qualifications on students’ performance in mathematics. Sky Journal of Educational Research, 2(1), 010–014.
   Google Scholar
• Adegbesan, S. O. (2013). Effect of Principals’ Leadership Style on Teachers’ Attitude to Work in Ogun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 14(1), 14–28.
   Google Scholar
• Adeyemi, T. (2010). Principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ job performance in senior secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Education Administration and Policy Studies, 2(6), 83–91.
   Google Scholar
• Adu, E. O., Akinloye, G. M., & Olaoye, O. F. (2014). Internal and external school supervision: Issues, challenges and wayforward. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(2), 269–278.
   Google Scholar
• Agusiobo, H. C., & Etukokwu, C. T. (2017). Role of empowering leadership style by principals on job satisfaction of teachers in unity colleges in Enugu state. Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Sciences, 10(2), 70–75.
   Google Scholar
• Agusiobo, H. C., & Okonkwo, K. U. (2018). Influence of classroom supervision on teachers’effectiveness in secondary schools in Enugu state. Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science, 12(4), 173–179.
   Google Scholar
• Aina, J. K. (2016). Employment of untrained graduate teachers in schools: The Nigeria case. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 34–44.
   Google Scholar
• Akram, M., Kiran, S., & İlgan, A. (2017). Development and validation of instructional leadership questionnaire. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 6, 73–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mahdy, Y. F. H., Emam, M. M., & Hallinger, P. (2018). Assessing the contribution of principal instructional leadership and collective teacher efficacy to teacher commitment in Oman. Teaching and Teacher Education: An International Journal of Research and Studies, 69(1), 191–201.
   Google Scholar
• Amie-Ogan, O. T., & Brown, P. N. (2019). Principals’ Administrative Styles and Teachers’ Performance In Public Senior Secondary Schools in Port Harcourt Metropolis. International Journal of Innovative Education Research 7 (2), 48–58.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, R. L., & Soder, R. (1987). Principal leadership and student achievement. Educational Leadership, 44(6), 9–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anibueze, A. (2013). Effects of Reforms in Nigeria Education Sector: Voices of College Staff/Counseling Implication. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 15, 68–74.
   Google Scholar
• Antoniou, P., & Lu, M. (2018). Evaluating the measuring properties of the principal instructional management rating scale in the Chinese educational system: Implications for measuring school leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(4), 624–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awofala, A. O. (2012). Development and factorial structure of students’ evaluation of teaching effectiveness scale in mathematics. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Bainton, D., Barrett, A. M., & Tikly, L. (2016). Improving Secondary School Teacher Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. (www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/education/documents/bristol-working-papers-in-education/improving-secondary-school-teacher-quality-in-sub-saharan-africa.pdf (Accesse 5/9/2018)).
   Google Scholar
• Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2015). Principals’ and teachers’ perceptions of efforts by principals to improve teaching and learning in Turkish middle schools. In Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15 (pp. 6).
   Google Scholar
• Bellibas, M. S., & Liu, Y. (2018). The effects of principals’ perceived instructional and distributed leadership practices on their perceptions of school climate. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 21(2), 226–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhengu, T. T., & Mkhize, B. N. (2013). Principals’ instructional leadership practices in improving learner achievement: Case studies of five secondary schools in the Umbumbulu area. Education as Change, 17(sup1), S33–S47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1999). Principals’ instructional leadership and teacher development: Teachers’ perspectives. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35(3), 349–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, T. (2013). Instructional leadership and leadership for learning: Global and South African perspectives. Education as Change, 17(sup1), S5–S20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, T., Abdul Hamid, S., Ng, A., & Kaparou, M. (2018). School leadership theories and the Malaysia education blueprint: Findings from a systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(7), 1245–1265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, T., & Glover, D. (2016). School leadership and management in South Africa: Findings from a systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Management, 30(2), 211–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cansoy, R., Parlar, H., & Polatcan, M. (2020). Collective teacher efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between instructional leadership and teacher commitment. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1–19. doi:10.1080/13603124.2019.1708470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, T. C., & Pool, H. (2002). Principals’ Priorities versus Their Realities: Reducing the Gap.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W., Gopal, A., & Salisbury, W. D. (1997). Advancing the theory of adaptive structuration: The development of a scale to measure faithfulness of appropriation. Information Systems Research, 8(4), 342–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobbold, C., Kofie, S., Bordoh, A., & Eshun, I. (2015). Functions and practices of curriculum supervision in senior high schools in the Assin North Municipality of Ghana. American Journal of Social Sciences, 3(4), 120–128.
   Google Scholar
• Creemers, B., & Kyriakides, L. (2007). The dynamics of educational effectiveness: A contribution to policy, practice and theory in contemporary schools. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Creemers, B. P. (1994). Effective instruction: An empirical basis for a theory of educational effectiveness Advances in school effectiveness research and practice. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Creemers, B. P., & Kyriakides, L. (2006). Critical analysis of the current approaches to modelling educational effectiveness: The importance of establishing a dynamic model. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(3), 347–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Day, C., Sammons, P., Hopkins, D., Leithwood, K., & Kington, A. (2008). Research into the impact of school leadership on pupil outcomes: Policy and research contexts. School Leadership and Management, 28(1), 5–25.
   Google Scholar
• Day, C., & Leithwood, K. (2007). Successful principal leadership in times of change: An international perspective (Vol. 5). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson, M. L. (2013). Principals’ approaches to cultivating teacher effectiveness: Constraints and opportunities in hiring, assigning, evaluating, and developing teachers. Educational Administration Quarterly, 49(5), 838–882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, D., & Salmonowicz, M. (2010). Key decisions of a first-year ‘turnaround’principal. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 38(1), 33–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, V., & Sahney, S. (2016). School leadership and its impact on student achievement: The mediating role of school climate and teacher job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Management, 30(6), 941–958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duze, C. O. (2012). Leadership styles of principals and job performance of staff in secondary schools in Delta state of Nigeria. AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 1(2), 224–245.
   Google Scholar
• Ekpoh, U., & Akeke, M. (2017). Challenges of Educational Leadership in Nigeria.
   Google Scholar
• Emmanouil, K., Osia, A., & Paraskevi-Ioanna, L. (2014). The impact of leadership on teachers’ effectiveness. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(7), 34–39.
   Google Scholar
• Enueme, C. P., & Egwunyenga, E. J. (2008). Principals’ instructional leadership roles and effect on teachers’ job performance: A case study of secondary schools in Asaba Metropolis, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 16(1), 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Fafunwa, B. (1900). History of Education in Nigeria. Ibadan-Nigeria: University of Ibadan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fasasi, Y. A., & Oyeniran, S. (2014). Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria. International Journal of Instruction, 7(1), 165–176.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2004). National Policy on Education (4th Ed., 1-62). Lagos: Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, O. B., & Oluwatoyin, F. C. (2019). Principals’ Personnel Characteristic Skills: A Predictor of Teachers’ Classroom Management in Ekiti State Secondary School. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 7(1), 72–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: A comparison of four procedures. Internet Research,29(3), 430–447 doi:10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm, G., Hallinger, P., Volante, P., & Wang, W. C. (2017). Validating a Spanish version of the PIMRS: Application in national and cross-national research on instructional leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(3), 419–444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M. (2012). How principals support teacher effectiveness. Leadership, 41(3), 32.
   Google Scholar
• Geijsel, F., Sleegers, P., Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2003). Transformational leadership effects on teachers’ commitment and effort toward school reform. Journal of Educational Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Gholami, R., Sulaiman, A. B., Ramayah, T., & Molla, A. (2013). Senior managers’ perception on green information systems (IS) adoption and environmental performance: Results from a field survey. Information & Management, 50(7), 431–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanz, J., & Neville, R. (1997). Educational supervision. In Perspectives, issues, and controversies. Norwood, MA: Christopher-Gordon Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Glickman, C. D., Gordon, S. P., & Ross-Gordon, J. M. (2001). Supervision and instructional leadership: A developmental approach. ERIC.
   Google Scholar
• Gyang, T. S. (2018). Leadership and teachers’ morale in senior secondary schools in Plateau State, Nigeria. KIU Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 59–67.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 5).Prentice hall Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P. (2005). Instructional leadership and the school principal: A passing fancy that refuses to fade away. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 4(3), 221–239.
   Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P. (2011). A review of three decades of doctoral studies using the principal instructional management rating scale: A lens on methodological progress in educational leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(2), 271–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P. (2018). Surfacing a hidden literature: A systematic review of research on educational leadership and management in Africa. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(3), 362–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P. (2019). A systematic review of research on educational leadership and management in South Africa: Mapping knowledge production in a developing society. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 22(3), 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2018.1463460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., & Hammad, W. (2019). Knowledge production on educational leadership and management in Arab societies: A systematic review of research. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(1), 20–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1996a). The principal’s role in school effectiveness: An assessment of methodological progress, 1980–1995 International handbook of educational leadership and administration. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1996b). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of empirical research, 1980-1995. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school effectiveness: 1980‐1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(2), 157–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., Hosseingholizadeh, R., Hashemi, N., & Kouhsari, M. (2018). Do beliefs make a difference? Exploring how principal self-efficacy and instructional leadership impact teacher efficacy and commitment in Iran. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(5), 800–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., Lee, M., & Ko, J. (2014). Exploring the impact of school principals on teacher professional communities in Hong Kong. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 13(3), 229–259.
   Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (1985). Assessing the instructional management behavior of principals. The Elementary School Journal, 86(2), 217–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., & Walker, A. (2017). Leading learning in Asia–emerging empirical insights from five societies. Journal of Educational Administration, 55(2), 130-146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., & Wang, W.-C. (2015). Assessing instructional leadership with the principal instructional management rating scale. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., Wang, W.-C., & Chen, C.-W. (2013). Assessing the measurement properties of the principal instructional management rating scale: A meta-analysis of reliability studies. Educational Administration Quarterly, 49(2), 272–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P., Wang, W.-C., Chen, C.-W., & Liare, D. (2015). Assessing instructional leadership with the principal instructional management rating scale. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hammad, W., & Hallinger, P. (2017). A systematic review of conceptual models and methods used in research on educational leadership and management in Arab societies. School Leadership & Management, 37(5), 434–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A., Jones, M., Adams, D., & Cheah, K. (2019). Instructional leadership in Malaysia: A review of the contemporary literature. School Leadership & Management, 39(1), 76–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D. N., & Sass, T. R. (2011). Teacher training, teacher quality and student achievement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 798–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck, R. H. (1993). School context, principal leadership, and achievement: The case of secondary schools in Singapore. The Urban Review, 25(2), 151–166.
   Google Scholar
• Heck, R. H. (2009). Teacher effectiveness and student achievement: Investigating a multilevel cross-classified model. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(2), 227–249.
   Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares. International Marketing Review, 33(3), 405–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, B. C. (2009). Teacher effectiveness: A review of the international literature and its relevance for improving education in Latin America. Washington, DC: PREAL Working Paper Series
   Google Scholar
• Imam, H. (2012). Educational policy in Nigeria from the colonial era to the post-independence period. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education,4(1), 181-204.
   Google Scholar
• Imhangbe, O., Okecha, R., & Obozuwa, J. (2019). Principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ job performance: Evidence from Edo State, Nigeria. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(6), 909–924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. A. (2015). An Empirical Study of Determinants of Teachers’ Effectiveness in Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan. Paper presented at the Taylor’s 7th Teaching and Learning Conference 2014 Proceedings.
   Google Scholar
• Kyriakides, L., Creemers, B. P., & Antoniou, P. (2009). Teacher behaviour and student outcomes: Suggestions for research on teacher training and professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(1), 12–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K. (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration Quarterly, 30(4), 498–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2006). Successful school leadership: What it is and how it influences student learning. Research Report 800.
   Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2008). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership and Management, 28(1), 27–42.
   Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational school leadership for large-scale reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2), 201–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243450600565829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2008). Linking leadership to student learning: The contributions of leader efficacy. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 496–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K., Louis, K. S., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How Leadership Influences Student Learning. Review of Research. In Wallace Foundation, The.
   Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K., Patten, S., & Jantzi, D. (2010). Testing a conception of how school leadership influences student learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(5), 671–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K., & Seashore-Louis, K. (2011). Linking leadership to student learning. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Li, L., Hallinger, P., & Walker, A. (2016). Exploring the mediating effects of trust on principal leadership and teacher professional learning in Hong Kong primary schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(1), 20–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Bellibaş, M. Ş., & Gümüş, S. (2020). The Effect of Instructional Leadership and Distributed Leadership on Teacher Self-efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Mediating Roles of Supportive School Culture and Teacher Collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220910438.
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood, J., & McCaffrey, D. F. (2009). Exploring student-teacher interactions in longitudinal achievement data. Education Finance and Policy, 4(4), 439–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, B., Claxton, G., & Spencer, E. (2012). Progression in creativity: Developing new forms of assessment. Background paper for OECD conference “Educating for innovative societies”, 1–27. Center for Real World Learning. The University of Winchester, England. http://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/50153675.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ma, X., & Marion, R. (2019). Exploring how instructional leadership affects teacher efficacy: A multilevel analysis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219888742.
   Google Scholar
• Magno, C. (2012). Assessing higher education teachers through peer assistance and review. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment,9(2), 104-120.
   Google Scholar
• Marks, H. M., & Printy, S. M. (2003). Principal leadership and school performance: An integration of transformational and instructional leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(3), 370–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew, I. A. (2013). Provision of secondary education in Nigeria: Challenges and way forward. Journal of African Studies and Development, 5(1), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey, D. F., Lockwood, J., Koretz, D. M., & Hamilton, L. S. (2003). Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher Accountability. Monograph. ERIC.
   Google Scholar
• McGrath, S., & Powell, L. (2016). Skills for sustainable development: Transforming vocational education and training beyond 2015. International Journal of Educational Development, 50, 12–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuigan, L., & Hoy, W. K. (2006). Principal leadership: Creating a culture of academic optimism to improve achievement for all students. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 5(3), 203–229.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, K. J., Robinson, D. Z., Plake, B. S., & Knowles, K. T. (2001). Testing teacher candidates: The role of licensure tests in improving teacher quality. ERIC.
   Google Scholar
• Moses, D., Ndatti, B., Adamu, U. A., & Wakili, B. A. (2018). Influence of Supervision on Technical College Teachers’ Performance in Yobe State, Nigeria. ATBU Journal of Science, Technology and Education, 6(2), 192–202.
   Google Scholar
• Muijs, D. (2006). Measuring teacher effectiveness: Some methodological reflections. Educational Research and Evaluation, 12(1), 53–74.
   Google Scholar
• Muijs, D., Kyriakides, L., van der Werf, G., Creemers, B., Timperley, H., & Earl, L. (2014). State of the art–teacher effectiveness and professional learning. School effectiveness and school improvement, 25(2), 231–256.
   Google Scholar
• Muijs, D., & Reynolds, D. (2000). School effectiveness and teacher effectiveness in mathematics: Some preliminary findings from the evaluation of the mathematics enhancement programme (primary). School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 11(3), 273–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijs, D., & Reynolds, D. (2017). Effective teaching: Evidence and practice. In Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Muijs, D., Reynolds, D., Sammons, P., Kyriakides, L., Creemers, B. P., & Teddlie, C. (2018). Assessing individual lessons using a generic teacher observation instrument: How useful is the International System for Teacher Observation and Feedback (ISTOF)? ZDM, 50(3), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-018-0921-9
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, J. (1988). The instructional leadership role of the school principal: An analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 10(2), 71–79.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, J. (1992). Instructional leadership: Focus on time to learn. NASSP Bulletin, 76(542), 19–26.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, J., & Torre, D. (2014). Creating productive cultures in schools: For students, teachers. and parents: Corwin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, J., Weil, M., Hallinger, P., & Mitman, A. (1985). School effectiveness: A conceptual framework. Paper presented at the The Educational Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Niece, R. D. (1993). The principal as instructional leader: Past influences and current resources. NASSP Bulletin, 77(553), 12–18.
   Google Scholar
• Nwangwa, K. C., & Omotere, T. (2013). The new roles of school managers in managing educational changes in Nigerian schools. European Scientific Journal,9(25), 160-170.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, R. J., & White, G. P. (2005). Within the accountability era: Principals’ instructional leadership behaviors and student achievement. NASSP Bulletin, 89(645), 56–71.
   Google Scholar
• Ojo, L. B., & Olaniyan, D. A. (2008). Leadership roles of school administrators and challenges ahead in post-primary institutions in Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 24(2), 172–178.
   Google Scholar
• Okoji, O. O. (2015). Relationship between school principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ job performance in Ondo State, Nigeria. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 23(2), 133–138.
   Google Scholar
• Okoli, O. S. (2015). Major Leadership Roles of School Principals for Effective Inclusive Education Programme in Nigeria. National Journal of Inclusive Education, 3(1), 174–182.
   Google Scholar
• Olaleye, F. (2008). Principal’s leadership behaviour and school learning culture in secondary schools in Ekiti-State Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), 856–860.
   Google Scholar
• Olorunsola, E. O., & Belo, F. A. (2018). Administrative challenges and principals’ managerial effectiveness in Ogun State public secondary schools. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 10(5), 48–55. doi:10.5897/IJEAPS.
   Google Scholar
• Oplatka, I., & Arar, K. (2017). The research on educational leadership and management in the Arab world since the 1990s: A systematic review. Review of Education, 5(3), 267–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oredein, A. O. (2010). Principals’ decision-making as correlates of crisis management in south-west Nigerian secondary schools. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 6(1), 62–68.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, V., Hohepa, M., & Lloyd, C. (2009). School leadership and student outcomes: Identifying what works and why. ACEL Monograph Series Australian Council for Educational Leaders, 41, 1-27.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, V. M., Lloyd, C. A., & Rowe, K. J. (2008). The impact of leadership on student outcomes: An analysis of the differential effects of leadership types. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(5), 635–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salako, E. A., Solomon, A. A., & Muhammed, B. A. (2019). Principals’Leadership Style and its Impact on Computer Science Teachers’ Performance in Bwari. Journal of Information Technology Educators and Researchers (JITER), 1(2), 41-52.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez, J. E., Paul, J. M., & Thornton, B. W. (2020). Relationships among teachers’ perceptions of principal leadership and teachers’ perceptions of school climate in the high school setting. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian, J., & Allensworth, E. (2012). The influence of principal leadership on classroom instruction and student learning: A study of mediated pathways to learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 48(4), 626–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamaki, E. (2015). Influence of Leadership Style on Teacher’s Job Productivity in Public Secondary Schools in Taraba State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(10), 200–203.
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard, B. (1996). Exploring the Transformational Nature of Instructional Leadership. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 42(4), 325–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim, Q. C. (2011). Instructional leadership among principals of secondary schools in Malaysia. Educational Research, 2(12), 2141–2161.
   Google Scholar
• Sivo, S. A., Fan, X., Witta, E. L., & Willse, J. T. (2006). The search for” optimal” cutoff properties: Fit index criteria in structural equation modeling. The Journal of Experimental Education, 74(3), 267–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. F., & Andrews, R. L. (1989). Instructional leadership: How principals make a difference. ERIC.
   Google Scholar
• Teddlie, C., Virgilio, I., & Oescher, J. (1990). Development and validation of the Virgilio Teacher Behavior instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50(2), 421–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usman, Y. D. (2015). The Impact of Instructional Supervision on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(10), 160–167.
   Google Scholar
• Victor, A. A. (2017). Analysis of Principals’ Managerial Competencies for Effective Management of School Resources in Secondary Schools in Anambra State, Nigeria. Online Submission, 1(4), 236–245.
   Google Scholar
• Vladimirovaa, K., & Le Blanc, D. (2015). How Well are the Links Between Education and Other Sustainable Development Goals Covered in UN Flagship Reports?
   Google Scholar
• Wang, -H.-H., & Fwu, B.-J. (2007). In pursuit of teacher quality in diversity: A study of the selection mechanisms of new secondary teacher education programmes in Taiwan. International Journal of Educational Development, 27(2), 166–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker, B. (1997). Instructional leadership and principal visibility. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 70(3), 155–156.
   Google Scholar